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What is the distinguishing
factor between Anatomy
and Physiology?
 Anatomy: morphology of Structures
 Forms and arrangements
 Physiology: Describes function of Structures
 What body parts do and how they do it.
 Ex: 1. Heart…
2. stomach…
3. mandible…
How are anatomy &
physiology related? Why
study them together?
 Form follows function.
 Architect: Louis Sullivan
Requirements of Life
 Water - required for metabolism, transport,
regulation
 Food - substances that provide nutrients &
energy
 Oxygen - used in the release of energy
 Heat - a form of energy which helps control
metabolic reactions
 Pressure - application of force on an object
Homeostatic Mechanisms
work to control physiological
maintenance.
 Homeostatic mechanisms: function to
maintain stable environment
 Examples
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pH
Oxygen levels
Blood pressure
Temperature
glucose
Structural Levels of
Organization
What is the Smallest unit of
all matter?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Cells
Organs
Tissues
Macromolecules
Atoms
Molecule
Organ system
organism
organelles
Levels of Organization
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AtomsMoleculesOrganellesCells
CellsTissuesOrgansOrgan System
Organ SystemOrganism (Body)
Define:
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Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Anatomical
Position
 Standing erect, with palms
and feet facing forward
 Is the standard reference
point in which all positions,
movements, and planes are
described
Positions and
Directions
Terms of position and
direction describe the
position of one body
part relative to another,
usually along one of the
three major body
planes
Positions and
Directions
Superior
 Refers to a structure
being closer to the head
or higher than another
structure in the body
 Inferior
 Refers to a structure
being closer to the feet
or lower than another
structure in the body
Positions and
Directions
Anterior
 Refers to a structure
being more in front
than another structure
in the body
Posterior
 Refers to a structure
being more in back
than another structure
in the body
Positions and
Medial Directions
 Refers to a structure
being closer to the
midline or median
plane of the body
than another structure
of the body
Lateral
 Refers to a structure
being farther away
from the midline than
another structure of
the body
Positions and
Directions
Distal
(Reference to the
extremities only)
 Refers to a structure being
further away from the root of
the limb than another
structure in the limb
 Proximal
(Reference to the
extremities only)
 Refers to a structure being
closer to the root of the limb
than another structure in that
limb
Positions and
Directions
Superficial
 Refers to a structure
being closer to the
surface of the body
than another structure
Deep
 Refers to a structure
being closer to the
core of the body than
another structure
Organ Systems
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Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
 Cardiovascular
 Lymphatic/Immune
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Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary
Reproductive
Integumentary System
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Skin, hair, sweat glands, oil glands
Protects underlying tissues
Sensory
Regulates body temperature
Synthesis of biochemicals
 Ex: Vitamin D
Skeletal System
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Bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints
Body framework
Protection of vital organs
Attachment for muscles
Blood cell production
Storage of inorganic salts (calcium)
Muscular System
 Muscles
 Body
movement
 Body posture
 Generation of
body heat
Nervous System
 Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
 Detect changes in the internal and external
environment
 Receive and interpret sensory information
 Stimulate muscles and glands
Endocrine System
 Glands that secrete
hormones
 Pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenal,
ovaries, testis, and
pancreas
 Hormones alter
metabolism in target
cells
 Cardiovascular
system
 heart, arteries,
capillaries, veins, blood
 Pumps blood thru
vessels and transport of
gases, nutrients,
hormones, wastes
 Lymphatic system
 lymphatic vessels,
fluid, nodes, thymus,
spleen, lymphocytes
Protect against infection
and disease
Digestive System
 Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas, small and large
intestine
 Ingestion of food
 Breakdown of food molecules
 Absorption of nutrients
http://kidshealth.org/misc/movie/bodybasics/digestive_system.html
Respiratory System
 Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, lungs
 Movement and exchange of respiratory
gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide between
air and blood
Urinary System
 Kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder,
urethra
 Remove wastes
from blood
 Maintain body
water and
electrolyte
balance
 Transport urine
Reproductive System
 Male: scrotum, testes,
epididymides, vasa
deferentia, seminal
vesicles, prostate
gland, bulbourethral
glands, urethra, penis
 Female: ovaries,
uterine tubes, uterus,
vagina, clitoris, vulva
Reproductive System
 Produces gametes,
support development
of embryo
Practice!
 Cartilage
Practice!
 Blood
Practice!
 Controls water balance
Practice!
Eyes
Practice!
 Body Heat
Practice!
 Sweat Glands
Practice!
 Blood Cell Production
Practice!
 Trachea
Practice!
 Human Growth
Hormone
Practice!
 Gallbladder
Practice!
 Spleen
Practice!
 Pancreas
Practice!
 Attachment for Muscles
Practice!
 Absorption of Nutrients
Practice!
 Testes
Practice!
 Urethra