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PROCTOR VERSION 4.9 C: Organ Interactions Quiz 1. Scientists are trying to develop a pain medication that will bind to the sodium-potassium pumps of sensory neurons. When the medication binds to the sodium-potassium pump, the number of ions that the protein can carry will be reduced by 40–60%. Which statement best explains why this medication may reduce pain in the area where the medication is administered? (A) The medication will decrease the rate at which sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions move through channel proteins, which will prevent action potentials in sensory neurons and prevent the nerves from sending pain signals. Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand that movement of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions across the membrane would be affected, but does not understand the role of the sodium-potassium pump in the generation of an action potential and repolarization of a neuron that initiates pain signals sent to the brain. (B) The medication will prevent the depolarization of sensory neurons by stopping neurotransmitters from binding to neurons, which will reduce the perception of pain in the brain. Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand that blocking neurotransmitters can repress nerve signals, but does not understand that the drug targets the sodium-potassium pump by reducing its ability to repolarize, and does not affect the neurotransmitter signaling the sodium-potassium pump. (C) The medication will decrease the ability of neurons to repolarize, which will decrease the rate at which action potentials are sent to the brain and reduce the perception of pain. Rationale: This answer suggests the student understands that a reduction in the number of ions moving through the sodium-potassium pump would slow the rate at which repolarization of a neuron occurs, which would block the initiation of pain signals sent to the brain. (D) The medication will prevent the sodium-potassium (Na+/ K+) pump from maintaining homeostasis and cause an ionic imbalance in the sensory neurons, which will stop the brain nerves from sending pain signals to the brain. Page 1 of 5 PROCTOR VERSION 4.9 C: Organ Interactions Quiz Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand that sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) are ions that move across the plasma membrane in sensory neurons, but does not understand that the movement of these ions in neurons is unrelated to the role of transport proteins involved in maintaining homeostasis and ion/water balance. Aligned to: LO 4.9 CA 4.9: Predict Effects of Changes to Biological Systems 2. Type 2 diabetes is a disease believed to be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Normally, when blood glucose levels become too high, pancreatic cells are stimulated to secrete the hormone insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels, by stimulating most body cells to uptake glucose. In type 2 diabetes, the body is unable to regulate blood glucose levels despite pancreatic cells producing and secreting insulin in response to elevated blood glucose levels. In which type of genes should a researcher look for mutations that may predispose a person to developing type 2 diabetes? (A) In genes involved in the production and secretion of insulin from pancreatic cells and preventing insulin from leaving the pancreas Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand how insulin is produced and secreted from pancreatic cells, but does not understand that type 2 diabetes is caused by a defect that affects target cells’ ability to respond to insulin, and is not caused by pancreatic cells preventing insulin from leaving the pancreas. (B) In genes involved in the reception of the insulin signal in target cells because insulin is not producing the appropriate response in these cells Rationale: This answer suggests the student understands that diabetes is due to the inability of the target cells to respond to insulin, which involves defective receptor or transduction response proteins. (C) In genes involved in feedback regulation with pancreatic cells because pancreatic cells are improperly responding to changes in blood glucose levels Page 2 of 5 PROCTOR VERSION 4.9 C: Organ Interactions Quiz Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand that blood glucose regulation involves a feedback loop, but does not understand that type 2 diabetes is due to poor insulin response in target cells and not due to the failure of pancreatic cells to regulate insulin production through negative feedback. (D) In genes involved in the production of glucose from glycogen in liver cells and preventing the liver from releasing glucose Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand that glycogen is converted into glucose in the liver, but does not understand that this process would increase blood glucose levels, not lower them. Aligned to: LO 4.9 CA 4.9: Predict Effects of Changes to Biological Systems 3. Sensory signals from the body are interpreted in one particular area of the brain. Different neurons receive signals from different parts of the body, and the neurons for each body part are very close in proximity. Amputees are individuals who have had a limb amputated, and some amputees experience sensations as if the limb were still attached, in a phenomenon called “phantom limb pain.” When parts of the body, such as the face or torso, are touched, neurons in the brain that were once associated with the limb before it was amputated are stimulated and interpret the sensations as occurring in the amputated limb. Which statement best explains why some amputees experience phantom limb pain? (A) Phantom limb pain is due to the severed sensory nerves at the site of amputation sending nerve signals directly to the brain, which are interpreted as having originated in the missing limb. Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand that nerve signals are sent to the brain where the signals are interpreted as pain, but does not understand that severed neurons cannot transmit nerve signals or that phantom limb pain is an emergent property due to neural rewiring of the brain and stimuli on other body parts. (B) Phantom limb pain is due to the nerves in the central nervous system being unable to differentiate sensory signals from motor signals. Page 3 of 5 PROCTOR VERSION 4.9 C: Organ Interactions Quiz Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand that phantom limb pain is due to the brain misinterpreting signals from the peripheral nervous system, but does not understand that the pain is not caused by the brain confusing sensory and motor neurons. (C) Phantom limb pain is due to the rewiring of the brain, in which sensory signals from other parts of the body are misinterpreted by the brain as having occurred in the missing limb. Rationale: This answer suggests the student understands that phantom limb pain is caused by the rewiring of the brain and the brain’s misinterpretation of sensory signals from different parts of the body. (D) Phantom limb pain is due to the inability of the neurons in the brain to receive signals after a significant change in the peripheral nervous system. Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand that pain is associated with changes in signaling after an amputation, but does not understand that the pain is due to rewiring of neural pathways and not the inability of neurons in the brain to receive signals. Aligned to: LO 4.9 CA 4.9: Predict Effects of Changes to Biological Systems 4. The diagram below shows the interactions among the thyroid gland, the skeletal system, and the kidneys in the regulation of calcium levels in the body. When calcium levels in the blood are high, the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin. Which statement best explains how calcitonin interacts with the skeletal system and the kidneys to regulate Page 4 of 5 PROCTOR VERSION 4.9 C: Organ Interactions Quiz calcium levels in the body? (A) Calcitonin causes bone cells to release calcium into the blood and causes the removal of calcium by the kidney from the urine in order to maintain calcium levels within a specific range. Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand that the bones and the kidneys can increase calcium levels in the blood, but does not understand that this would not help to regulate high blood calcium levels. (B) Calcitonin causes bone cells to initiate the release of calcium into the blood and causes the kidneys to increase the elimination of calcium in order to prevent too much calcium from being stored in the bones. Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand the role of the kidneys in decreasing blood calcium levels, but does not understand that the release of calcium from the bones would increase blood calcium levels. (C) Calcitonin causes bone cells to deposit excess calcium in bone and causes the kidneys to increase the removal of calcium from the urine in order to ensure that enough calcium is stored in the bones until it is needed. Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand that the bones can store calcium and decrease calcium levels in the blood, but does not understand the role of the kidneys in regulating blood calcium levels. (D) Calcitonin causes bone cells to deposit excess calcium in bone and causes the kidneys to decrease the removal of calcium from the blood in order to keep calcium levels within a specific range. Rationale: This answer suggests the student understands how calcitonin, the skeletal system, and the kidneys work to regulate high calcium levels in the blood. Aligned to: LO 4.9 CA 4.9: Predict Effects of Changes to Biological Systems Page 5 of 5