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Here we go again… Mr. Bell: Most students: Some students: (my favorites) Anatomy Joke: What should you do if you’re attacked by a pack of clowns? Go for the juggler! An Overview • Anatomy:Structure • Physiology: Function • Does one determine the other? Levels of Structural Organization • • • • • Tissues Organ Systems Cells Organs Atoms Levels of Structural Organization • Atoms Organs Cells Tissues Organ Systems Organism Organ Systems Overview • Integumentary System: The external covering of the body – aka your skin! • • • • Protection Excretion Regulation of body temperature First point of contact with the environment Skeletal System • Bones, Cartilages, Ligaments, and Joints • Functions: – Support – Movement – Protection – Hematopoiesis – Mineral Storage Muscular System • 3 types of muscle – Skeletal – Smooth – Cardiac • Function: – Movement! Nervous System • Brain, Spinal Cord, nerves, sensory receptors • Function: – Respond to stimuli • Internal vs. external – Control center of the body Endocrine System • Glands: thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes • Function: regulate body activity using hormones – Slower than CNS – Ex: Growth, Reproduction, Food usage (cellular level) Cardiovascular System: • Heart and Blood Vessels • Function: Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells (red blood cells) • Protect the body from invasion (white blood cells) Lymphatic System • Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid glands (spleen, tonsils) • Function: cleanse blood and house cells involved in immunity Respiratory System • Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs • Function: supply oxygen to the rest of the body • Remove carbon dioxide from the blood Digestive System • Oral Cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum • Function: break down food – Remove nutrients and deliver to blood – Remove waste Urinary System • Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra • Function: remove wastes containing nitrogen from the body (ex: urea) • Maintenance of water/salt balance • Maintenance of pH Reproductive System • Testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes • Function: production of offspring – Female: growth and development of offspring (pregnancy) Life Functions • • • • • • • • Maintenance of boundaries Movement Responsiveness (irritability) Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth Survival Needs • • • • • Nutrients…are a pretty big deal Oxygen…even bigger deal Water…kind of in the middle… Body Temperature Atmospheric pressure Homeostasis • The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing – Constantly changing (ironic) • Within a narrow range • The body is maintaining a dynamic equilibrium Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • Carried out by Nervous and Endocrine Systems • Key Terms: – Variable – Receptor – Stimuli – Input – Afferent Pathway – Control Center Cont’d… • Efferent Pathway • Effector • Variable Homeostasis Cont’d • Negative Feedback Mechanisms: – The net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity • Positive Feedback Mechanisms: – Increase the original disturbance and push the variable farther from its original value – Control infrequent events that occur explosively – Do not require continuous adjustment Homeostatic Imbalance • Disturbances in the homeostatic mechanism • Typically result in Disease Anatomical Position • Standard position of the body (assumption) – Used to accurately describe body parts and position – Body is erect with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with palms forward