Download Organ_Systems_of_the_Body

Definitions and Concepts
Organ: a structure made up of two or more kinds of tissue; organized to perform more complex
function(s) than any tissue alone
Organ system: a group of organs arranged to perform a more complex function than can any
organ alone
A knowledge of individual organs and how they are organized into groups makes it easier to
understand how a particular organ system functions as a whole
Organ Systems
Integumentary system
Structure
Skin
Hair
Nails
Sense receptors
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Functions
Protection
Regulation of body temperature
Synthesis of chemicals
Sense organ
Skeletal system
Structure
Bones
Joints
Functions
Support
Movement (with joints and muscles)
Storage of minerals
Blood cell formation
Muscular system
Structure
Muscles
Voluntary (striated)
Involuntary (smooth)
Cardiac
Functions
Movement
Maintenance of body posture
Production of heat
Nervous system
Structure
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Sense organs
Functions
Communication
Integration
Control
Recognition of sensory stimuli
This system functions through the production of nerve impulses caused by stimuli of various
types
Control is fast-acting and of short duration
Endocrine system
Structure
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries (female)
Testes (male)
Organ Systems
Endocrine system
Functions
This system functions through the secretion of special substances called hormones directly into
the blood
Its purpose is the same as the nervous system: communication, integration, and control;
Control is slow and of long duration
Examples of hormone regulation
Growth
Metabolism
Reproduction
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Cardiovascular (circulatory) system
Structure
Heart
Blood vessels
Functions
Transportation
Regulation of body temperature
Immunity (body defense)
Lymphatic system
Structure
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Thymus
Spleen
Functions
Transportation
Immunity
Immune system
Structure
Unique cells
Phagocytes
Secretory cells
Specialized protein compounds
Antibodies
Complement
Functions
Phagocytosis of bacteria
Chemical reactions to provide protection
Respiratory system
Structure
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Functions
Exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen in the lungs
Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli
Filtration of irritants from inspired air
Regulation of acid-base balance
Digestive system
Structure
Primary organs
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anal canal
Accessory organs
Teeth
Salivary glands
Tongue
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Appendix
Functions
Mechanical and chemical breakdown (digestion) of food
Absorption of nutrients
Elimination of undigested waste as feces
The vermiform appendix is a structural but not a functional part of the digestive system
Inflammation of the appendix is called appendicitis
Urinary system
Structure
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Functions
“Clearing” or cleaning blood of waste products; wastes are excreted in urine
Electrolyte balance
Water balance
Acid-base balance
In the male, the urethra has urinary and reproductive functions
Reproductive systems
Structure
Female
Gonads: the ovaries
Accessory organs: the uterus, uterine (fallopian) tubes, and the vagina
Supporting structures: the genitalia (vulva) and the mammary glands (breasts)
Male
Gonads: the testes
Genital ducts: the vas deferens and the urethra
Accessory organ: the prostate gland
Supporting structures: the genitalia (penis and scrotum)
Functions
Survival of the species
Production of sex cells (male: sperm; female: ova)
Transfer and fertilization of sex cells
Development and birth of offspring
Nourishment of offspring
Production of sex hormones
Integration of the Body
Organ System Functions
No one body system functions entirely independently of other systems
All body systems are structurally and functionally interrelated and interdependent