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• The rate of electron transport in mitochondria is
frequently measured by the disappearance of
oxygen in a solution. Justify why this is a good
method.
• Why is it not possible to use ATP for long-term
energy storage? If ATP cannot be used for this
purpose, how can cells store energy long-term?
• Yeast can withstand the lack of oxygen for an
extended period of time. What type of
organism is yeast? How does it obtain sufficient
ATP under these conditions?
• What is the overall function of glycolysis?
• Describe the role of each of the following in
cellular respiration:
– Hydrogen ions
– NAD and FAD
– Oxygen
– Acetyl Co A
– ATP
– ATP synthase
• In the following redox reaction, which compound
is oxidized, which one is reduced?
C4H6O5 + NAD+ C4H4O5 + NADH + H+
• Name and describe the two ways in which ATP is
made in cellular respiration. During what stages
in the process does each type occur?
• A scientist was testing the effect of T4 hormone
on oxygen consumption. He used 3 types of
mice, one with low T4 levels, one with normal T4
levels and one with elevated T4 levels. Predict
and justify the oxygen consumption in each type
of mouse.
• A fungal infection attacks the root system of a
giant sequoia tree and causes root shrinkage.
How might root shrinkage affect the tree?
• What is the role of root hairs? How do their
structure help them to perform their function?
• Name two plant functions that are not
performed by root hair cells.
• Would you expect a plant inhabiting a region
with abundant rainfall to have many or few root
hairs? Why?
• Why do gardeners regularly prune shrubs to
make them bushier?
• Leaves primarily in the shade tend to be larger
than leaves that are in the sun. Why is that?
Explain.
• Name three characteristics of plants that make
them more tolerant to draught. Describe how
these characteristics help.
• Name three characteristics of plants to be more
tolerant to living in water. Describe how these
characteristics help.
• List the three types of plant tissues and
describe their basic characteristics.
• Distinguish between the cell types of the xylem
and phloem. How does each cell type fit to
perform their function?
• Why is it beneficial to have dead cells transport
water but living cells transport organic
nutrients?
• What is the purpose of the companion cells in
phloem tissue?
• Point out the location of transport tissues in
plants.
• A gardener leaves carrots in the ground for two
years, thinking their roots will grow larger
during the second year since they are biennials.
Is this a good idea? Explain.
• How would the reduction of aquaporins affect a
plant cell’s ability to adjust to new osmotic
conditions?
• Describe the role of symplast in transporting
polar substances.
• How effective would the symplast be at
transporting highly nonpolar substances?
• Some plants can detect increased levels of light
reflected from leaves of encroaching neighbors.
This detection elicits stem elongation,
production of erect leaves, and less branching.
How do these responses help the plant
compete?
• Suppose a mutant Arabiopsis mutant lacking
functional aquaporin proteins has a root mass
three times greater than that of wild-type
plants. Suggest an explanation.
• Explain why the evaporation of water from
leaves lowers their temperature.
• Why can xylem transport water and minerals
using dead cells, whereas phloem requires
living cells?
• Explain how stomata open.
• Why would you see the stomata on the top of
the leaves in hydrophytes but on the bottom on
most dry land plants?
• Differentiate between the regulation of the
flowering of short-day plants and long-day
plants.
• A Minnesota gardener notes that the plants
immediately bordering a walkway are stunted.
Suspecting that the soil near the walkway may be
contaminated from salt added to the walkway
during the winter, he tests the soil. The soil next
to the walkway contains 50mM more NaCl than
the soil elsewhere. Calculate the solute potential
of the soil along the walkway on 20°C. Compare
this value to the solute potential elsewhere if the
concentration of salt away from the walkway is
0.01 M. Explain how the change in water
potential effects the movement of water into the
plants.
• Describe the following processes:
– Water intake by root hairs
– Water transport into the xylem in plants
– Long-distance water and nutrient transport in
plants
– Long-distance organic matter transport in plants
– Opening and closing the stomata
– Phytochrome function and plant responses to light
– Photoperiodism and plant flowering
• In what sense are nutrients from a recently
ingested meal not really “inside” your body
prior to the absorption stage of food
processing?
• What features of a mammal’s digestive system
make it an attractive habitat for mutualistic
microorganisms?
• What are the advantages of a longer alimentary
canal for processing plant food?
• Why would a parasite living in the intestine of a
mammal have a greatly reduced digestive
system and very thin skin with rich blood
supply?
• For someone with a sedentary lifestyle, how
does the body deal with an excess energy
intake?
• Explain an example when the surface area to
volume ratio is significant in determining the
metabolic rate.
• Explain how age influence the metabolic rate.
• Through one specific example, explain how the
digestive system uses the structure and
function relationship.
• Name the main functions of the circulatory system.
Explain how some of these functions relate to
cellular respiration.
• How does an open circulatory system differ from a
closed circulatory system?
• Through one specific example explain how
evolution changed the circulatory system of
animals.
• If an organism is endothermic, what specific
adaptations of the anatomy and physiology of the
organism support the temperature regulation.
• Explain why the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen
changes and how it changes.