Download Marine Spatial Planning

Marine Spatial Planning
Opportunities, Challenges, Enabling
Conditions & Breakthroughs
Melissa Foley, PhD
Center for Ocean Solutions
Stanford University
7 December 2011
The need for change
www.reefkeeping.com
R. Loomis
Federal Agencies
Minerals Management
Service
Army Corps of
Engineers?
Coast Guard?
National Marine
Fisheries Service?
Wave energy
in California
Coastal
Commission
State Lands Commission
Cal ISO
Federal Energy
Regulatory Comm.
Local Land Use
Authority
Fish and Game Comm./
Dep’t of Fish & Game?
Energy Commission
State and Local Agencies
Public Utilities
Commission
The case for MSP around the world
Problems
Solutions
Fragmented and uncoordinated
decisionmaking
Common marine spatial plan &
coordination for project reviews
Marine ecosystem health declines
caused by a lack of understanding of:
Incorporation of EBM approaches:
• Integrated ecosystem assessments
• Ecological principles
• Vulnerability assessments
• Standardized cumulative impact
assessments
• Ecosystem health & functioning
• Ecosystem vulnerability
• Cumulative impacts
No planning framework for emerging
uses or climate change adaptation
Areas for emerging or priority uses,
compatibility assessments, and
models & scenario analyses
Inter-agency, use-ecosystem, and useuse conflicts
Common marine spatial plan,
compatibility assessments, objectivebased zones, performance standards
Opportunities in the Hauraki Gulf
Hauraki Gulf Marine Park Act (2000)
• Protection and enhancement
• Agency coordination
• Integration across land and sea
• Scales process to ecosystems
What is marine spatial planning?
Marine Spatial Planning –
Proactive, comprehensive, science-based
decisionmaking process that proactively considers:
• Where human uses can take place on, in, or near
coastal and marine ecosystems; and
• What standards should apply to those uses with an
overall goal of sustaining or enhancing ecosystem
health and function.
What could MSP look like?
Identify attributes of healthy, resilient, productive ecosystems.
Identify areas and resources of ecological and economic value.
Identify patterns of human use.
Make information available to agencies, stakeholders, the public.
Information
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•
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Guidance
• Identify common objectives and priorities.
• Develop forward-looking strategic plans that cross sectors.
• Identify collaborative approaches to address use-use and useecosystem conflicts.
• Use funding and voluntary coordination to implement plans.
Action
• Require agencies to implement common objectives and priorities
through existing regulatory programs.
• Require ongoing collaborative management.
• Develop cross-cutting regulation that controls agency permitting
and licensing in particular areas, including:
• Siting standards.
• Performance standards.
• Management area designations.
Outline
Components of a plan
Common Challenges
“Enabling” Conditions
Innovations & Breakthroughs
Ecosystem Characteristics
• Vulnerability
- likelihood that a species or habitat will sustain losses
due to a disturbance, natural or human-induced
www.reefkeeping.com
• Cumulative impacts
- the overall impact on ecosystems caused by the
effects of multiple human activities that co-occur in
space and/or time
• Climate change
- impacts from sea level rise, temperature increase,
ocean acidification, and inundation
• Resilience
- measure of the persistence of ecosystems and their
ability to resist change or recover to a similar state
following a disturbance
Tradeoffs between priorities
Transparent Public Process
Best Available Science
Monitoring and Adaptive Management
Common challenges
Melissa Foley
www.reefkeeping.com
Tim Eichenberg
NOAA
1. Data & Tools
Data management
• What data are available?
• Who has the data?
• What additional data are needed?
Decision Support Tools
• What tool functions are necessary?
• Are existing tools appropriate?
2. Ecological Principles
1. Maintain native species diversity
- abundance, richness, functional redundancy
* productivity, vulnerability, stability, resilience
2. Maintain habitat diversity & heterogeneity
- representation, arrangement, dynamic habitats
* diversity, productivity, connectivity, shelter
3. Maintain populations of key species
- keystone, foundation, top predators, basal prey
* diversity, stability, resilience, ecosystem engineering
4. Maintain connectivity between populations
- population persistence, flow of subsidies
* diversity, resilience, recovery
Foley et al. 2010, Marine Policy (34)
3. Cumulative Impacts
• the overall impact on ecosystems caused
by the effects of multiple human activities
that co-occur in space and/or time
• synergism: total impact > A + B + C
3. Cumulative Impacts
Halpern et al. 2008, Science (319)
4. Land-Sea Interactions
Kelly et al (2011)
5. Fisheries Management
www.reefkeeping.com
6. Climate Change
Sea level rise
Temperature increase
Circulation changes
Ocean acidification
Tim Eichenberg
National Geographic
7. Stakeholder Engagement
Klamath Media Collective
NOAA
Enabling Conditions
Enabling Conditions
1. Strong and clear legal mandate
Enabling Conditions
1. Strong and clear legal mandate
2. Political support and leadership
Enabling Conditions
1. Strong and clear legal mandate
2. Political support and leadership
3. Adequate funding
Mass: $4.1 m USD – 18 mos
RI: $8 m USD – 2 yrs
CA MLPA: $19.5 m – 7 yrs
Enabling Conditions
1. Strong and clear legal mandate
2. Political support and leadership
3. Adequate funding
4. Firm deadlines
Enabling Conditions
1. Strong and clear legal mandate
2. Political support and leadership
3. Adequate funding
4. Firm deadlines
5. Willingness and capacity of civil society to
engage
NOAA
Enabling Conditions
1. Strong and clear legal mandate
2. Political support and leadership
3. Adequate funding
4. Firm deadlines
5. Willingness and capacity of civil society to
engage
6. Thoughtful, transparent decisionmaking
process design and structure
Innovations & Breakthroughs:
First Nations/Indigenous Peoples
Innovations & Breakthroughs:
Public-Private Partnerships
State of Mass:
Innovations & Breakthroughs:
Cumulative Impacts
Innovations & Breakthroughs:
Climate Change
Summary
Components of a marine spatial plan
Ecosystem characteristics
Tradeoffs
Public process
Monitoring & adaptive management
Best available science
Summary
Challenges in developing a marine spatial plan
Protecting Ecosystem
Health
Incorporating Fishing
Sectors
Addressing Cumulative
Impacts
Taking Climate Change
into Account
Making the Land-Sea
Connection
Using a Robust
Structure & Process
Summary
MSP proponents worldwide continue to struggle
with similar challenges
Certain “enabling” conditions can improve the
likelihood of success of an MSP process
Mandate
Leadership
Deadlines
Funding
Civil Society
Transparency
Summary
MSP proponents worldwide continue to struggle with
similar challenges
“Enabling” conditions improve the likelihood of success
Ongoing and future marine planning efforts can
benefit from sharing innovations
Integrating First
Nations/Indigenous
Peoples
“Operationalizing”
Science Principles
Building PublicPrivate Partnerships
Addressing
Cumulative Impacts
Summary
MSP proponents worldwide continue to struggle with
similar challenges
“Enabling” conditions improve the likelihood of success
Ongoing and future marine planning efforts can benefit
from sharing innovations
Great opportunity in the Hauraki Gulf to pilot MSP in
New Zealand
Thank you!
Ecosystem Health Team:
Erin Prahler, Matthew Armsby, Meg Caldwell, & Sarah Mooney
[email protected]
www.centerforoceansolutions.org
MSP in the U.S. at the National level
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National Policy since July 2010
Current activity focused on data management
Strategic Action Plans being developed for each priority
Select regions starting to develop plan framework
MSP in the U.S. at the State level