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ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS: INTRODUCTION Organs are composed of multiple tissue types organized to carry out a specific function. Examples of organs include the heart, the brain, the pancreas, blood vessels, bones, and skin. Groups of multiple organs working together to carry out a major bodily function are called organ systems. Any animal more complex than the cnidarians and ctenophores (jellyfish and comb jellies) uses one or more organ systems to perform the body‘s necessary functions. Each organ system has evolved within a species to help keep the particular animal functional. In general, more highly evolved animals require more complex organ systems than their primitive ancestors. For example, Platyhelminthes (flatworms), which have no body cavity, use a urinary system for the removal of waste but lack a circulatory system for the transport of oxygen and nutrients. In contrast, vertebrates have several organ systems, including one designed to circulate blood around the various body cavities. All vertebrates possess the same eleven principal organ systems that facilitate all of life‘s major functions. Organ System Function Component Organs 1 Skeletal Structural support and the Bones, cartilage, ligaments site of muscle attachment 2 Muscular Movement 3 Integumentary Protects the body and Skin, sweat glands, nails, hair regulates body temperature 4 Respiratory Facilitates the intake of Lungs or gills, trachea, skin oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide 5 Circulatory Transports materials such Heart, blood vessels, blood as nutrients, waste products, carbon dioxide, and oxygen 6 Digestive Breaks down food for the Mouth, stomach, acquisition of nutrients liver, pancreas 7 Urinary Removes waste from the Kidneys, blood urethra 8 Immune Provides defense against White blood cells, lymph nodes, pathogens (disease-causing lymph vessels, spleen, thymus agents) Muscles bladder, intestines, ureters, 1 9 Endocrine Controls and regulates Glands bodily functions through chemical communication between the brain and organs and aids the nervous system in integrating the activities of all bodily systems 10 Nervous Detects internal and Nerves, brain, external stimuli and aids in sensory organs controlling and coordinating responses to stimuli via electrochemical communication between the brain and body; also aids the endocrine system in integrating the activities of all bodily systems spinal cord, 11 Reproductive Replicates genetic material Testes, ovaries, penis, uterus, to be passed on to vagina organisms‘ offspring Match the names of organ systems with their descriptions. Animals' bodies are made up of various body systems, groups of organs that work together to perform a function. These body systems (also referred to as organ systems) include: 1. Reproductive system a) enables animals to send, receive, and process nerve and sensory impulses. 2. Respiratory system b) enables animals to move and control movement; consists of skeletal muscles which help move the skeleton and control movement, smooth muscles which are involuntary and control the stomach and intestine, and cardiac muscles which include the heart muscles. 3. Nervous system c) enables animals to break down food that they eat and obtain energy for other body processes. 4. Lymphatic system d) is an animals outer covering (such as skin, scales, feathers, fur, and other body parts that protect the animal and prevent it from drying). 2 5. Circulatory system e) includes an animal's nose, lungs, and trachea; brings air into the animal and releases waste carbon dioxide back into 6. Endocrine system f) enables animals to produce offspring. 7. Muscular system g) helps to filter out disease-causing organisms and helps to drain fluid waste from in and around tissues. It helps in the defense against infection. 8. Urinary system h) transports blood throughout an animal's body and consists of blood, arteries, veins, and capillaries. 9. Integumentary system i) consists of the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra and enables animals to expel waste fluids in the form of urine. 10. Digestive system j) provides internal or external support (such as a skeleton, exoskeleton or shell). 11. Skeletal or support system k) protects against infection and disease. 12. Immune system l) is made up of glands (such as the thyroid, pituitary, parathyroid adrenal, pineal body, pancrease, thymus, ovaries, and testes) and hormones (chemicals released from glands into the bloodstream). These glands and hormones control or influence various body functions (such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction). Divide the following names of organs into groups according to the systems: kidneys, heart and blood, urinary bladder, lymph nodes and vessels, thymus, teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas, spleen, urethra, mouth, stomach, intestines, rectum, ureters, pituitary gland, pineal gland, ovaries, nails, muscles, hair, brain, spinal cord, nerves, skin, sweat glands, testes, thyroid gland, mammary glands, lungs, nose, trachea, bones and joints, bronchi. Circulatory Lymphatic Digestive Endocrine 3 Integumentary Muscular Nervous Reproductive Respiratory Skeletal Urinary/Excretory 4