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Understanding Human
Development
Objective
• Distinguish
between growth
and development.
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Understanding Human
Development
• Growth refers to physical changes
• Stages of development are similar for
almost everyone
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For Discussion
• What is the
difference between
growth and
development?
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Objective
• Identify the main
types of human
development.
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Physical Development
• Physical development includes
– gross-motor skills, such as walking and throwing
– fine-motor skills, such as picking up objects and
eating with a spoon
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Cognitive Development
• Cognition involves
–
–
–
–
knowing
memorizing
sensing
organizing
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continued
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Cognitive Development
• Cognitive development is also called
intellectual development
• Cognitive skills increase gradually over time
• Connections between brain nerve cells is key
to cognitive development
• Brain connections strengthen with experiences
starting in infancy
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Social-Emotional Development
• Social-emotional development includes
–
–
–
–
–
relationships
feelings
social skills
self-confidence and self-esteem
self-control
continued
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Social-Emotional Development
• Challenges increase as development
progresses
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Objective
• Develop examples
that illustrate
principles of
development.
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Principles of Human
Development
• Development is relatively orderly
• Developing is a gradual, continual process
• Development is interrelated
• Development varies among individuals
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Development Is Relatively
Orderly
• Development occurs in a sequence of steps
• Predictable steps consistently follow one
after another
• Teachers use this knowledge to design
appropriate learning strategies for their
students’ age
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For Discussion
• Give examples of how
development occurs in
predictable steps.
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Development Is a Gradual,
Continuous Process
• Developmental changes
happen gradually
• They become apparent
over time
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Development Is Interrelated
• Acquiring new skills requires gains in
several areas
–
–
–
–
Physical development
Cognitive development
Social development
Emotional development
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For Reflection
• As a teen, in what ways have you developed
physically? cognitively? socially? emotionally?
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Development Varies Among
Individuals
• Many factors affect development
• Each person’s progress is unique
– Different rates
– Slightly different time schedules
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Objectives
• Define a developmental theory.
• Apply developmental theories to
real-life situations.
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Theories of Development
• Researchers formulate developmental
theories by
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–
–
–
analyzing behavior and development
observing people
performing experiments
considering earlier research studies
continued
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Theories of Development
• Developmental theories help teachers
– understand what students are capable of and
why
– get a broader picture than limited experiences
and observations provide
• Many developmental theories exist
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Heredity Versus Environment
• Nature (heredity) versus
nurture (environment)
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Heredity Versus Environment
• Both influence development
• Researchers question how large a part each
plays in development
• Genes affect
– biological factors
– intellectual potential
– environment a person seeks out
continued
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Heredity Versus Environment
• Behaviors involve
multiple genes
affected by a variety
of environmental
factors
• No single gene
determines behavior
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continued
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Heredity Versus Environment
• Environmental factors include
– family—often the greatest effect on development
• Parenting techniques
• Stimulating home environment
– peers—influence increases in later childhood and
adolescence
• Offer equal status, unlike adult-child relationships
continued
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Heredity Versus Environment
– community—where a person lives can affect
behavior and career expectations
• Relationship with feelings of self-worth
• Some offer more cultural opportunities
– media—often blamed for social problems
• Also depends on how a person interprets the message
• Effects may not be immediately apparent
continued
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Heredity Versus Environment
– health—some diseases and illnesses interrupt
normal development
• Availability of health care is also a factor
– nutrition and physical activity—can affect
physical, cognitive, social, and emotional
development
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For Reflection
• Which do you think has influenced your
development more, heredity or environment?
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Behaviorist Theories
• Behaviorism: behavior determined by forces
in the environment beyond individuals’
control
• People’s thoughts, feeling, and actions
depend on experience rather than genetics
or free will
• Infants are “blank screens”
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Pavlov’s Classical
Conditioning
• Classical conditioning—behaviors are
associated with responses
– Pavlov rang bell when feeding dog
– Eventually when Pavlov rang bell, dog salivated
even if no food was given
• Classical conditioning may occur without
training
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Skinner’s Operant
Conditioning
• Operant conditioning—people repeat
behaviors that have positive results
• Reinforcement should be removed gradually
in unpredictable patterns
• Negative reinforcement (punishment)
reduces unwanted behaviors
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Bandura’s Social Cognitive
Theory
• People of all ages
observe and imitate
others’ behavior
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continued
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Bandura’s Social Cognitive
Theory
• Reactions to rewards and punishments are
filtered by perceptions, thoughts, and
motivation
• Each person’s response is based on personal
reactions and the way the individual
processes information
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Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
• Four stages of cognitive development
• At each stage, individuals incorporate
what they learn into skills developed in
previous stages
• Children base their thinking on what they
learn through their senses
continued
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Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
Age
Stage
Description
Infancy
(Birth to age 2)
Sensorimotor
Learn through
senses
Toddler
(Ages 2 to 7)
Preoperational
Communicate
through language
Early childhood
(Ages 7 to 11)
Adolescence and
adulthood (Age
12 and up)
Concrete operational
Think logically,
solve problems
Think logically and
abstractly, make
predictions
Formal operational
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Vygotsky’s Sociocultural
Theory
• Children are social beings
• Develop through interactions with parents,
teachers, other students
• Social interaction is critical to cognitive
development
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Erikson’s Psychosocial
Theory
• Eight stages
• At each stage, people face and must
successfully resolve a psychological or
social conflict
• Unsuccessful resolution affects future stages
of development
continued
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Erikson’s Psychosocial
Theory
Stage/Age
Infancy
Toddler
Early childhood
Middle childhood
Adolescence
Young adulthood
Middle adulthood
Older adulthood
Task
Trust versus mistrust
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Initiative versus guilt
Industry versus inferiority
Identity versus role confusion
Intimacy versus isolation
Generativity versus self-absorption
Integrity versus despair
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For Reflection
• Which of Erikson’s stages have you already
successfully completed? How do you know?
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Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral
Development
• Everyone follows the
same progression
• Not everyone attains
the highest level
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continued
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Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral
Development
• Preconventional morality—depends on
whether behavior will be punished
or rewarded
• Conventional morality—motivated by
society’s laws and rules
• Postconventional morality—decisions based
on principles and motivated by integrity
continued
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Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral
Development
• Kohlberg observed only men and boys,
no females
• Researchers such as Carol Gilligan believe
women use ideas such as caring as a factor in
making moral decisions
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Objective
• Analyze how developmental theories
impact teaching.
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Which Theory Is Correct?
• Each theory is valid to some extent
• Some theories may be more sound than
others
• Conflict between theories leads to more
valid insights
• Teachers can benefit from understanding
several approaches and applying them in
the classroom
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For Discussion
• Which theory
discussed do you
think would be most
valuable to you as a
teacher? Why?
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Key Points
• Principles of development help in
understanding how people change
throughout life
• Researchers form developmental theories
based on their observations and experiments
• Teachers use these theories to help promote
their students’ development
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Review
• ____-____ skills depend on the development
of small muscles.
Fine-motor
• Name four basic principles of human
development.
Development is relatively orderly; is a gradual,
continual process; is interrelated; varies among
individuals
continued
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Review
• Which behaviorist developed a theory of
operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
• What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive
theory?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational,
formal operational
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