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Transcript
Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection 2006-2007 Vocabulary Analogous Convergent evolution Embryo Homologous Vestigial What are the lines of evidence that support Darwin’s ideas?… Human Macaque Dog Bird 8 32 45 Frog Lamprey 67 125 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Evidence of Evolution Darwin argued that life on earth has been evolving for millions of years. 1. Artificial Selection 2. The Fossil Record 3. Geographical location 4. Anatomical evidence 5. Similarities in Early Development 6. DNA and protein similarities (newer evidence) What are the lines of evidence that support Darwin’s ideas? Terminal bud Lateral buds Cabbage 1)Artificial selection Brussels sprouts Leaves Flower cluster Kale Cauliflower Stem Flower and stems Broccoli Wild mustard Kohlrabi Selective breeding the raw genetic material (variation) is hidden there What are the lines of evidence that support Darwin’s ideas? 2) Fossil record 550 500 Body size (kg) 450 Equus 400 350 300 250 Merychippus 200 150 Mesohippus Hyracotherium 100 50 Nannippus 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Millions of years ago The Fossil Record Evidence for Evolution – The Fossil Record The Fossil Record Showed that: There have been countless species that have lived on earth but no longer live on earth today Layers of rocks with fossils demonstrated that thousands, or even millions of years were needed to create this Species have changed in appearance and complexity The fossil record The giant sloth Evolution of birds Archaeopteryx lived about 150 mya links reptiles & birds Smithsonian Museum, Washington, DC Evolution of land animals 2006 Fossil Discovery of Early Tetrapod “Tiktaalik” “missing link” from sea to land animals from swimming (0 legs) to walking (4 legs) 3. Geographic Distribution of Living Species Animals that are related to each other showed ‘descent with modification’ based on their environment (even though probably closely related, looked different because different environment Animals that were not related to each other looked similar if they were from similar environments. Geographic Distribution of Living Species Example: Based on what they look like: Which two animals do you think are more closely related to one another? Desert Fox Koala Dingo Geographic Distribution of Living Species •Believed to not be closely related to each other even though they look more alike. •Evolutionists say they look alike because they live in the same kind of environment so over time they adapted in similar ways Desert Fox Dingo Analogous structures Convergent Don’t be fooled by evolution their looks! Those fins & tails & sleek bodies areDoes this mean analogous structures!they have a recent common ancestor? Dissimilar anatomy doing a similar function Convergent evolution marsupial mammals These animals look very similar but does that mean they have a recent common ancestor? What is this evidence of? placental mammals What are the lines of evidence that support Darwin’s ideas? 4) Anatomical evidence Homologous Structures Arms, wings, legs, and flippers all have very similar bones Similar in anatomy doing different potentially different functions Darwin believed this was evidence that all species were original descended from one common ancestor. Homologous structures spines leaves succulent leaves needles colored leaves tendrils Vestigial organs Humans Appendix Coccyx Wisdom Teeth Darwin’s Tubercle (ear) Palmaris Longus Goose bumps Pseudogenes – L-gulonolactone oxidase These are Whyremnants would whales of have pelvis & leg bones structures that were if they were always functional in sea creatures? ancestral species Vestigial Organs Humans Appendix Coccyx Wisdom Teeth Darwin’s Tubercle (ear) Palmaris Longus Goose bumps 5. Similarities in Early Development Looking at the embryonic development of organisms Darwin noticed some similarities that other scientists also noticed. Evidence for Evolution - Comparative Embryology Why do embryos of different animals pass through a similar developmental stage? 6. Putting it all together with DNA evidence Human Macaque Dog Bird Frog Lamprey The sequence in DNA proteins Why &compare is a &molecular DNA proteins record of evolutionary across species? relationships. Comparative hemoglobin structure 8 32 45 67 125 Why compare these genes? 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 compare common genes Number of amino acid differencesbetween hemoglobin (146 aa) of vertebrate species and that of humans C (respiration) cytochrome hemoglobin (gas exchange) Building “family” trees