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AS/A Level Geology Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new This document compares the specification learning outcomes from the legacy GCE AS/A Level Geology (H087/H487) qualification to the new GCE AS/A Level Geology (H014/H414). It shows where the statements in the old specification are covered in the new spec, indicates where they are no longer assessed and highlights where new content has been added. F791: Global tectonics The learning outcomes in this topic have been refreshed and updated in consultation with HE. There is an increased emphasis on the application of ideas and links to the underlying science. For example content explicitly builds on learners’ knowledge and understanding of chemistry and physics, and the processes at mid-ocean ridges reflects the latest research. Spec Ref Original spec statement (H087/H487) Spec Ref Reformed spec statement equivalent (H014/H414) (old) Candidates should be able to: (new) Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of: 1.1.1a describe the overall structure of the solar system including gas giants and terrestrial planets with a dense inner core, and current theories of its origin and age 1.1.1b describe the geology of the Earth’s moon, Mars, Venus and the asteroid belt using knowledge from space exploration 1.1.1c 1.1.1d 1.1.1e 1.1.1f describe the different types of meteorites as iron, stony and carbonaceous chondrites describe the evidence for impact craters caused by asteroids and meteorites colliding with the Earth and other bodies in the solar system describe how volcanic activity has been identified on Io – a moon of Jupiter, Mars and Venus explain how the age of the Earth and other planets can be determined by radiometric dating methods Tick if no longer covered 3.1.2b a qualitative explanation of the nebular hypothesis for the formation of the solar system and the Earth — N/A — 3.1.2b the differentiation of the Earth into layers of distinct composition and density by the partitioning of each of the Goldschmit groups between the crust, mantle, core, and atmosphere and hydrosphere a qualitative explanation of the nebular hypothesis for the formation of the solar system and the Earth N/A — 2.2.2a (i) the use of radioactive decay rates of the radionuclides in minerals to give a numerical age of those minerals and rocks (ii) the plotting and interpretation of halflife curves — 3.1.2e AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Version 1.0 30.01.17 Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 1 of 44 — — AS/A Level Geology 1.1.2a 1.1.2b state the depths of the main layers of the Earth: inner core, outer core, mantle, asthenosphere, continental crust and oceanic crust describe how the thickness of the crust varies under continents and oceans 3.1.1a 3.1.1d state the depth of the discontinuities: Lehmann, Gutenberg and Moho 3.1.1a 3.1.2f 1.1.2c 1.1.2d 1.1.2e 1.1.3a 1.1.3b 1.1.4a 1.1.4b 1.1.4c describe the nature of these discontinuities and the changes that occur at them describe the probable composition of each of the layers of the Earth: inner core, outer core, mantle, asthenosphere, continental crust and oceanic crust describe and explain the nature of the asthenosphere as a rheid, plastic layer with 1–5% partial melting. Describe how this layer can be identified using P and S waves and its role in plate tectonics describe the lithosphere as a rigid, brittle layer made of part of the crust and upper mantle, which is divided into plates explain how evidence from rocks seen in deep mines up to 5km below the surface or deep boreholes up to 13km below the surface can be used as evidence for the composition of the crust explain how rocks brought to the surface by volcanic activity – in kimberlite pipes as mantle xenoliths – provide evidence of mantle rocks explain how ophiolites and rocks exposed by erosion provide evidence for the structure and composition of oceanic crust 3.1.2f 3.1.2f 3.1.1b 3.1.1f 3.1.1c 3.1.2f 3.1.2f 5.3.2b AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly the layered structures of the Earth as defined by the rheological properties of the layers how evidence from gravity anomalies and isostasy provides indirect evidence to determine the behaviour of the lithosphere and asthenosphere the layered structures of the Earth as defined by the rheological properties of the layers the geochemical layered structure of the Earth as defined by the mineral composition of the layers and how the composition of these layers is inferred from direct evidence the geochemical layered structure of the Earth as defined by the mineral composition of the layers and how the composition of these layers is inferred from direct evidence the geochemical layered structure of the Earth as defined by the mineral composition of the layers and how the composition of these layers is inferred from direct evidence how the variation in P and S wave velocities provides indirect evidence to identify layers within the Earth and how their paths through the Earth produces the P wave and S wave shadow zones the nature of the asthenosphere as a rheid, plastic layer with 1–5% partial melting the lithosphere as a rigid, brittle layer made of the crust and part of the upper mantle, which is divided into plates the geochemical layered structure of the Earth as defined by the mineral composition of the layers and how the composition of these layers is inferred from direct evidence the geochemical layered structure of the Earth as defined by the mineral composition of the layers and how the composition of these layers is inferred from direct evidence the evidence for the internal structure and processes at mid-ocean ridges (ophiolite complexes and geophysical surveys: gravity, reflection seismic and geoelectrical) Page 2 of 44 — — — — — — — — — — AS/A Level Geology 1.1.5a explain how the variation in P and S wave velocities can be used to identify layers within the Earth 1.1.5b explain how the properties of P and S waves result in shadow zones, which can be used to determine the state and depth of the inner and outer core of the Earth 1.1.5c explain how the density of the whole Earth and the rocks at the surface can be used to infer the density of the core and mantle rocks 1.1.5d 1.1.6a 1.1.6b 1.1.6c 1.2.1a 1.2.1b explain how stony and iron nickel meteorites from within the solar system can be used to infer the composition of the mantle and core describe and explain the probable origin of the Earth’s magnetic field describe palaeomagnetism in rocks and magnetic reversals describe and explain the variation of magnetic inclination with latitude describe the characteristics of P waves and explain how their path through the Earth produces the P wave shadow zone describe the characteristics of S waves and explain how their path through the Earth produces the S wave shadow zone 1.2.1c describe the characteristics of surface (L) waves and explain how these surface waves may cause damage 1.2.2a describe the earthquake focus and state the range of possible depths within the shallow, medium and deep categories 3.1.1b how the variation in P and S wave velocities provides indirect evidence to identify layers within the Earth and how their paths through the Earth produces the P wave and S wave shadow zones — 3.1.1b how the variation in P and S wave velocities provides indirect evidence to identify layers within the Earth and how their paths through the Earth produces the P wave and S wave shadow zones — 3.1.1g how the density of the whole Earth and the rocks at the surface provide indirect evidence to infer the density of the core and mantle rocks — 3.1.2e 3.1.1h 3.2.1d N/A 3.1.1b the differentiation of the Earth into layers of distinct composition and density by the partitioning of each of the Goldschmit groups between the crust, mantle, core, and atmosphere and hydrosphere the probable geodynamo origin of the Earth’s magnetic field which provides indirect evidence for the subdivision of the core how the global distribution of geological features of the same age provides evidence to reconstruct historical plate movement Learners may be required to demonstrate understanding of concepts from GCSE (9-1) Physics/Science how the variation in P and S wave velocities provides indirect evidence to identify layers within the Earth and how their paths through the Earth produces the P wave and S wave shadow zones — — — GCSE (9-1) Physics — 3.1.1b how the variation in P and S wave velocities provides indirect evidence to identify layers within the Earth and how their paths through the Earth produces the P wave and S wave shadow zones — 6.1.1b (i) the interaction of the transmission of seismic energy and the competence of the bedrock / soil (ii) the interaction of groundwater with seismic waves (liquefaction) — 3.2.1b (i) the evidence from earthquake seismology data for the nature of lithospheric plates (aseismic interiors and boundaries defined by seismic activity) — AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 3 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 1.2.2b 1.2.3a 1.2.3b describe the earthquake epicentre and explain how this can be determined and plotted using distance from seismometers or by isoseismal lines define the Mercalli scale and explain how it is used to create intensity maps of earthquake effects describe the relationship between intensity and both consolidated and unconsolidated rocks 3.2.1b 6.1.1a 6.1.1b plot and interpret isoseismal lines using intensity data 1.2.3c 1.2.3d 1.2.4a 1.2.4b 1.2.4c 1.2.5a 1.2.6a 1.2.6b 6.1.2c define the Richter scale and explain how it is used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake explain how earthquakes occur when stress stored in rocks is released describe how earthquakes are detected using a seismometer interpret and analyse seismograms to show distance from epicentre and magnitude; use time/distance graphs to find the epicentre of an earthquake; use seismograms to demonstrate shadow zones describe the effects of earthquakes: the type of ground movement, damage to structures, liquefaction, landslips, tsunamis and aftershocks; describe the social and economic effects of earthquake activity on humans and the built environment describe and explain possible methods of earthquake prediction: seismic gap theory, detailed measurements of gases, changes in stress in rocks, changes in water levels in wells, changes in ground levels, magnetism and animal behaviour describe and explain the social consequences of attempted earthquake prediction N/A 3.3.2a 3.2.1b (i) the evidence from earthquake seismology data for the nature of lithospheric plates (aseismic interiors and boundaries defined by seismic activity)(iii) the interpretation and analysis of seismograms the factors which affect the impact of earthquakes (i) the interaction of the transmission of seismic energy and the competence of the bedrock / soil (ii) the interaction of groundwater with seismic waves (liquefaction) the use of geographical information systems (GIS) to synthesise and summarise geological and geographic data to improve disaster planning and communication of information for the use of non-specialists Richter scale replaced by moment magnitude scale — — — — how earthquakes occur when elastic strain energy stored in rocks is released (elastic rebound theory) (iii) the interpretation and analysis of seismograms (iii) the interpretation and analysis of seismograms — — — 3.2.1b the factors which affect the impact of earthquakes 6.1.1a 6.1.1b 6.1.2b 6.1.1d AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly (i) the interaction of the transmission of seismic energy and the competence of the bedrock / soil (ii) the interaction of groundwater with seismic waves (liquefaction) the effectiveness and limitations of deterministic predictions of tectonic geohazards the limitations and utility of seismic hazard risk analysis which synthesise and summarise geological data sets to communicate this information for the use of non-specialists Page 4 of 44 — — — AS/A Level Geology 1.2.6c 1.3.1a 1.3.1b 1.3.2a 1.3.3a describe measures designed to reduce the impact of the effects of earthquakes: building construction codes to ensure strong foundations and reinforced structures, buildings with flexible structural supports, ground isolation systems using teflon or rubber pads or rollers; earthquake proofing mains gas, electricity and water supplies describe the characteristic features of: the continental slope, ocean basins with abyssal plains, seamount, mid-ocean ridges and deep-ocean trenches describe the characteristic features of: major rift systems, continental shields, fold mountains and continental shelf describe the evidence for the movement of continents over time using the fit of Africa and South America as part of Gondwanaland: (i) jigsaw fit of the edges of continental shelves for a geographical fit; (ii) the distribution of specific rock types of the same age; (iii) the distribution of fold mountain chains; (iv) the distribution of fossils; (v) the distribution of glacial striations and tillites; (vi) palaeomagnetic evidence using polar wandering curves for the movement of continents describe the evidence for the process of sea floor spreading: (i) the distribution of mid-ocean ridges (MOR) and the depth of the ocean floor; (ii) high heat flow and volcanic activity at the MOR; (iii) gravity anomaly at the MOR and the pattern of magnetic anomalies; (iv) transform faults and the pattern of earthquakes; (v) the age pattern and homogenous structure of the ocean crust and the age and distribution of sediment in deep ocean basins; (vi) direct satellite measurements of the width of the oceans how civil engineering can reduce the impact of future seismic events 6.1.1c 6.1.1d N/A N/A Learners may be required to demonstrate understanding of term BUT NOT recapitulate a description Learners may be required to demonstrate understanding of term BUT NOT recapitulate a description how the global distribution of geological features of the same age provides evidence to reconstruct historical plate movement — KS3 geography KS3 geography — 3.2.1d (i) the relationship between spreading rate and seabed morphology (water depth, fast and slow spreading midocean ridges) 5.3.2a 5.3.2b 3.2.1f calculate the rate of sea floor spreading from different data sources 1.3.3b the limitations and utility of seismic hazard risk analysis which synthesise and summarise geological data sets to communicate this information for the use of non-specialists 5.3.2a AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly the evidence for the internal structure and processes at mid-ocean ridges (ophiolite complexes and geophysical surveys: gravity, reflection seismic and geoelectrical) how the resolution and precision of the direct measurement of relative movement of points on different plates using global positioning systems (GPS) allow accurate measurement of the current relative movement of lithospheric plates (i) the relationship between spreading rate and seabed morphology (water depth, fast and slow spreading midocean ridges) (ii) the calculation of numerical age using radioactive decay rates Page 5 of 44 — — AS/A Level Geology 1.3.4a 1.3.4b 1.3.4c 1.3.4d describe and explain the pattern of Earth’s seismicity and aseismicity describe the distribution of shallow earthquakes in relation to: mid-ocean ridges, transform faults, major rift systems, deep-ocean trenches, fold mountains and subduction zones describe the distribution of deep and intermediate earthquakes in relation to fold mountains and subduction zones explain the aseismicity of continental shields and ocean basins 3.2.1c 3.2.1c 3.2.1c 3.2.1c describe and explain the relationships between continental drift, sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics 1.3.5a 1.3.6a 1.3.6b 3.2.1j describe how plate margins are defined by seismic activity; describe the nature of plates locate and name the major oceanic and continental plates on maps 3.2.1c N/A describe the similarities and differences between oceanic and continental plates in terms of thickness, density and average composition 3.1.1c 3.1.1d 3.1.1e 1.3.6c 1.3.7a describe divergent plate margins and the evidence for the plate boundary: midoceanic ridges, submarine volcanic activity, mafic magma, high heat flow, smokers, shallow focus earthquakes, transform faults 3.2.2a 3.3.2d AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly the nature of lithospheric plates: aseismic interiors and boundaries defined by seismic activity the nature of lithospheric plates: aseismic interiors and boundaries defined by seismic activity — — the nature of lithospheric plates: aseismic interiors and boundaries defined by seismic activity the nature of lithospheric plates: aseismic interiors and boundaries defined by seismic activity i) how the plate tectonic paradigm emerged from previous, gradually more sophisticated models (geosynclines, continental drift, active mantle convection carrying passive tectonic plates) (ii) interpretation of these and other examples of such developing models. the nature of lithospheric plates: aseismic interiors and boundaries defined by seismic activity Learners may be required to demonstrate understanding of terms BUT NOT simply locate or recapitulate a description the lithosphere as a rigid, brittle layer made of the crust and part of the upper mantle, which is divided into plates — — — — KS3 geography how evidence from gravity anomalies and isostasy provides indirect evidence to determine the behaviour of the lithosphere and asthenosphere — how indirect evidence from electromagnetic (EM) surveys may be used to identify the lithosphere and asthenosphere at mid-ocean ridges the generation of mafic magma by partial melting which results from upwelling of the mantle at divergent plate boundaries and intraplate hot spot settings — how plate movement at divergent boundaries causes tensional dominated tectonic environments, which can lead to rock deformation as a result of tectonic or gravity induced stresses Page 6 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 1.3.7b 1.3.7c 1.3.7d 1.3.7e 1.3.8a describe convergent plate margins involving oceanic plates and the evidence for the plate margin: deepocean trenches, earthquake foci along the inclined plane of a Benioff zone, heat flow anomalies, volcanic island arc and intermediate volcanic activity describe convergent plate margins involving continental and oceanic plates and the evidence for the plate margin: deep-ocean trenches, earthquake foci along the inclined plane of a Benioff zone, heat flow anomalies, fold mountains, silicic and intermediate volcanic activity and batholiths describe convergent plate margins involving only continental plates and the evidence for the plate boundary: shallow and intermediate focus earthquakes, batholiths, metamorphism and folded and faulted sediments in fold mountains describe conservative plate margins where plates slide past each other and the evidence for the plate margin: shallow focus earthquakes and faulting explain how volcanic activity at ocean ridges may ‘push’ plates apart. Describe how gravity and differences in density may ‘pull’ plates apart 3.2.1b 3.2.2b 3.3.2c 3.2.2b 3.3.2c 3.3.2b 3.2.1h 3.2.1i 3.2.1a 3.2.1b 3.2.1g 1.3.8c explain how the balance between formation of oceanic crust and its subduction affects the distribution of plate boundaries — how plate movement at convergent boundaries causes compressive and shear dominated tectonic environments, which can lead to rock deformation as a result of tectonic or gravity induced stresses the generation of intermediate and silicic magmas at convergent plate boundaries where crustal material is carried downward resulting in partial melting — how plate movement at convergent boundaries causes compressive and shear dominated tectonic environments, which can lead to rock deformation as a result of tectonic or gravity induced stresses how plate movement at transform boundaries causes shear dominated tectonic environments, which can lead to rock deformation as a result of tectonic induced stresses — — how gravity and differences in density result in ridge push at mid-ocean ridges describe the evidence for mantle convection 1.3.8b (i) the evidence from earthquake seismology data for the nature of lithospheric plates (aseismic interiors and boundaries defined by seismic activity) (ii) the evidence for structure in the mantle from seismic tomography data the generation of intermediate and silicic magmas at convergent plate boundaries where crustal material is carried downward resulting in partial melting 3.2.1i AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly the relative importance of slab pull at subduction zones and ridge push at midocean ridges as mechanisms driving the movement of tectonic plates the transfer of energy from within the Earth which drives the Earth’s internal geological processes (ii) the evidence for structure in the mantle from seismic tomography data subduction zones, lithospheric plates (cold thermal boundary) and mantle plumes which act as the active limbs of the convection cells which transfer energy from within the Earth the relative importance of slab pull at subduction zones and ridge push at midocean ridges as mechanisms driving the movement of tectonic plates Page 7 of 44 — — — AS/A Level Geology 1.3.9a 1.3.9b 1.3.9c define the terms hotspots and mantle plumes describe evidence for hotspots and mantle plumes using heat flow and seismic tomography describe and explain how chains of hotspots and seamounts develop; explain the age of oceanic islands in terms of their movement over a hotspot and how they can be used to calculate the rate of sea floor spreading define and be able to explain: beds and bedding planes, dip, apparent dip and strike 1.4.1a 1.4.1b 1.4.2a N/A define tension, compression and shear forces and describe competent and incompetent rocks; explain how tension, compression and shear forces produce geological structures 1.4.2b the evidence for mantle plumes — 3.2.1e the evidence for mantle plumes — 3.2.1e 3.3.1a measure dip and strike define and describe stress and strain and how they affect rocks; explain how stress and strain vary due to temperature, confining pressure and time Learners will be required to demonstrate understanding of term BUT NOT recapitulate a definition 3.3.1a 3.3.1b 5.4.1c 3.3.1a 6.2.1a 1.4.2c describe how the deformation of fossils and ooliths can be used to measure strain 3.3.1b 1.4.3a recognise and explain the origin of an angular unconformity 4.1.1a AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly (i) the geological structures produced by rock deformation as a result of tectonic stresses (tension, compression and shear forces) (ii) the identification, measurement and description of these geological structures on photographs, maps, crosssections and in the field, including production of labelled field sketches (iii) the construction of geological crosssections from geological maps (iv) use of a compass-clinometer (i) how tectonic stress and strain vary due to temperature, confining pressure and time, resulting in the plastic or brittle deformation of rocks(ii) the use of stress and strain diagramshow the composition of the parent rock and conditions (strain rate, temperature and pressure) at the time of rock deformation determine the nature of that rock deformation (i) the geological structures produced by rock deformation as a result of tectonic stresses (tension, compression and shear forces) (i) the effect of the interlocking and cementation of component minerals on rock strength (ii) the measurement of rock strength under compression and under shear (iii) the density of rocks (i) how tectonic stress and strain vary due to temperature, confining pressure and time, resulting in the plastic or brittle deformation of rocks (ii) the use of stress and strain diagrams the use of evidence in the field, photographs, diagrams and maps to recognise the rock cycle Page 8 of 44 — — — — — — AS/A Level Geology 1.4.3b 1.4.4a 1.4.4b 1.4.4c 1.4.5a 1.4.5b 1.4.5c 1.4.6a 1.4.6b explain the origin and characteristics of tectonic joints: tension and cross joints, cooling joints in igneous rocks, unloading joints in batholiths define and recognise fault characteristics: fault plane, throw, fault dip, hanging wall, footwall, upthrow and downthrow describe and recognise: dip-slip faults (normal and reverse), graben (rift), horst and thrusts, strike-slip faults and transform faults; explain their formation and how they can be recognised in the field, on maps and in cross- sections describe and recognise: slickensides and fault breccia; explain their formation define and recognise fold characteristics: fold limbs, hinge, crest, trough, axial plane, axial plane trace, plunge, antiform and synform describe and recognise symmetrical and asymmetrical anticlines, synclines, overfolds, recumbent folds, nappes, isoclinal folds, domes and basins; explain their formation and how they can be recognised in the field, on maps and in cross-sections describe and explain the formation of slaty cleavage in incompetent rocks by compressive forces and its relationship to folds deduce the age relationships of geological structures using cross-cutting features of beds, faults, folds and unconformities to date them relative to each other interpret the types of faults and folds from outcrop patterns and determine upthrow and downthrow of faults using the relationships between faults, folds and beds 3.3.1b 3.2.2d 3.3.1a 3.3.1a 3.3.1b 3.3.1a 3.3.1a 3.3.2c 3.3.1c 4.2.1a 3.3.1a AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly (i) how tectonic stress and strain vary due to temperature, confining pressure and time, resulting in the plastic or brittle deformation of rocks (i) the characteristics of major and minor intrusive bodies and the settings under which they form (ii) the identification, measurement and description of these geological structures on photographs, maps, crosssections and in the field, including production of labelled field sketches (ii) the identification, measurement and description of these geological structures on photographs, maps, crosssections and in the field, including production of labelled field sketches (i) how tectonic stress and strain vary due to temperature, confining pressure and time, resulting in the plastic or brittle deformation of rocks (ii) the identification, measurement and description of these geological structures on photographs, maps, crosssections and in the field, including production of labelled field sketches (ii) the identification, measurement and description of these geological structures on photographs, maps, crosssections and in the field, including production of labelled field sketches how plate movement at convergent boundaries causes compressive and shear dominated tectonic environments, which can lead to rock deformation as a result of tectonic or gravity induced stresses how compressive forces can lead to the formation of a slaty cleavage the geochronological principles used to place geological events in relative time sequences in outcrops, photographs, maps and cross-sections to interpret geological histories (ii) the identification, measurement and description of these geological structures on photographs, maps, crosssections and in the field, including production of labelled field sketches (iii) the construction of geological crosssections from geological maps Page 9 of 44 — — — — — — — — — AS/A Level Geology F792: Rocks – processes and products The learning outcomes in this topic have been refreshed and updated in consultation with HE. There is an increased emphasis on the application of ideas and links to the underlying science. Mineralogy has been reintroduced and the advanced petrology moved to the second year of the reformed geology course. Spec Ref Original spec statement (H087/H487) Spec Ref Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of: Candidates should be able to: describe the rock cycle 2.1.1a 2.1.1b 2.1.1c 2.1.2a N/A define processes operating at the surface: weathering, erosion, transport, deposition and extrusion define processes operating below the surface: burial, diagenesis, recrystallisation, metamorphism, partial melting, magma accumulation, crystallisation, intrusion and uplift describe the classification of rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic classes using their relationship to temperatures and pressures in the rock cycle N/A N/A 2.1.1d describe the characteristics of the major rock-forming minerals used to classify the rock groups 2.1.2b Reformed spec statement equivalent (H014/H414) Learners may be required to demonstrate understanding of the term BUT NOT simply recapitulate a definition Learners will be required to demonstrate understanding of terms BUT NOT recapitulate a definition Tick if no longer covered KS3 science Learners will be required to demonstrate understanding of terms BUT NOT recapitulate a definition the classification of rocks, which are made up of one or more minerals, as igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic using their relationship to temperatures and pressures in the rock cycle. — minerals as naturally occurring elements and inorganic compounds whose composition can be expressed as a chemical formula 2.1.1a 2.1.1b 2.1.1c AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly rock-forming silicate minerals as crystalline materials built up from silicon–oxygen tetrahedra to form frameworks, sheets or chains and which may have a range of compositions (qualitative only) (i) the diagnostic physical properties of rock-forming minerals in hand specimens (ii) the classification of samples, photographs and thin section diagrams of minerals using their diagnostic physical properties (iii) practical investigations to determine the density and hardness of mineral samples (iv) the techniques and procedures used to measure mass, length and volume. Page 10 of 44 — AS/A Level Geology 2.1.3a describe the division of the geological column into eras and systems using dating principles 2.2.2b 2.2.1a describe and classify silicic, intermediate, mafic and ultramafic rocks using their mineral composition (quartz, feldspars, mafic minerals), crystal grain size and silica percentage 2.1.2a 2.2.2a recognise and measure crystal grain sizes (coarse-grained >5 mm diameter; medium-grained 1-5 mm diameter; finegrained <1 mm diameter) using observation of samples, photographs and thin section diagrams 2.1.2a explain how crystal grain size provides evidence for depth of formation and rate of cooling of volcanic, hypabyssal and plutonic igneous rocks 2.2.2b 2.2.3a 2.1.2b describe, recognise and compare equigranular, glassy, vesicular, amygdaloidal, flow banding and porphyritic igneous textures using observation of samples, photographs and thin section diagrams 2.1.2b explain how the textures are formed and what evidence they provide about the formation and cooling histories of igneous rocks 2.2.3b 2.1.2b AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly the geochronological division of the geological column for the Phanerozoic into eras and periods using a biostratigraphic relative time sequence. (i) the classification of igneous rocks on the basis of their composition (silicic, intermediate, mafic and ultramafic) and crystal grain size (coarse-crystals >5 mm diameter; medium-crystals 1–5 mm diameter; fine-crystals <1 mm diameter) (ii) the diagnostic properties of rocks to identify igneous rocks in samples, photographs and thin section diagrams (i) the classification of igneous rocks on the basis of their composition (silicic, intermediate, mafic and ultramafic) and crystal grain size (coarse-crystals >5 mm diameter; medium-crystals 1–5 mm diameter; fine-crystals <1 mm diameter) (ii) the diagnostic properties of rocks to identify igneous rocks in samples, photographs and thin section diagrams (i) igneous textures, crystal shape and crystal size as evidence for depth of formation and rate of cooling of igneous rocks (ii) the diagnostic properties of igneous textures and crystal shape in samples, photographs and thin section diagrams (iii) the representation using drawings and annotated diagrams of igneous textures and crystal shape in samples (iv) the techniques and procedures used to measure temperature. (i) igneous textures, crystal shape and crystal size as evidence for depth of formation and rate of cooling of igneous rocks (ii) the diagnostic properties of igneous textures and crystal shape in samples, photographs and thin section diagrams (iii) the representation using drawings and annotated diagrams of igneous textures and crystal shape in samples (iv) the techniques and procedures used to measure temperature. (i) igneous textures, crystal shape and crystal size as evidence for depth of formation and rate of cooling of igneous rocks (ii) the diagnostic properties of igneous textures and crystal shape in samples, photographs and thin section diagrams (iii) the representation using drawings and annotated diagrams of igneous textures and crystal shape in samples (iv) the techniques and procedures used to measure temperature. Page 11 of 44 — — — — — — AS/A Level Geology 2.2.4a 2.2.4b 2.2.5a 2.2.5b 2.2.6a 2.2.6b 2.2.6c 2.2.6d describe and identify: granite, granodiorite, rhyolite, pumice, obsidian, pegmatite; diorite, andesite; gabbro, dolerite, basalt and peridotite; by observation of crystal grain size, mineral composition, texture, colour and silica percentage using observation of samples, photographs and thin section diagrams explain how their characteristics provide evidence for their origins explain the source of mafic magma at divergent plate margins and hotspots by partial melting of the mantle explain the source of silicic and intermediate magma at convergent plate margins to form volcanoes and batholiths describe the sequence of reactions that occur in Bowen’s Reaction Series controlling the formation of minerals as magma cools and crystallises describe the processes of magmatic differentiation: fractional crystallisation, gravity settling and filter pressing explain how differentiation forms ultramafic, mafic, intermediate and silicic rock groups from a single parent magma explain the results of magmatic differentiation in the formation of major layered intrusions 2.1.2a 2.1.2b 3.2.2a 3.2.2b 5.3.1a 5.3.1b 5.3.1b 5.3.1c explain the results of magmatic differentiation in magma chambers below volcanoes and the effect on lava composition 2.2.6e 5.3.1a 3.2.2g (i) the classification of igneous rocks on the basis of their composition (silicic, intermediate, mafic and ultramafic) and crystal grain size (coarse-crystals >5 mm diameter; medium-crystals 1–5 mm diameter; fine-crystals <1 mm diameter) (ii) the diagnostic properties of rocks to identify igneous rocks in samples, photographs and thin section diagrams (i) igneous textures, crystal shape and crystal size as evidence for depth of formation and rate of cooling of igneous rocks the generation of mafic magma by partial melting which results from upwelling of the mantle at divergent plate boundaries and intraplate hot spot settings the generation of intermediate and silicic magmas at convergent plate boundaries where crustal material is carried downward resulting in partial melting (i) the substitution of elements for others in the crystal structure of minerals and as magma cools and crystallises (olivine and plagioclase feldspar as examples of solid solution series) (ii) the interpretation of continuous and discontinuous binary phase diagrams the geological processes (assimilation, differentiation and fractionation) which cause magma composition to evolve and be modified the geological processes (assimilation, differentiation and fractionation) which cause magma composition to evolve and be modified the formation of layered intrusions and metal ores by magmatic differentiation, as an example of a geological resource produced by igneous processes (i) the substitution of elements for others in the crystal structure of minerals and as magma cools and crystallises (olivine and plagioclase feldspar as examples of solid solution series) (ii) the interpretation of continuous and discontinuous binary phase diagrams how the composition (percentage silica) and temperature of the erupting lava controls its viscosity and its ability to exsolve volatiles AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 12 of 44 — — — — — — — — — AS/A Level Geology describe the processes of intrusion and distinguish between major and minor, concordant and discordant intrusions 3.2.2c 3.2.2d 2.2.7a 2.2.7b the processes of intrusion which cause a body of magma to ascend through the crust and how these affect the country rock recognise and describe the characteristics of sills, transgressive sills, dykes and batholiths define the terms contact, country rock and xenolith; describe and explain how xenoliths form 2.2.7c 3.2.2f 2.2.8a 2.2.8b 2.2.8c 2.2.8d define the terms chilled margin, baked margin and metamorphic aureole explain how and where chilled and baked margins and metamorphic aureoles form describe and explain the differences between sills and lava flows by reference to crystal grain size, baked and chilled margins, xenoliths, vesicles and amygdales, alignment of phenocrysts and weathering distinguish between major intrusions, minor intrusions and extrusive rocks — — the processes of intrusion which cause a body of magma to ascend through the crust and how these affect the country rock 3.2.2c 3.2.2e (i) how changes in the properties of magma can affect buoyancy forces such that the magma can make its way to the surface producing a volcanic eruption (ii) practical investigations to model the properties of magma and how changes to conditions can affect buoyancy forces the processes of intrusion which cause a body of magma to ascend through the crust and how these affect the country rock 3.2.2c 3.2.2e (i) how changes in the properties of magma can affect buoyancy forces such that the magma can make its way to the surface producing a volcanic eruption (ii) practical investigations to model the properties of magma and how changes to conditions can affect buoyancy forces Learners will be required to demonstrate understanding of terms BUT NOT recapitulate a definition (i) the characteristics of major and minor intrusive bodies and the settings under which they form (ii) the use of geodetic and geophysical data to identify the subsurface intrusion of magma the diagnostic geological characteristics of dykes, sills and lava flows explain the processes involved in the formation of intrusions: partial melting, stoping, assimilation and magma mixing 2.2.7d (i) the characteristics of major and minor intrusive bodies and the settings under which they form (ii) the use of geodetic and geophysical data to identify the subsurface intrusion of magma the diagnostic geological characteristics of dykes, sills and lava flows N/A 3.2.2d AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly — — — 3.2.2f 3.2.2f — the diagnostic geological characteristics of dykes, sills and lava flows Page 13 of 44 — AS/A Level Geology describe the products of volcanoes: gases, pyroclasts (pumice, tuffs and agglomerates), pyroclastic flows (ignimbrites), lavas of mafic, intermediate and silicic composition 2.2.9a 2.2.9b 2.2.9c 2.2.10a 2.2.10b 2.2.10c describe and explain the distribution of volcanic products around volcanoes due to energy of blast, grain size of pyroclasts, velocity and direction of winds, gradient and magma viscosity define the term isopachyte, plot and interpret isopachyte maps of pyroclastic deposits describe and explain quiet eruptions of submarine, fissure and shield volcanoes where magma viscosity and gas content are low describe and explain explosive eruptions of strato-volcanoes where magma viscosity and gas content are high describe and explain the shape and structure of volcanoes in terms of viscosity, rate of extrusion, gas content and frequency of eruption describe and explain caldera formation 2.2.10d 2.2.10e 2.2.11a 2.2.11b 2.2.11c 3.2.2e 3.2.2g (i) how changes in the properties of magma can affect buoyancy forces such that the magma can make its way to the surface producing a volcanic eruption (ii) practical investigations to model the properties of magma and how changes to conditions can affect buoyancy forces 3.2.2i how the composition (percentage silica) and temperature of the erupting lava controls its viscosity and its ability to exsolve volatiles the nature of volcanic hazards and their relation to the composition and properties of the source magma 3.2.2i 3.2.2h 3.2.2h 3.2.2h 3.2.2h describe and explain geyser formation describe methods for the prediction of volcanic activity: historic pattern of activity, changes in ground level, changes in gas composition and volume and precursor earthquake tremors describe and evaluate the methods of risk analysis by plotting the extent and path of lava flows, blast damage, ash falls, pyroclastic flows and lahars; describe how these are used to create hazard maps and contingency plans describe the benefits and the danger to life and property of different types of volcanic activity N/A 3.2.2d 6.1.2c N/A AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly the nature of volcanic hazards and their relation to the composition and properties of the source magma how the composition and physical characteristics of the erupted material control the volcanic landforms produced by both explosive and effusive activity how the composition and physical characteristics of the erupted material control the volcanic landforms produced by both explosive and effusive activity how the composition and physical characteristics of the erupted material control the volcanic landforms produced by both explosive and effusive activity how the composition and physical characteristics of the erupted material control the volcanic landforms produced by both explosive and effusive activity — (i) the characteristics of major and minor intrusive bodies and the settings under which they form (ii) the use of geodetic and geophysical data to identify the subsurface intrusion of magma the use of geographical information systems (GIS) to synthesise and summarise geological and geographic data to improve disaster planning and communication of information for the use of non-specialists — — — — — — — — — — Page 14 of 44 AS/A Level Geology explain how volcanic activity can cause climate change 2.2.11d 2.3.1a 2.3.2a 2.3.2b 2.3.2c 7.1.1a define weathering and describe and explain the processes and products of hydrolysis, carbonation, exfoliation, frost shattering, pressure release, root action and burrowing describe how abrasion, attrition and length of transport affect sediment describe how sediments may be transported by solution, suspension, saltation and traction analyse and describe the variables of grain composition, grain size, grain shape, roundness and degree of sorting using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Evaluate how methods of transport are related to sediment characteristics describe and explain the characteristics of sediments transported by gravity, wind, ice, rivers and the sea 2.3.2d 2.3.3a 2.3.4a 2.1.3a 2.1.3b 2.1.3b 2.1.3b 4.1.2a describe and classify mechanically formed, chemically formed and biologically formed sedimentary rocks using grain size, grain shape, mineral composition and fossil content, using observation of samples, photographs and thin section diagrams describe and identify the clastic rocks: breccia, conglomerate, sandstones (orthoquartzite, arkose, greywacke, desert sandstones), mudstone, clay and shale using observation of samples, photographs and thin section diagrams 2.1.3c 2.1.3d AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly how the Earth has changed through geological time (with particular focus on the Phanerozoic Eon): (ii) the long term changes in the Earth’s climate and composition of the atmosphere weathering and erosion, the mechanical, chemical and biological processes that produce the sediments that form sedimentary rocks (i) the effect of the process of erosion on the characteristics and composition of modern sediments (ii) sieve analysis of sediments (i) the effect of the process of erosion on the characteristics and composition of modern sediments (ii) sieve analysis of sediments (i) the effect of the process of erosion on the characteristics and composition of modern sediments (ii) sieve analysis of sediments (i) how the characteristics of the facies in a sedimentary environment are related to the methods of sediment transport (ii) the diagnostic sedimentary structures produced by the sediment transport processes (iii) the recognition, application and sketching of the diagnostic properties of sedimentary structures to interpret wayup and sedimentary environments, in the field and on photographs the diagnostic properties of rocks to recognise and measure grain sizes in samples, photographs and thin section diagrams (i) the classification of siliciclastic rocks on the basis of their diagnostic properties (colour, composition, grain size and grain shape, sorting) (iii) the diagnostic properties of rocks to identify siliciclastic and carbonate rocks in samples, photographs and thin section diagrams Page 15 of 44 — — — — — — — — AS/A Level Geology 2.3.4b 2.3.5a 2.3.5b 2.3.5c 2.3.5d 2.3.6a 2.3.6b describe and identify the non-clastic rocks: limestones (oolitic, fossiliferous, chalk) using evidence from grain size, colour grain, mineral composition and fossil content as appropriate, using observation of samples, photographs and thin section diagrams describe the characteristic features of the primary sedimentary structures: cross bedding, ripple marks, graded bedding, desiccation cracks, flute casts, salt pseudomorphs and imbricate structure using observation of samples and photographs explain the processes of formation of these sedimentary structures explain the evidence for the environments in which they form and their uses as way-up, palaeo-current and palaeo-environmental indicators plot and interpret rose diagrams showing palaeo-current information describe and explain the diagenetic process of compaction of plant material to form coals, and mud to form shale and mudstone describe and explain the diagenetic process of cementation to form cemented sandstones and limestones evaluate the effects of diagenesis on rock characteristics 2.3.6c 2.3.7a 2.3.7b 2.1.3d 4.1.2a 4.1.2a — — 4.1.2a (ii) the diagnostic sedimentary structures produced by the sediment transport processes (iii) the recognition, application and sketching of the diagnostic properties of sedimentary structures to interpret wayup and sedimentary environments, in the field and on photographs — — M2.11 Plot variables from experimental or other circular data — 2.1.3e the processes of diagenesis and lithification: (i) mechanical compaction (ii) chemical compaction by pressure dissolution and recrystallisation — 2.1.3e 2.1.3e describe the deposition in glacial environments of boulder clay (till), varves, fluvio-glacial sands and gravels and explain the processes that formed them; explain how to identify an ancient glacial deposit using the evidence from rocks, fossils and sedimentary structures describe the deposition in fluvial environments of alluvial fan breccias, arkoses and conglomerates, channel sandstones, flood plain clays and silts and explain the processes that formed them; explain how to identify an ancient fluvial deposit using the evidence from rocks, fossils and sedimentary structures (ii) the classification of carbonate rocks on the basis of their diagnostic properties (grain size, cement, mineral composition and fossil content, and sorting) (iii) the diagnostic properties of rocks to identify siliciclastic and carbonate rocks in samples, photographs and thin section diagrams (ii) the diagnostic sedimentary structures produced by the sediment transport processes the processes of diagenesis and lithification: (iii) growth of cements the processes of diagenesis and lithification: (iv) how these changes in rock texture modify the porosity and permeability of rocks see 4.1.2a(i) AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly — N/A 4.1.2c — deposition in fluvial environments which produces a characteristic threedimensional architecture due to lateral migration Page 16 of 44 — AS/A Level Geology 2.3.7c 2.3.7d 2.3.7e 2.3.7f 2.3.7g describe the deposition in hot desert environments of conglomerates in wadis, desert sandstones in dunes and evaporites in playa lakes and explain the processes that formed them; explain how to identify an ancient desert deposit using the evidence from rocks, fossils and sedimentary structures describe the deposition in deltaic environments of delta top (topsets) to form coal, seat earth and channel sandstones, sandstones of the delta slope (foresets) and shales to form offshore deposition (bottomsets); explain deltaic deposition in cyclothems; explain how to identify an ancient deltaic deposit using the evidence from rocks, graphic log sequences, fossils and sedimentary structures describe the deposition of clastic material in sediment-rich shallow seas to form conglomerates, sandstones and mudstones; explain how to identify an ancient shallow clastic sea or beach deposit using the evidence from rocks, graphic log sequences, fossils and sedimentary structures describe the deposition of limestones in clear, non-clastic, shallow marine environments; explain how invertebrate skeletons form bioclastic, reef limestones and chalk and how chemical processes form oolitic and micritic limestones. Explain how to identify an ancient carbonate deposit using the evidence from rocks, fossils and sedimentary structures describe the deposition in shallow marine and barred basin environments of evaporites (gypsum, anhydrite, halite and potassium salts) and explain the processes that formed them; explain how to identify an ancient evaporite deposit using the evidence from rocks, fossils, sedimentary structures and cyclic sequences 4.1.2d deposition in hot desert environments which are controlled by gradual aeolian processes and episodic high energy events — (i) the sedimentary processes which are infrequent and/or difficult to observe but can be understood and explained using scientific principles 5.1.1a 5.1.1c 5.1.1d 4.1.2e 4.1.2f 4.1.2g how simple (topset, foreset and bottom set) and more complex deltaic cyclothem models demonstrate the application of sedimentary principles Walther’s law which relates vertical sequences in outcrop with the lateral facies changes seen in modern environments deposition in fluvial environments which produces a characteristic threedimensional architecture due to lateral migration deposition in shallow carbonate seas which produces characteristic limestones within, on and outside the reef (reef limestone, bioclastic limestone and oolitic limestones) — — — deposition in deep water carbonate seas above the carbonate compensation depth. see 2.1.3a N/A AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 17 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 2.3.7h 2.3.7i 2.4.1a 2.4.2a 2.4.2b 2.4.3a describe the deposition in deep marine basin environments to form turbidites, greywackes and shales, and calcareous and siliceous oozes from microfossils and explain the processes that formed them; explain how to identify an ancient deep sea deposit using the evidence from rocks, fossils and sedimentary structures plot and interpret graphic logs for these sedimentary environments explain how varying combinations of temperature and pressure in the Earth produce contact, regional and burial metamorphism describe and identify the metamorphic rocks: slate, schist, gneiss, quartzite (metaquartzite), marble, spotted rock, using observations of mineral content, orientation, textures and foliation, by observation of samples, photographs and thin section diagrams explain the origin of these metamorphic rocks and describe the relationship of parent rock composition to the mineralogy of the resultant metamorphic rock describe, recognise and compare: slaty cleavage, schistosity, gneissose banding, porphyroblastic and granoblastic textures, using observation of samples, photographs and thin section diagrams (i) the sedimentary processes which are infrequent and/or difficult to observe but can be understood and explained using scientific principles 5.1.1a 5.1.1b 5.1.1d 4.1.2b Walther’s law which relates vertical sequences in outcrop with the lateral facies changes seen in modern environments the construction and interpretation of graphic logs of modern sediment sequences and ancient sedimentary rock — — metamorphism as a solid state isochemical process that changes the characteristics of rock 2.1.4a 2.1.4c 5.4.1b 2.1.4b 5.4.1a 5.4.1b explain how the textures are formed 2.4.3b turbidity currents and how the Bouma turbidite model of deposition demonstrates the application of sedimentary principles 5.4.1c AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly how as the intensity of metamorphism changes different minerals form which can be used to reconstruct the conditions of metamorphism (ii) the diagnostic properties of metamorphic fabrics in samples, photographs and thin section diagrams — — how the mineralogy and fabric of metamorphic rocks can be used to infer the composition of the parent rock (i) metamorphic grade and how the formation of different combinations of minerals can be used to reconstruct the conditions of metamorphism and infer the composition of the parent rock (ii) the plotting and interpretation of isograds to reconstruct conditions of metamorphism (i) the formation of metamorphic fabrics as a result of directed stress and time during mountain building (orogeny) and the use of fabrics to reconstruct conditions of metamorphism (ii) the diagnostic properties of metamorphic fabrics in samples, photographs and thin section diagrams how the composition of the parent rock and conditions (strain rate, temperature and pressure) at the time of rock deformation determine the nature of that rock deformation Page 18 of 44 — — — AS/A Level Geology 2.4.4a 2.4.4b describe contact metamorphism by heat from an igneous intrusion to form different grades of unfoliated rocks: low grade – spotted rock, medium grade – andalusite slate and high grade – hornfels, and explain their relationship to temperature within a metamorphic aureole describe and explain the factors controlling the width of contact metamorphic aureoles: volume, composition and temperature of magma; composition of country rock; dip of contact 5.4.1a 5.4.1a describe the thermal gradient and the distribution of the index minerals biotite, andalusite and sillimanite within a metamorphic aureole 3.2.2d 5.4.1a 2.4.4c 2.4.4d 2.4.4e 2.4.5a 2.4.5b describe the Al2SiO5 polymorphs and explain their relationships to temperature and pressure conditions in contact metamorphism describe and explain the formation of metaquartzite and marble explain regional metamorphism at convergent plate margins as paired metamorphic belts at subduction zones and broad orogenic belts at continentalcontinental plate margins define the terms metamorphic grade, metamorphic zone, index mineral and isograd; plot and interpret isograds 5.4.1a 2.1.4b N/A (i) metamorphic grade and how the formation of different combinations of minerals can be used to reconstruct the conditions of metamorphism and infer the composition of the parent rock (ii) the plotting and interpretation of isograds to reconstruct conditions of metamorphism (i) metamorphic grade and how the formation of different combinations of minerals can be used to reconstruct the conditions of metamorphism and infer the composition of the parent rock (ii) the plotting and interpretation of isograds to reconstruct conditions of metamorphism (i) the characteristics of major and minor intrusive bodies and the settings under which they form (i) metamorphic grade and how the formation of different combinations of minerals can be used to reconstruct the conditions of metamorphism and infer the composition of the parent rock (ii) the plotting and interpretation of isograds to reconstruct conditions of metamorphism (i) metamorphic grade and how the formation of different combinations of minerals can be used to reconstruct the conditions of metamorphism and infer the composition of the parent rock (ii) the plotting and interpretation of isograds to reconstruct conditions of metamorphism how the mineralogy and fabric of metamorphic rocks can be used to infer the composition of the parent rock — — — — — — how as the intensity of metamorphism changes different minerals form which can be used to reconstruct the conditions of metamorphism 2.1.4c 5.4.1a AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly (i) metamorphic grade and how the formation of different combinations of minerals can be used to reconstruct the conditions of metamorphism and infer the composition of the parent rock (ii) the plotting and interpretation of isograds to reconstruct conditions of metamorphism Page 19 of 44 — AS/A Level Geology describe the grades of regional metamorphic rocks: low grade – slate, medium grade – schist; high grade – gneiss, and explain their relationships to temperature and pressure conditions how as the intensity of metamorphism changes different minerals form which can be used to reconstruct the conditions of metamorphism 2.1.4c 5.4.1a 2.4.5c describe regional metamorphic zones (Barrovian) and index minerals: chlorite, biotite, garnet, kyanite and sillimanite 2.4.5d 2.4.5e 5.4.1a describe the Al2SiO5 polymorphs and their relationship to temperature and pressure conditions in regional metamorphism 5.4.1a AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly (i) metamorphic grade and how the formation of different combinations of minerals can be used to reconstruct the conditions of metamorphism and infer the composition of the parent rock (ii) the plotting and interpretation of isograds to reconstruct conditions of metamorphism (i) metamorphic grade and how the formation of different combinations of minerals can be used to reconstruct the conditions of metamorphism and infer the composition of the parent rock (ii) the plotting and interpretation of isograds to reconstruct conditions of metamorphism (i) metamorphic grade and how the formation of different combinations of minerals can be used to reconstruct the conditions of metamorphism and infer the composition of the parent rock (ii) the plotting and interpretation of isograds to reconstruct conditions of metamorphism Page 20 of 44 — — — AS/A Level Geology F794: Environmental geology The learning outcomes in this topic have been refreshed and updated in consultation with HE. In particular the approach to topics has changed to better reflect the contemporary role of geologists. There is an increased emphasis on the application of ideas and links to the underlying science. While many of the specific contexts in the legacy specification are no longer required teachers may wish to continue to use them, where they judge them to be an effective tool for learning. Spec Ref Original spec statement (H087/H487) Spec Ref Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of: Candidates should be able to: 4.1.1a define the term porosity and calculate % porosity; define the term permeability and calculate permeability as a rate of flow; describe and explain the factors that affect porosity and permeability 2.1.3e 5.2.1a define the terms groundwater and water table and recognise the position of the water table 4.1.1b 4.1.1c 4.1.2a 4.1.2b 4.1.2c 5.2.1d define the terms hydrostatic pressure and hydraulic gradient and calculate the hydraulic gradient define the terms aquifer, aquiclude and recharge zone; recognise and explain the difference between an unconfined and a confined aquifer; describe and explain the conditions required for a perched aquifer recognise and describe an artesian basin as a type of confined aquifer and explain the conditions necessary for the formation of an artesian well describe and explain the terms draw down and cone of depression in relation to water supply from wells and boreholes Reformed spec statement equivalent (H014/H414) 5.2.1b Tick if no longer covered the processes of diagenesis and lithification: (iv) how these changes in rock texture modify the porosity and permeability of rocks (i) how porosity controls the storage of fluids (water, oil and gas) in rocks (ii) how permeability controls the movement of fluids through rocks the characteristics of subsurface geology which control the flow of groundwater (hydrogeology) including confined and unconfined aquifers, aquicludes, aquitards, the water table, piezometric surfaces and recharge zones. the application of Darcy’s law to model the flow of fluids in rocks — — — h h1 Q = –A 2 L 5.2.1d the characteristics of subsurface geology which control the flow of groundwater (hydrogeology) including confined and unconfined aquifers, aquicludes, aquitards, the water table, piezometric surfaces and recharge zones. — 5.2.1d the characteristics of subsurface geology which control the flow of groundwater (hydrogeology) including confined and unconfined aquifers, aquicludes, aquitards, the water table, piezometric surfaces and recharge zones. — N/A AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly — Page 21 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 4.1.2d describe the problems of water extraction from aquifers and artesian basins leading to a lowering of the water table, subsidence and saltwater encroachment describe and explain the issues of groundwater quality and residence time of pollutants describe and explain the geological conditions leading to the formation of springs where the water table intersects the topographic surface at the junction of permeable and impermeable rocks 5.2.1d recognise and explain how springs form as a result of lithology, faults and unconformities 4.1.3b 4.1.4a 4.1.4b 4.1.4c 4.1.4d 5.2.1d describe and explain the advantages and disadvantages of surface water supply from rivers and reservoirs describe and explain the advantages and disadvantages of underground water supply from aquifers and artesian basins describe and explain how water supply is renewable as part of the water cycle and is sustainable provided the rate of extraction does not exceed the rate of recharge outline initiatives in the development of underground storage facilities for water in rocks — the controls on groundwater quality which result from geochemistry (carbonates and sulfates), aquifer filtration and residence time 5.2.1c 6.2.2c 4.1.2e 4.1.3a N/A — the role of geological understanding in the management and remediation of contaminated land and groundwater, a source of pollution, such as former industrial brownfield sites the characteristics of subsurface geology which control the flow of groundwater (hydrogeology) including confined and unconfined aquifers, aquicludes, aquitards, the water table, piezometric surfaces and recharge zones the characteristics of subsurface geology which control the flow of groundwater (hydrogeology) including confined and unconfined aquifers, aquicludes, aquitards, the water table, piezometric surfaces and recharge zones — — N/A — N/A — N/A — GCSE (9-1) Geography N/A — AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 22 of 44 AS/A Level Geology describe a source rock, reservoir rock and cap rock; describe the environment of deposition and explain the process of maturation to form oil and natural gas in the source rock; describe the process of migration from source rock to reservoir rock under a cap rock and explain the factors that control migration 7.2.2a 7.2.2b 4.2.1a explain the term trap; recognise and describe different trap structures: anticline, fault, salt dome, unconformity, lithological; describe and explain how oil and natural gas may be destroyed or lost from trap structures 4.2.1b 7.2.2b describe and explain the geophysical exploration techniques of seismic reflection and gravity surveys 4.2.2a 7.2.2c describe how exploration drilling and downhole logging (porosity, gamma ray, resistivity) are used to find hydrocarbons 4.2.2b 7.2.2c AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly the principles of basin analysis as applied to the prospecting for hydrocarbons in the North Sea Basin: (i) the geological settings and sedimentary conditions that led to the formation of oil and natural gas in the North Sea Basin (ii) the palaeoenvironments where the source rocks, reservoir rocks and caprocks formed (iii) the process of maturation to form oil and natural gas in the source rock (i) the process of migration of oil and natural gas (fluids) from a source rock to reservoir rock under a caprock and the factors that control migration (ii) The process of rifting and synsedimentary faulting in the North Sea Basin which allowed oil and natural gas traps to form (iii) The accumulation of oil and gas in trap structures under caprocks the principles of basin analysis as applied to the prospecting for hydrocarbons in the North Sea Basin: (i) the process of migration of oil and natural gas (fluids) from a source rock to reservoir rock under a caprock and the factors that control migration (ii) The process of rifting and synsedimentary faulting in the North Sea Basin which allowed oil and natural gas traps to form (iii) The accumulation of oil and gas in trap structures under caprocks (i) geophysical exploration techniques to interpret the structural history of the basin and locate hydrocarbon reserves (ii) exploration drilling and downhole logging techniques to locate hydrocarbon reserves and plan field development. (iii) the use of microfossils in biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental analysis to locate hydrocarbon reserves (i) geophysical exploration techniques to interpret the structural history of the basin and locate hydrocarbon reserves (ii) exploration drilling and downhole logging techniques to locate hydrocarbon reserves and plan field development. (iii) the use of microfossils in biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental analysis to locate hydrocarbon reserves Page 23 of 44 — — — — AS/A Level Geology 4.2.3a calculate reserves of oil and natural gas when provided with suitable data and explain the difficulties in accurately determining reserves describe and explain how production wells are established and oil and natural gas are extracted by primary recovery 5.5.1f 7.2.2c 7.2.2d 4.2.3b describe and explain the main methods of secondary recovery by injection of water, steam or carbon dioxide and the use of detergents and bacteriological techniques 7.2.2c 7.2.2d 4.2.3c 4.2.3d 4.2.4a outline recent initiatives in exploitation of unconventional petroleum from oil shale and the possible future exploitation of gas hydrates describe the main environmental and safety problems of oil and natural gas extraction and pipeline transportation describe the technological problems of oil and natural gas extraction including those that prevent 100% recovery N/A outline recent initiatives in the development of underground storage facilities for natural gas in rocks how the same principles of basin analysis can be applied to onshore hydrocarbon basins (i) geophysical exploration techniques to interpret the structural history of the basin and locate hydrocarbon reserves (ii) exploration drilling and downhole logging techniques to locate hydrocarbon reserves and plan field development. (iii) the use of microfossils in biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental analysis to locate hydrocarbon reserves how the same principles of basin analysis can be applied to onshore hydrocarbon basins how the same principles of basin analysis can be applied to onshore hydrocarbon basins — — — — — (i) how porosity controls the storage of fluids (water, oil and gas) in rocks (ii) how permeability controls the movement of fluids through rocks 5.2.1a 7.2.2c 4.2.4b 4.2.4c 7.2.2d how existing data sets and follow-up surveys are integrated in geological prospecting, resource exploration and in defining the reserves. (i) geophysical exploration techniques to interpret the structural history of the basin and locate hydrocarbon reserves (ii) exploration drilling and downhole logging techniques to locate hydrocarbon reserves and plan field development. (iii) the use of microfossils in biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental analysis to locate hydrocarbon reserves N/A AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly (i) geophysical exploration techniques to interpret the structural history of the basin and locate hydrocarbon reserves (ii) exploration drilling and downhole logging techniques to locate hydrocarbon reserves and plan field development. (iii) the use of microfossils in biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental analysis to locate hydrocarbon reserves — — Page 24 of 44 AS/A Level Geology locate the main areas where oil and natural gas are found in and around the British Isles 4.2.5a 4.2.5b 4.2.5c 4.2.5d 4.2.6a 4.2.6b 4.2.6c 4.2.7a 4.2.7b 4.2.7c 4.2.7d 4.2.7e 7.2.2a describe and explain why both oil and natural gas are present in the northern basin of the North Sea from Kimmeridge Clay source rocks but only natural gas is present in the southern basin from Coal Measures source rocks explain why oil and natural gas are examples of non-renewable energy resources debate the future sustainability of British oil and natural gas production describe and explain the climatic and environmental conditions required for the formation of peat and coal as part of deltaic sequences describe and explain the diagenetic processes of compaction and coalification to produce peat and coal define the terms rank and coal series; describe the physical and chemical properties of lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite calculate reserves of coal when provided with suitable data and explain the difficulties in accurately determining reserves describe the geological considerations and method of opencast coal mining from quarries describe long-wall retreat mining as the main method of underground coal mining used in the British Isles describe and explain the geological factors that can make underground coal mining difficult and uneconomic discuss the advantages and disadvantages of opencast and underground coal mining including an outline of economic and safety issues 7.2.2a the principles of basin analysis as applied to the prospecting for hydrocarbons in the North Sea Basin: (i) the geological settings and sedimentary conditions that led to the formation of oil and natural gas in the North Sea Basin (ii) the palaeoenvironments where the source rocks, reservoir rocks and caprocks formed (iii) the process of maturation to form oil and natural gas in the source rock the principles of basin analysis as applied to the prospecting for hydrocarbons in the North Sea Basin: (i) the geological settings and sedimentary conditions that led to the formation of oil and natural gas in the North Sea Basin (ii) the palaeoenvironments where the source rocks, reservoir rocks and caprocks formed (iii) the process of maturation to form oil and natural gas in the source rock N/A — N/A — 5.1.1c — — GCSE (9-1) Science GCSE (9-1) Science how simple (topset, foreset and bottom set) and more complex deltaic cyclothem models demonstrate the application of sedimentary principles — N/A — N/A — N/A — N/A — N/A — N/A — N/A — AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 25 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 4.2.8a locate the main areas where coal is found in and around the British Isles; explain the difference between an exposed and a concealed coalfield; describe the broad structures of the South Wales and Yorkshire coalfields discuss the environmental consequences of the legacy of coal mining in the British Isles and describe methods of land restoration 4.2.8d 4.2.9a explain why coal is an example of a nonrenewable energy resource discuss the future sustainability of British coal production from opencast and underground sources describe and explain the main methods of geothermal energy extraction from: volcanic sources; geothermal aquifers in sedimentary basins; and the potential for geothermal energy extraction from hot dry rock sources such as granite calculate the geothermal gradient and explain the source of heat for geothermal energy 4.2.9b 4.2.9c 4.2.9d explain why coal is an example of a nonrenewable energy resource describe and explain the advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy extraction define the terms resource, reserves, ore, ore mineral, gangue mineral, average crustal abundance, cut off grade and concentration factor 4.3.1a 4.3.1b 4.3.1c calculate concentration factors and mineral reserves when provided with suitable data and explain the difficulties in accurately determining reserves discuss the influence of world supply and demand and stockpiling of strategic metals on metallic mineral reserves — the causes and management of contaminated minewater, a source of pollution, from abandoned coal mines and metal ore mines 5.5.2c 6.2.2c 4.2.8b 4.2.8c N/A — the role of geological understanding in the management and remediation of contaminated land and groundwater, a source of pollution, such as former industrial brownfield sites N/A — GCSE (9-1) Science N/A — N/A — 3.1.2c 3.2.1a the transfer of geothermal energy from: (i) heat of formation by the Earth (ii) radioactive decay within the Earth — the transfer of energy from within the Earth which drives the Earth’s internal geological processes N/A — GCSE (9-1) Science N/A — 3.1.2e 5.5.1a the differentiation of the Earth into layers of distinct composition and density by the partitioning of each of the Goldschmit groups between the crust, mantle, core, and atmosphere and hydrosphere 5.5.1f N/A AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly the low crustal abundances of metals and the concentration factors that produce economic ore deposits how existing data sets and follow-up surveys are integrated in geological prospecting, resource exploration and in defining the reserves — — — Page 26 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 4.3.2a describe and explain the process of gravity-settling and the properties of magnetite that allow it to be concentrated at the base of mafic and ultramafic igneous intrusions 5.3.1b 5.3.1c define the term hydrothermal fluid and explain the source of hydrothermal fluids 3.2.2c 5.3.2d 4.3.2a 4.3.2b 4.3.2c 4.3.4a 4.3.4b 4.3.5a 4.3.5b 4.3.6a 4.3.7a describe and explain how veins of cassiterite, galena and sphalerite are formed by hydrothermal processes associated with silicic igneous intrusions describe and explain the distribution and zonation of hydrothermal mineral veins in and around igneous intrusions describe and explain how residual deposits of bauxite form as the insoluble product of extreme chemical weathering of impure limestone and granite describe and explain the factors that control the rate of chemical weathering and the formation of residual deposits describe how secondary enrichment processes can increase the grade of otherwise uneconomic copper deposits describe and explain the process of secondary enrichment of chalcopyrite as a result of chemical weathering and changes in chemistry above and below the water table describe and explain how deposits of uranium ore are formed in sandstones as a result of solution, transport in groundwater and reprecipitation at or above the water table describe and explain the weathering, erosion, transport and depositional processes involved in placer formation and the properties of cassiterite, gold and diamonds that allow them to be concentrated in placer deposits N/A 5.3.2d the geological processes (assimilation, differentiation and fractionation) which cause magma composition to evolve and be modified — the formation of layered intrusions and metal ores by magmatic differentiation, as an example of a geological resource produced by igneous processes. the processes of intrusion which cause a body of magma to ascend through the crust and how these affect the country rock hydrothermal processes at mid-ocean ridges and the formation of massive sulfide ore metal ores as an example of a geological resource produced by hydrothermal processes — — hydrothermal processes at mid-ocean ridges and the formation of massive sulfide ore metal ores as an example of a geological resource produced by hydrothermal processes — N/A — N/A — 5.5.1b 5.5.1b N/A the concentration of copper ore minerals by the processes of secondary enrichment as a result of chemical weathering and chemical reactions above and below the water table the concentration of copper ore minerals by the processes of secondary enrichment as a result of chemical weathering and chemical reactions above and below the water table — — — the concentration of ore in placer deposits in rivers and on beaches — 5.5.1c AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 27 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 4.3.7b 4.3.7c 4.3.8a 4.3.9a 4.3.10a 4.3.10b 4.3.10c recognise and explain how placer deposits form: at meander bends; in plunge pools and potholes; upstream of projections; downstream of confluences; and on beaches describe the advantages and disadvantages of mining placer deposits at the surface compared to mining underground deposits describe and explain how magnetic, gravity and electrical resistivity surveys are used to find metallic mineral deposits define the term geochemical anomaly; describe and explain how soil and stream sediment geochemical surveys are used to find metallic mineral deposits describe and explain the environmental consequences of opencast metal mining operations describe and explain the environmental consequences of underground metal mining operations describe the environmental consequences of heap-leaching and other mineral processing operations discuss the long-term environmental consequences of the legacy of metal mining in the British Isles 4.3.10d 4.3.10e 4.3.11a 4.4.1b 5.5.2a 5.5.1d explain why metal mining is an example of unsustainable resource exploitation on a global scale describe and explain the source of radon gas from the breakdown of radioactive elements in granite and other rocks and appreciate the hazard it poses describe how heavy metal contamination of soils can be recognised the principles, economics and sustainability of surface and underground mining operations — geophysical exploration techniques used to find metals — — 5.5.1e N/A — N/A — 5.5.2b the principles, economics and sustainability of mineral processing operations the causes and management of contaminated minewater, a source of pollution, from abandoned coal mines and metal ore mines the role of geological understanding in the management and remediation of contaminated land and groundwater, a source of pollution, such as former industrial brownfield sites — — N/A — N/A — 6.2.2c describe and explain the characteristics of suitable materials for building stone, roadstone, brick clay, aggregate, and the manufacture of cement and concrete; state the uses for these materials describe the extraction of industrial rocks and minerals by quarrying and dredging techniques — geochemical exploration methods used to find metals 5.5.2c 4.3.11b 4.4.1a N/A the role of geological understanding in the management and remediation of contaminated land and groundwater, a source of pollution, such as former industrial brownfield sites — N/A — N/A — AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 28 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 4.4.1c discuss the environmental implications of their exploitation including the location and development of super-quarries and dredging offshore for marine aggregates describe and explain the geological factors affecting the construction of dams and reservoirs: rock type and strength; foundations; attitude of strata; geological structures; availability of construction materials 4.4.2a N/A 6.2.2b describe and explain methods that can be used to prevent leakage from reservoirs: grouting; clay/plastic lining; cut-off curtain 4.4.2b 4.4.2c 6.2.2b appreciate the environmental and social consequences of dam and reservoir construction including failure and collapse of dams due to poor siting, design or construction and their use for hydroelectric power generation describe and explain how dam and reservoir construction can lead to an increase in seismic activity 4.4.2d 4.4.3a 4.4.3b 4.4.3c 4.4.4a N/A 6.2.2b describe and explain the geological factors that cause landslips and slumping hazards: rock type; dip; presence of geological structures explain how heavy rainfall can increase the likelihood of landslips and slumping hazards explain how human activity can increase the likelihood of landslips and slumping hazards describe and explain the geological factors affecting the construction of road cuttings and embankments: slope stability; foundations; construction methods 6.1.3c — dams as an example of a major civil engineering activity with multiple geological impacts on the natural environment: (i) how engineering geology is applied to the construction of dams (ii) the application of engineering geology to monitor and mitigate the hydrogeological impact of dams (iii) the application of engineering geology to monitor and mitigate the impact of dams on slope stability (iv) the application of engineering geology to monitor and mitigate the impact of dam-impounded reservoirs on seismic activity dams as an example of a major civil engineering activity with multiple geological impacts on the natural environment: (i) how engineering geology is applied to the construction of dams (ii) the application of engineering geology to monitor and mitigate the hydrogeological impact of dams — — — dams as an example of a major civil engineering activity with multiple geological impacts on the natural environment: (iv) the application of engineering geology to monitor and mitigate the impact of dam-impounded reservoirs on seismic activity the causes and effects of landslides and the application of engineering geology to mitigate these effects — — 6.2.1c how the strength of rocks and sediments is changed by hydrostatic pressure (pore water) — N/A — N/A — AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 29 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 4.4.4b 4.4.4c 4.4.4d 4.4.5a 4.4.5b 4.4.5c 4.4.6a 4.4.6b 4.4.6c 4.4.6d describe and explain methods that can be used to stabilise slopes and rocks: slope modification; retaining walls; gabions; rock bolts; rock drains; wire netting; shotcrete; vegetation describe and explain the geological factors affecting the construction of tunnels through both hard rock and unconsolidated material: rock type and strength; attitude of strata; geological structures; groundwater describe and explain methods which can be used to prevent collapse and flooding of tunnels: lining; rock bolts; grouting; rock drains describe and explain the geological factors affecting the location and construction of coastal defences: rock type; attitude of strata; geological structures; construction considerations and materials describe and explain methods that can be used to prevent coastal erosion and flooding: sea walls and banks; flood barriers and barrages; rock buttresses and revetments; groynes; slope stabilisation; beach nourishment discuss the environmental implications of constructing coastal defences describe and explain the geological factors affecting the disposal of waste in landfill sites: rock type; attitude of strata; geological structures; groundwater describe and explain the short-term and long-term environmental consequences of disposal of waste in landfill sites define the term leachate and describe and explain methods that can be used to prevent leakage of toxic leachates from landfill sites: grouting; clay/geomembrane lining; drainage and collection describe and explain the technological and short-term and long-term environmental and safety problems of underground storage of nuclear waste in rocks N/A 6.2.2a 6.2.2a — tunnelling as an example of a major civil engineering activity which impacts the natural and built environment: (i) how engineering geology is applied to the construction of tunnels through both hard rock and unconsolidated material tunnelling as an example of a major civil engineering activity which impacts the natural and built environment: (ii) the application of engineering geology to monitor and mitigate the impacts of tunnelling — — N/A — N/A — N/A — N/A — N/A — N/A — 5.5.2d AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly the geological controls on the use of former underground resource operations as repositories for the storage of waste products Page 30 of 44 — AS/A Level Geology F795: Evolution of life, Earth and climate The learning outcomes in this topic have been refreshed and updated in consultation with HE. In particular the approach to topics has changed to better reflect the contemporary role of geologists. There is an increased emphasis on the application of ideas and links to the underlying science. While many of the specific contexts in the legacy specification are no longer required teachers may wish to continue to use them, where they judge them to be an effective tool for learning. Spec Ref Original spec statement (H087/H487) Spec Ref Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of: Candidates should be able to: 5.1.1a 5.1.1b 5.1.1c 5.1.1d describe how replacement of body fossils occurs and how fossils are altered from less stable aragonite to stable calcite explain how silicification occurs, where wood or other organic materials are replaced by silica explain how pyritisation occurs as a result of anaerobic bacterial action on the deep sea floor explain how carbonisation of plant and graptolite fossils occurs as a result of loss of volatiles, due to increased pressure and temperature describe how internal and external moulds and casts are formed 5.1.2a 5.1.2b 5.1.2c 5.1.2d 5.1.2e 5.1.2fa 2.2.1a 2.2.1a 2.2.1a 2.2.1a explain how rapid burial, lack of oxygen, lack of scavengers, rapid deposition of fine sediment and early diagenesis affect the level of detail in the fossil record explain why the fossil record is incomplete describe how amber was formed from tree resin that trapped small organisms (especially insects) and then hardened describe how tar pits trapped organisms describe the preservation of a varied assemblage of organisms in the Burgess Shale describe the preservation in the Solenhofen Limestone Tick if no longer covered fossils as the preserved remains of living organisms or the traces of those organisms fossils as the preserved remains of living organisms or the traces of those organisms fossils as the preserved remains of living organisms or the traces of those organisms fossils as the preserved remains of living organisms or the traces of those organisms — — — — fossils as the preserved remains of living organisms or the traces of those organisms 2.2.1a 2.2.1c 5.1.1e Reformed spec statement equivalent (H014/H414) 2.2.1b the use and interpretation of fossils as palaeoenvironmental indicators: (ii) body fossils to provide information on the behaviour of the fossilised organism and the palaeoenvironment the nature and the reliability of the fossil record and the morphological definition of species — — 2.2.1b the nature and the reliability of the fossil record and the morphological definition of species — N/A — N/A — 7.2.1a — 7.2.1b — AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 31 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 5.1.3a 5.1.3b 5.1.3c 5.1.3d 5.1.4a define trace fossils as a record of the activity and/or behaviour of an organism describe how tracks (footprints) are formed and how trails are formed as impressions of whole animals at rest or travelling; explain how dinosaur footprints are used to interpret the size and locomotion of dinosaurs explain how burrows (soft substrate) and borings (hard substrate) are structures for dwelling, protection or feeding explain that a low energy environment is required to preserve tracks and trails and that burrows can be formed in variable energy environments define the terms: fossil life assemblages, fossil death assemblages and derived fossils explain how fossil assemblages can be used to interpret palaeoenvironments 5.2.1a 5.2.1b 2.2.1a 2.2.1c 2.21c N/A N/A 7.2.3a 7.2.3b 5.1.4b 5.1.4c NA describe the methods used and difficulties encountered in inferring the mode of life of extinct fossil groups: trilobites, graptolites, ammonoids, dinosaurs describe the trilobite exoskeleton: cephalon, thorax, pygidium, glabella, compound eyes, facial suture, free cheek, fixed cheek, spines, pleura, nature and position of the legs and gills, and explain the inferred functions of these features describe and explain adaptations for a nektonic life style, including eyes on stalks, small size, separated pleura and spines N/A 7.1.2a 7.1.2a AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Learners will be required to demonstrate understanding of term BUT NOT recapitulate a definition fossils as the preserved remains of living organisms or the traces of those organisms the use and interpretation of fossils as palaeoenvironmental indicators: (i) trace fossils to provide information on the behaviour of the organism that formed them and the palaeoenvironment the use and interpretation of fossils as palaeoenvironmental indicators: (i) trace fossils to provide information on the behaviour of the organism that formed them and the palaeoenvironment the nature and the reliability of the fossil record and the morphological definition of species Learners will be required to demonstrate understanding of terms BUT NOT recapitulate a definition the principles of basin analysis to the integration of the sedimentology and palaeontology of the Welsh basin: (ii) how palaeoenvironments in the Welsh Basin can be determined by the analysis of facies (sediments and fossils) the principles of basin analysis in relation to the Jurassic rocks which crop out across the United Kingdom (in a local context): (ii) facies analysis of the sediments formed in the basin (sedimentary structures, sediment type and fossils) to determine palaeoenvironments — — — — — how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the marine fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (i) the adaptation of the basic trilobite morphology to occupy multiple marine niches during the Palaeozoic how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the marine fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (i) the adaptation of the basic trilobite morphology to occupy multiple marine niches during the Palaeozoic Page 32 of 44 — — AS/A Level Geology 5.2.1c describe and explain adaptations for a planktonic lifestyle including inflated glabella, small eyes or no eyes, few pleural segments and small size 7.1.2a 5.2.1d describe and explain adaptations for a benthonic life style including ability to enrol, many thoracic segments and legs, 360° vision 7.1.2a 5.2.1e describe and explain adaptations for an infaunal life style including, a large cephalic fringe, cephalic pits, extended genal spines and no eyes 7.1.2a describe coral morphology; septa, tabulae, dissepiments, columella, calice and corallite within the corallum; describe solitary and compound forms 5.2.2a 5.2.2b 5.2.2c 7.1.2a compare the morphological similarities and differences between tabulate, rugose and scleractinian corals describe and explain the conditions that modern corals need for good growth; explain how modern corals have a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae and that the conditions for growth were probably similar in the past N/A 7.1.2a AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the marine fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (i) the adaptation of the basic trilobite morphology to occupy multiple marine niches during the Palaeozoic how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the marine fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (i) the adaptation of the basic trilobite morphology to occupy multiple marine niches during the Palaeozoic how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the marine fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (i) the adaptation of the basic trilobite morphology to occupy multiple marine niches during the Palaeozoic how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the marine fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (ii) the application of the ecology of modern reef building (scleractinian) corals to interpret and compare fossil corals (tablulate, rugose) as palaeoenvironmental indicators of reef building in the geological record — — — — — how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the marine fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (ii) the application of the ecology of modern reef building (scleractinian) corals to interpret and compare fossil corals (tablulate, rugose) as palaeoenvironmental indicators of reef building in the geological record Page 33 of 44 — AS/A Level Geology describe the modern distribution of coral reefs and explain how coral reefs are formed 4.1.2f 7.1.2a 5.2.2d 5.2.3a deposition in shallow carbonate seas which produces characteristic limestones within, on and outside the reef (reef limestone, bioclastic limestone and oolitic limestones) describe brachiopod morphology: symmetry, shape, pedicle and brachial valves, ornament, pedicle, foramen, adductor and diductor muscle scars, umbo, commisure, lophophore support system, pedicle and shape of hinge line, and where appropriate explain the functions of these features explain how brachiopods feed as filter feeders using the lophophore 5.2.3b 7.1.2a 7.1.2a describe how ancient brachiopods lived in shallow, muddy or carbonate seas 5.2.3c 5.2.4a 5.2.4b 5.2.4c 5.2.4d 7.1.2a describe echinoid morphology: shape of test, symmetry, ambulacra, interambulacra, spines, tubercles, pore pairs for tube feet, position of periproct / anus, position of peristome / mouth, apical system, madreporite, labrum, fasciole, plastron, anterior groove and explain the functions of these features describe an epifaunal (scavenger) mode of life for the regular echinoids describe an infaunal (burrowing) mode of life for the irregular echinoids compare the morphological similarities and differences between regular and irregular echinoids and explain how they reflect their respective modes of life how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the marine fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (ii) the application of the ecology of modern reef building (scleractinian) corals to interpret and compare fossil corals (tablulate, rugose) as palaeoenvironmental indicators of reef building in the geological record how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the marine fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (iii) the adaptation of the basic brachiopod morphology to occupy high energy and low energy marine environments how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the marine fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (iii) the adaptation of the basic brachiopod morphology to occupy high energy and low energy marine environments how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the marine fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (iii) the adaptation of the basic brachiopod morphology to occupy high energy and low energy marine environments — — — — N/A — N/A — N/A — N/A — AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 34 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 5.2.5a 5.2.5b 5.2.5c 5.2.5d 5.2.5e 5.2.5f describe bivalve morphology: symmetry, left and right valves, shell shape and gape, umbone, ornament, dentition, pallial line and sinus, adductor muscle scars and explain the functions of these features describe and explain adaptations for cemented forms on hard substrate with thick shells to withstand a high energy environment describe and explain adaptations for non-cemented, free-lying forms so they do not easily sink into soft substrate describe and explain adaptations for byssally attached forms with rounded and elongate shells designed to withstand high energy on rocky shores describe and explain adaptations for nektonic (swimming) forms with corrugated, thin shells describe and explain adaptations for infaunal shallow and deep burrowers and compare these adaptations compare the morphological similarities and differences between brachiopods and bivalves 5.2.5g 5.2.6a 5.2.7a 5.2.7b — N/A — N/A — N/A — N/A — N/A — 7.1.2a describe and recognise gastropods using the shape of the coiled shell, spire, and body chamber; describe the mode of life of gastropods in high and low energy shallow seas describe and recognise belemnites using the shape of guard and phragmacone; describe the mode of life and preservation of belemnites in marine conditions 5.2.6b 5.2.6c N/A describe and recognise crinoid morphology: calyx, brachia, stem and ossicles; explain how crinoids may be disarticulated after death and form bioclastic limestone; describe the mode of life of ancient crinoids in shallow carbonate seas describe the composition of ostracods, foraminifera, conodonts and radiolaria and the environments in which they lived state that most fossil spores and pollen are derived from vascular land plants how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the marine fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (vi) the morphological similarities and differences between brachiopods and bivalves — N/A — 7.2.3b the principles of basin analysis in relation to the Jurassic rocks which crop out across the United Kingdom (in a local context): (ii) facies analysis of the sediments formed in the basin (sedimentary structures, sediment type and fossils) to determine palaeoenvrionments (iii) the zonation and correlation of the Jurassic Period using ammonites and belemnites — N/A — N/A — N/A — AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 35 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 5.2.7c 5.3.1a outline the main uses of microfossils in stratigraphy explain the Darwinian theory of evolution; state that adaptations are a result of evolution describe graptolite morphology: stipe, sicula, thecae, rhabdosome and nema 5.3.2a 5.3.2b (iii) the use of microfossils in biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental analysis to locate hydrocarbon reserves — N/A — GCSE (9-1) Biology 7.2.3a describe the changes in morphology as graptolites evolved through the Lower Palaeozoic: (i) describe the change in the number of stipes in the rhabdosome; (ii) describe the change in the attitude of the stipes (pendent, horizontal, reclined, scandent); (iii) describe the changes in the shapes of the thecae (simple, hooked, sigmoidal); (iv) describe the change in the shape of the rhabdosome (uniserial, biserial) deduce the probable mode of life of graptolites as planktonic colonial filter feeders within the water column 5.3.2c 5.3.3a 7.2.2c 7.2.3a 7.2.3a describe nautiloid and ammonoid morphology: shell shape, form of coiling, ornament, aperture, body chamber, suture lines, saddles and lobes, siphuncle, septal necks, septa, keel, sulcus, umbilicus and where appropriate explain the inferred functions of these features 7.2.3b AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly the principles of basin analysis to the integration of the sedimentology and palaeontology of the Welsh basin: (ii) how palaeoenvironments in the Welsh Basin can be determined by the analysis of facies (sediments and fossils) (iii) the zonation of the Welsh Basin using zone fossils the principles of basin analysis to the integration of the sedimentology and palaeontology of the Welsh basin: (ii) how palaeoenvironments in the Welsh Basin can be determined by the analysis of facies (sediments and fossils) (iii) the zonation of the Welsh Basin using zone fossils the principles of basin analysis to the integration of the sedimentology and palaeontology of the Welsh basin: (ii) how palaeoenvironments in the Welsh Basin can be determined by the analysis of facies (sediments and fossils) (iii) the zonation of the Welsh Basin using zone fossils the principles of basin analysis in relation to the Jurassic rocks which crop out across the United Kingdom (in a local context): (ii) facies analysis of the sediments formed in the basin (sedimentary structures, sediment type and fossils) to determine palaeoenvrionments (iii) the zonation and correlation of the Jurassic Period using ammonites and belemnites Page 36 of 44 — — — — AS/A Level Geology 5.3.3b 5.3.3c describe the changes in morphology as nautiloids and ammonoids evolved through the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic: (i) describe the changes in suture lines from simple orthoceratitic to goniatitic (Carboniferous), ceratitic (Triassic) to complex ammonitic (Jurassic and Cretaceous); (ii) describe the changes in the position of the siphuncle and the septal necks between nautiloids and ammonoids; (iii) describe the changes in shape of the shell from involute to evolute and increases in ornamentation explain that heteromorphs are either evolutionary changes or adaptations to different environments deduce the probable mode of life of ammonoids as nektonic 5.3.3d 5.3.4a the geochronological division of the geological column for the Phanerozoic into eras and periods using a biostratigraphic relative time sequence N/A 7.2.3b describe the similarities between coelacanths and lungfish and the early amphibians in the Devonian using skull morphology, fin bones, limb bones, teeth, body shape, tail fin and scales 7.1.2b explain how early amphibians were adapted to terrestrial life in the Carboniferous 5.3.4b 7.1.2b explain the advantages of amniotic eggs for life on land 5.3.5a 7.1.2b describe how dinosaurs evolved into the Saurischia (saurapoda, therapoda) and Ornithischia 5.3.5b — 2.2.2b 7.1.2b AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly — the principles of basin analysis in relation to the Jurassic rocks which crop out across the United Kingdom (in a local context): (ii) facies analysis of the sediments formed in the basin (sedimentary structures, sediment type and fossils) to determine palaeoenvrionments how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the terrestrial fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (i) how amphibians evolved from marine animals in the Devonian and were adapted to terrestrial life in the Carboniferous how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the terrestrial fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (i) how amphibians evolved from marine animals in the Devonian and were adapted to terrestrial life in the Carboniferous how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the terrestrial fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (ii) the characteristics of the amniotic egg and the evolutionary advantage it gave for the development of life on land how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the terrestrial fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (iii) the adaptation of the basic dinosaur morphology to occupy different terrestrial niches as exemplified by saurischian (sauropoda, therapoda) and ornithichian dinosaurs Page 37 of 44 — — — — — AS/A Level Geology describe the characteristics of saurischian dinosaurs: arrangement of hip bones, grasping hand, asymmetrical fingers, long mobile neck 5.3.5c 5.3.5d explain how Diplodocus (sauropod herbivore) and Tyrannosaurus (therapod carnivore) are adapted to different modes of life describe the characteristics of ornithischian dinosaurs: arrangement of hip bones, armoured, horned and duck billed 5.2.5e 5.2.5f explain how Iguanodon was adapted to its mode of life on land: horny beak, teeth, hinged upper jaw, defensive spike, hand adaptation, quadrupedal and bipedal stance describe how the birds evolved from therapod dinosaurs 5.2.5g 7.1.2b how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the terrestrial fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (iii) the adaptation of the basic dinosaur morphology to occupy different terrestrial niches as exemplified by saurischian (sauropoda, therapoda) and ornithichian dinosaurs — N/A — 7.1.2b how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the terrestrial fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (iii) the adaptation of the basic dinosaur morphology to occupy different terrestrial niches as exemplified by saurischian (sauropoda, therapoda) and ornithichian dinosaurs — N/A — 7.1.2b describe the similarities of Archaeopteryx to both dinosaurs and birds 5.2.5h 5.3.6a 5.3.6b 5.3.6c 7.2.1b define the term mass extinction and state that there have been a number of mass extinction events over geological time describe and explain the possible reasons for the mass extinction at the Permo – Triassic boundary; explain how the evidence for major volcanic activity (Siberian Traps) can be used to account for this mass extinction describe and explain the possible reasons for the mass extinction at the Cretaceous – Tertiary boundary; explain how the evidence for a major asteroid impact and volcanic activity (Deccan Traps) can be used to account for this mass extinction N/A 7.1.3a 7.1.3a AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly how the evolution of life on Earth, displayed in the terrestrial fossil record, is used as evidence to investigate long term gradual change (iv) how birds evolved from therapoda and the morphological similarities and differences between birds and pterosauria the geological settings and sedimentary conditions that led to the exceptional preservation of organisms in the Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone (Germany) (ii) the evidence for the evolution of Archaeopteryx Learners will be required to demonstrate understanding of term BUT NOT recapitulate a definition how the fossil record provides evidence for a number of short term catastrophic events through geological time known as mass extinctions and their probable causes how the fossil record provides evidence for a number of short term catastrophic events through geological time known as mass extinctions and their probable causes Page 38 of 44 — — — — AS/A Level Geology 5.3.6d state the fossil groups that became extinct at these boundaries 7.1.3b explain how radiometric dating is used to establish an absolute timescale 5.4.1a 5.4.1b 5.4.1c 5.4.1d 5.4.1e 5.4.2a 5.4.2b 5.4.2c 5.4.3a 5.4.3b 5.4.4a 5.4.4b 5.4.5a 2.2.2a describe and explain the limitations of radiometric dating based on the scarcity of appropriate radioactive minerals describe and explain the problems of obtaining accurate radiometric dates, particularly with respect to sedimentary and metamorphic rocks describe potassium-argon and rubidiumstrontium methods of radiometric dating and explain how they are used to date different rocks of varied ages plot and interpret half-life curves for these methods describe and explain the use of superposition, original horizontality, wayup criteria, cross-cutting relationships, included fragments, unconformities and fossils to date rocks at the surface and in boreholes describe and explain the problems of using relative dating when derived fossils and erosion may give contradictory evidence explain how both relative and radiometric dating are used to create the geological timescale recognise the age relationships between structures on simplified geological maps, cross-sections and photographs using both relative and absolute dates, correlation and zone fossils describe the age relationships of beds using cross-cutting features: beds, faults, folds, unconformities and igneous features to interpret map and crosssection geological histories outline early attempts made to estimate the Earth’s absolute age: salts in the ocean, rates of sedimentation, rate of cooling describe the division of the geological column into eras and systems using both relative and absolute dating methods describe and apply biostratigraphic correlation using first appearance, stratigraphic range, extinction and fossil assemblages; explain the problems of derived fossils or scarcity of fossils 2.2.2a 2.2.2a N/A 2.2.2a 4.2.1a 4.2.1c N/A 4.2.1a 4.2.1a 2.2.2a 2.2.2b 4.2.1d AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly how mass extinctions resulted in the replacement of the dominant forms in major ecological habitats (i) the use of radioactive decay rates of the radionuclides in minerals to give a numerical age of those minerals and rocks (ii) the plotting and interpretation of halflife curves (i) the use of radioactive decay rates of the radionuclides in minerals to give a numerical age of those minerals and rocks (i) the use of radioactive decay rates of the radionuclides in minerals to give a numerical age of those minerals and rocks — — — — — (ii) the plotting and interpretation of halflife curves the geochronological principles used to place geological events in relative time sequences in outcrops, photographs, maps and cross-sections to interpret geological histories the application and limitations of relative dating — — — — the geochronological principles used to place geological events in relative time sequences in outcrops, photographs, maps and cross-sections to interpret geological histories the geochronological principles used to place geological events in relative time sequences in outcrops, photographs, maps and cross-sections to interpret geological histories (i) the use of radioactive decay rates of the radionuclides in minerals to give a numerical age of those minerals and rocks the geochronological division of the geological column for the Phanerozoic into eras and periods using a biostratigraphic relative time sequence biostratigraphic correlation using first appearance of macro fossils, stratigraphic range, extinction and fossil assemblages Page 39 of 44 — — — — — AS/A Level Geology 5.4.5b 5.4.5c 5.4.6a 5.4.6b 5.4.6c 5.5.1a describe and apply lithostratigraphic correlation using sequences of beds, thickness and composition; explain the problems of lateral variation and diachronous rocks describe and apply chronostratigraphic correlation using tuffs and varves describe and explain the use of the first appearance and extinction of the main invertebrate fossil groups to establish a relative timescale for the Phanerozoic into eras and systems state the stratigraphic ranges of trilobites, graptolites, tabulate, rugose and scleractinian corals, goniatites, ceratites and ammonites, regular and irregular echinoids, long hinged and short hinged brachiopods describe and explain the factors that make a good zone fossil; outline the advantages and disadvantages of using graptolites, ammonoids and microfossils as zone fossils define the term climate; describe changing climate in terms of icehouse – greenhouse cycles throughout geological time and explain the possible link to mass extinction events 4.2.1b N/A 2.2.2b N/A 4.2.1d 7.1.1a describe how Milankovitch cycles may explain patterns of sedimentation, particularly in the Jurassic 5.5.1b 7.2.3b 5.5.1c describe the use of oxygen (18O and 16O) isotopes to determine water temperature 7.1.1b 5.5.1d describe the use of carbon (13C and 12C) isotopes in identifying geological changes 7.1.1b 5.5.2a interpret Vail sea level curves showing changes over geological time in comparison with modern sea level 7.1.1b AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly the critical application of lithostratigraphic correlation (lateral variation, diachronous beds) — — the geochronological division of the geological column for the Phanerozoic into eras and periods using a biostratigraphic relative time sequence — — biostratigraphic correlation using first appearance of macro fossils, stratigraphic range, extinction and fossil assemblages how the Earth has changed through geological time (with particular focus on the Phanerozoic Eon): (ii) the long term changes in the Earth’s climate and composition of the atmosphere the principles of basin analysis in relation to the Jurassic rocks which crop out across the United Kingdom (in a local context): (i) the evidence for the geological setting and cyclical sedimentation in shallow seas how the long term changes in 7.1.1(a) can be interpreted from both the geological record (palaeoenvironments) and the geochemistry of the rocks, including isotope studies how the long term changes in 7.1.1(a) can be interpreted from both the geological record (palaeoenvironments) and the geochemistry of the rocks, including isotope studies how the long term changes in 7.1.1(a) can be interpreted from both the geological record (palaeoenvironments) and the geochemistry of the rocks, including isotope studies Page 40 of 44 — — — — — — AS/A Level Geology explain how both isostatic and eustatic sea level changes take place 5.5.2b 7.1.1a 5.5.2c explain the relationship between sea level and climate change and the possible link to mass extinction events 7.1.3a 5.5.3a describe and explain the fossil evidence for palaeoclimatic changes: corals and plants 7.1.1b 5.5.3b 5.5.3c describe and explain the lithological evidence for palaeoclimatic changes: coal, desert sandstone, evaporites, boulder clay (tillite) and reef limestone describe the evidence for the northward movement of the British Isles throughout geological time 7.1.1b N/A how the Earth has changed through geological time (with particular focus on the Phanerozoic Eon): (iii) the long term changes in global sea level (iv) how the Wilson cycle model can provide an outline framework to understand these long term changes and the link to mass extinctions how the fossil record provides evidence for a number of short term catastrophic events through geological time known as mass extinctions and their probable causes how the long term changes in 7.1.1(a) can be interpreted from both the geological record (palaeoenvironments) and the geochemistry of the rocks, including isotope studies how the long term changes in 7.1.1(a) can be interpreted from both the geological record (palaeoenvironments) and the geochemistry of the rocks, including isotope studies — — — — — New content New Spec Reference Reformed Specification Statement (H014/H414) Learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of: 2.1.2c minerals as naturally occurring elements and inorganic compounds whose composition can be expressed as a chemical formula rock-forming silicate minerals as crystalline materials built up from silicon–oxygen tetrahedra to form frameworks, sheets or chains and which may have a range of compositions (qualitative only) (ii) the classification of samples, photographs and thin section diagrams of minerals using their diagnostic physical properties (iii) practical investigations to determine the density and hardness of mineral samples (iv) the techniques and procedures used to measure mass, length and volume. (iv) the techniques and procedures used to measure temperature 2.1.3b (ii) sieve analysis of sediments 2.1.1a 2.1.1b 2.1.1c 2.1.3e 2.2.1b 3.1.1d 3.1.1e the processes of diagenesis and lithification: (ii) chemical compaction by pressure dissolution and recrystallisation the nature and the reliability of the fossil record and the morphological definition of species how evidence from gravity anomalies and isostasy provides indirect evidence to determine the behaviour of the lithosphere and asthenosphere how indirect evidence from electromagnetic (EM) surveys may be used to identify the lithosphere and asthenosphere at mid-ocean ridges AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 41 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 3.1.2a 3.1.2c 3.1.2d 3.1.2e 3.2.1a 3.2.1f 3.2.1g 3.2.1i 3.2.1j 3.3.1b 4.1.1b 4.1.1c 4.1.2a 4.1.2g 5.1.1a 5.1.1d 5.1.1e 5.2.1b 5.2.1c 5.3.1a 5.3.2c 5.3.2d the bulk composition of the Earth and how it is inferred from the composition of meteorites (chondrites) and the Sun the transfer of geothermal energy from: (i) heat of formation by the Earth (ii) radioactive decay within the Earth the Goldschmidt classification of elements into four groups and a qualitative understanding of the preferred formation of states of substances (oxides and sulfides) the differentiation of the Earth into layers of distinct composition and density by the partitioning of each of the Goldschmit groups between the crust, mantle, core, and atmosphere and hydrosphere the transfer of energy from within the Earth which drives the Earth’s internal geological processes how the resolution and precision of the direct measurement of relative movement of points on different plates using global positioning systems (GPS) allow accurate measurement of the current relative movement of lithospheric plates subduction zones, lithospheric plates (cold thermal boundary) and mantle plumes which act as the active limbs of the convection cells which transfer energy from within the Earth the relative importance of slab pull at subduction zones and ridge push at mid-ocean ridges as mechanisms driving the movement of tectonic plates (i) how the plate tectonic paradigm emerged from previous, gradually more sophisticated models (geosynclines, continental drift, active mantle convection carrying passive tectonic plates) (ii) interpretation of these and other examples of such developing models (ii) the use of stress and strain diagrams how uniformitarianism and the rock cycle model developed over time, including ideas of catastrophism, mass extinctions, and changing conditions and rates of processes through geological time including the contributions of James Hutton and William Smith what facies associations are, why facies are the basic unit of sedimentary geology and how uniformitarianism is applied to the study of facies by analogy with modern sedimentary sequences and processes. (i) how the characteristics of the facies in a sedimentary environment are related to the methods of sediment transport deposition in deep water carbonate seas above the carbonate compensation depth (i) the sedimentary processes which are infrequent and/or difficult to observe but can be understood and explained using scientific principles (ii) practical investigations to model the processes of sedimentation Walther’s law which relates vertical sequences in outcrop with the lateral facies changes seen in modern environments the deposition of banded iron-formations (BIFs) under the different atmospheric and ocean chemistry in the Palaeoproterozoic, as an example of a geological resource produced by sedimentary processes the application of Darcy’s law to model the flow of fluids in rocks h h1 Q = –A 2 L the controls on groundwater quality which result from geochemistry (carbonates and sulfates), aquifer filtration and residence time (i) the substitution of elements for others in the crystal structure of minerals and as magma cools and crystallises (olivine and plagioclase feldspar as examples of solid solution series) (ii) the interpretation of continuous and discontinuous binary phase diagrams the formation of oceanic crust, how mid-ocean ridges are formed, and the process of seafloor spreading at fast and slow spreading mid-ocean ridges hydrothermal processes at mid-ocean ridges and the formation of massive sulfide ore metal ores as an example of a geological resource produced by hydrothermal processes AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 42 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 5.4.1a 5.4.1c 5.5.1f 5.5.2b 5.5.2c 6.1.1d 6.1.2a 6.1.2c 6.1.3a 6.1.3b 6.1.3d 6.2.1a 6.2.1b 6.2.1d 6.2.2c 7.1.1a 7.1.1c 7.1.2b 7.2.1a (i) metamorphic grade and how the formation of different combinations of minerals can be used to reconstruct the conditions of metamorphism and infer the composition of the parent rock how the composition of the parent rock and conditions (strain rate, temperature and pressure) at the time of rock deformation determine the nature of that rock deformation how existing data sets and follow-up surveys are integrated in geological prospecting, resource exploration and in defining the reserves the principles, economics and sustainability of mineral processing operations the causes and management of contaminated minewater, a source of pollution, from abandoned coal mines and metal ore mines the limitations and utility of seismic hazard risk analysis which synthesise and summarise geological data sets to communicate this information for the use of non-specialists (i) the effectiveness and limitations of probabilistic forecasting (ii) the calculation of probability and return periods from an annual maximum time series (of geological events) (iii) the appropriate communication of probability and return periods for the use of non-specialists the use of geographical information systems (GIS) to synthesise and summarise geological and geographic data to improve disaster planning and communication of information for the use of nonspecialists shrinking and swelling clays: (i) the causes of physical and geochemical changes to these clays in excavations and the forces generated by the interaction of these clays with groundwater (ii) the effects of shrinking and swelling clays on structures and the application of engineering geology to mitigate these effects the causes and effects of subsidence and the application of engineering geology to mitigate these effects the geological evidence for significant tsunamis in the recent geological past, their causes and the risk of future events (i) the effect of the interlocking and cementation of component minerals on rock strength (ii) the measurement of rock strength under compression and under shear (iii) the density of rocks how the strength of rocks and sediments is changed by weathering, fracture density and geological structures how existing data sets and ground investigations are integrated in a geotechnical site assessment the role of geological understanding in the management and remediation of contaminated land and groundwater, a source of pollution, such as former industrial brownfield sites how the Earth has changed through geological time (with particular focus on the Phanerozoic Eon): (i) the changes in the distribution of continents from the Neoproterozoic – refer to 3.2.1 (ii) the long term changes in the Earth’s climate and composition of the atmosphere (iii) the long term changes in global sea level (iv) how the Wilson cycle model can provide an outline framework to understand these long term changes and the link to mass extinctions how the current rate and scale of environmental and biological change illustrate the application of geochronological principles, and are of the same order as those used to divide the geological timescale (iv) how birds evolved from theropoda and the morphological similarities and differences between birds and pterosauria the geological settings and sedimentary conditions that led to the exceptional preservation of organisms in key Lagerstätten deposits from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale (Canada) and the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Formation (China) (ii) how these Lagerstätten deposits provide the evidence for the Cambrian explosion AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 43 of 44 AS/A Level Geology 7.2.2a 7.2.2b 7.2.2c 7.2.3a 7.2.3b 7.2.3c the principles of basin analysis as applied to the prospecting for hydrocarbons in the North Sea Basin: (iii) the process of maturation to form oil and natural gas in the source rock (ii) The process of rifting and synsedimentary faulting in the North Sea Basin which allowed oil and natural gas traps to form (iii) the use of microfossils in biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental analysis to locate hydrocarbon reserves the principles of basin analysis to the integration of the sedimentology and palaeontology of the Welsh basin: (i) the geological settings and sedimentary conditions in the Welsh Basin, throughout the Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian periods. (ii) how palaeoenvironments in the Welsh Basin can be determined by the analysis of facies (sediments and fossils) (iii) the zonation of the Welsh Basin using zone fossils the principles of basin analysis in relation to the Jurassic rocks which crop out across the United Kingdom (in a local context): (i) the evidence for the geological setting and cyclical sedimentation in shallow seas (ii) facies analysis of the sediments formed in the basin (sedimentary structures, sediment type and fossils) to determine palaeoenvrionments (iii) the zonation and correlation of the Jurassic Period using ammonites and belemnites practical investigation integrating field geology and secondary data (e.g. geological maps, seismic data, well logs, fossils) to understand the palaeoenvironments and geological history within the context of a basin wide study New Assessment Objectives (AOs) Legacy specification statement (H087/H487) AO 1 AO 2 AO 3 Recognise, recall and show understanding of scientific knowledge; select, organise and communicate relevant information in a variety of forms. Analyse and evaluate scientific knowledge and processes; apply scientific knowledge and processes to unfamiliar situations including those related to issues; assess the validity, reliability and credibility of scientific information. Demonstrate and describe ethical, safe and skilful practical techniques and processes, selecting appropriate qualitative and quantitative methods; make, record and communicate reliable and valid observations and measurements with appropriate precision and accuracy; analyse, interpret, explain and evaluate the methodology, results and impact of their own and others’ experimental and investigative activities in a variety of ways. Reformed specification equivalent (H014/H414) % 38 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of geological ideas, skills and techniques. % 30-35 Apply knowledge and understanding of geological ideas, skills and techniques. 40 40-44 Analyse, interpret and evaluate geological ideas, information and evidence to make judgements, draw conclusions, and develop and refine practical design and procedures. 22 26-29 Maximum of 10% of marks available as knowledge in isolation (i.e. recall knowledge). AS/A Level Geology: Learning Outcome mapping of old spec to new Author: CWC Please recycle this paper responsibly Page 44 of 44