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Marine Spatial Planning Opportunities, Challenges, Enabling Conditions & Breakthroughs Melissa Foley, PhD Center for Ocean Solutions Stanford University 7 December 2011 The need for change www.reefkeeping.com R. Loomis Federal Agencies Minerals Management Service Army Corps of Engineers? Coast Guard? National Marine Fisheries Service? Wave energy in California Coastal Commission State Lands Commission Cal ISO Federal Energy Regulatory Comm. Local Land Use Authority Fish and Game Comm./ Dep’t of Fish & Game? Energy Commission State and Local Agencies Public Utilities Commission The case for MSP around the world Problems Solutions Fragmented and uncoordinated decisionmaking Common marine spatial plan & coordination for project reviews Marine ecosystem health declines caused by a lack of understanding of: Incorporation of EBM approaches: • Integrated ecosystem assessments • Ecological principles • Vulnerability assessments • Standardized cumulative impact assessments • Ecosystem health & functioning • Ecosystem vulnerability • Cumulative impacts No planning framework for emerging uses or climate change adaptation Areas for emerging or priority uses, compatibility assessments, and models & scenario analyses Inter-agency, use-ecosystem, and useuse conflicts Common marine spatial plan, compatibility assessments, objectivebased zones, performance standards Opportunities in the Hauraki Gulf Hauraki Gulf Marine Park Act (2000) • Protection and enhancement • Agency coordination • Integration across land and sea • Scales process to ecosystems What is marine spatial planning? Marine Spatial Planning – Proactive, comprehensive, science-based decisionmaking process that proactively considers: • Where human uses can take place on, in, or near coastal and marine ecosystems; and • What standards should apply to those uses with an overall goal of sustaining or enhancing ecosystem health and function. What could MSP look like? Identify attributes of healthy, resilient, productive ecosystems. Identify areas and resources of ecological and economic value. Identify patterns of human use. Make information available to agencies, stakeholders, the public. Information • • • • Guidance • Identify common objectives and priorities. • Develop forward-looking strategic plans that cross sectors. • Identify collaborative approaches to address use-use and useecosystem conflicts. • Use funding and voluntary coordination to implement plans. Action • Require agencies to implement common objectives and priorities through existing regulatory programs. • Require ongoing collaborative management. • Develop cross-cutting regulation that controls agency permitting and licensing in particular areas, including: • Siting standards. • Performance standards. • Management area designations. Outline Components of a plan Common Challenges “Enabling” Conditions Innovations & Breakthroughs Ecosystem Characteristics • Vulnerability - likelihood that a species or habitat will sustain losses due to a disturbance, natural or human-induced www.reefkeeping.com • Cumulative impacts - the overall impact on ecosystems caused by the effects of multiple human activities that co-occur in space and/or time • Climate change - impacts from sea level rise, temperature increase, ocean acidification, and inundation • Resilience - measure of the persistence of ecosystems and their ability to resist change or recover to a similar state following a disturbance Tradeoffs between priorities Transparent Public Process Best Available Science Monitoring and Adaptive Management Common challenges Melissa Foley www.reefkeeping.com Tim Eichenberg NOAA 1. Data & Tools Data management • What data are available? • Who has the data? • What additional data are needed? Decision Support Tools • What tool functions are necessary? • Are existing tools appropriate? 2. Ecological Principles 1. Maintain native species diversity - abundance, richness, functional redundancy * productivity, vulnerability, stability, resilience 2. Maintain habitat diversity & heterogeneity - representation, arrangement, dynamic habitats * diversity, productivity, connectivity, shelter 3. Maintain populations of key species - keystone, foundation, top predators, basal prey * diversity, stability, resilience, ecosystem engineering 4. Maintain connectivity between populations - population persistence, flow of subsidies * diversity, resilience, recovery Foley et al. 2010, Marine Policy (34) 3. Cumulative Impacts • the overall impact on ecosystems caused by the effects of multiple human activities that co-occur in space and/or time • synergism: total impact > A + B + C 3. Cumulative Impacts Halpern et al. 2008, Science (319) 4. Land-Sea Interactions Kelly et al (2011) 5. Fisheries Management www.reefkeeping.com 6. Climate Change Sea level rise Temperature increase Circulation changes Ocean acidification Tim Eichenberg National Geographic 7. Stakeholder Engagement Klamath Media Collective NOAA Enabling Conditions Enabling Conditions 1. Strong and clear legal mandate Enabling Conditions 1. Strong and clear legal mandate 2. Political support and leadership Enabling Conditions 1. Strong and clear legal mandate 2. Political support and leadership 3. Adequate funding Mass: $4.1 m USD – 18 mos RI: $8 m USD – 2 yrs CA MLPA: $19.5 m – 7 yrs Enabling Conditions 1. Strong and clear legal mandate 2. Political support and leadership 3. Adequate funding 4. Firm deadlines Enabling Conditions 1. Strong and clear legal mandate 2. Political support and leadership 3. Adequate funding 4. Firm deadlines 5. Willingness and capacity of civil society to engage NOAA Enabling Conditions 1. Strong and clear legal mandate 2. Political support and leadership 3. Adequate funding 4. Firm deadlines 5. Willingness and capacity of civil society to engage 6. Thoughtful, transparent decisionmaking process design and structure Innovations & Breakthroughs: First Nations/Indigenous Peoples Innovations & Breakthroughs: Public-Private Partnerships State of Mass: Innovations & Breakthroughs: Cumulative Impacts Innovations & Breakthroughs: Climate Change Summary Components of a marine spatial plan Ecosystem characteristics Tradeoffs Public process Monitoring & adaptive management Best available science Summary Challenges in developing a marine spatial plan Protecting Ecosystem Health Incorporating Fishing Sectors Addressing Cumulative Impacts Taking Climate Change into Account Making the Land-Sea Connection Using a Robust Structure & Process Summary MSP proponents worldwide continue to struggle with similar challenges Certain “enabling” conditions can improve the likelihood of success of an MSP process Mandate Leadership Deadlines Funding Civil Society Transparency Summary MSP proponents worldwide continue to struggle with similar challenges “Enabling” conditions improve the likelihood of success Ongoing and future marine planning efforts can benefit from sharing innovations Integrating First Nations/Indigenous Peoples “Operationalizing” Science Principles Building PublicPrivate Partnerships Addressing Cumulative Impacts Summary MSP proponents worldwide continue to struggle with similar challenges “Enabling” conditions improve the likelihood of success Ongoing and future marine planning efforts can benefit from sharing innovations Great opportunity in the Hauraki Gulf to pilot MSP in New Zealand Thank you! Ecosystem Health Team: Erin Prahler, Matthew Armsby, Meg Caldwell, & Sarah Mooney [email protected] www.centerforoceansolutions.org MSP in the U.S. at the National level • • • • National Policy since July 2010 Current activity focused on data management Strategic Action Plans being developed for each priority Select regions starting to develop plan framework MSP in the U.S. at the State level