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AntebellumReconstruction ANTEBELLUM N.C. AND U.S. ANTEBELLUM The term antebellum means “before the civil war” ANTEBELLUM NC CLASS DIVISIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Gentry/Planter Class- Rich plantation owners with slaves, government officials, professional businessmen such as lawyers and doctors. (Most of these owned slaves). Middle Class- Small farmers with slaves, merchants, lesser government officials “Common Whites”- Yeoman Farmers (small farms with no slaves), miners, naval stores workers, mechanics, etc. “Poor Whites”- Did not own land- tenant farmers (worked others’ land), or workers who floated from job to job. Free Blacks (included ‘mulatto’ mixed race) Slaves LARGE NC PLANTATIONS Somerset Place Stagville Plantation, Durham Before the Civil War, North Carolina had emerged from its “Rip Van Winkle” period. The western areas of the state produced wheat and the eastern areas produced cotton. For this reason, slavery became very important to the economy of eastern NC, and less important to those who lived in the west. Civil War A civil war is a war between people of the same country. There have been many civil wars, but one of the worst happened in America. The American Civil War was fought to keep the South from leaving the Union. Slavery was THE major issue that separated the North from the South. Westward Expansion- Would slavery follow people west? North said NO, South said YES. Causes In 1860, Stephan Douglas and Abraham Lincoln ran against each other for president. Lincoln had become well known from their debates about slavery. This time, Lincoln won, becoming the 16th president. The RED states are the ones that elected Lincoln. Southern States Secede Secede- The act of leaving or pulling away from The South did not support Lincoln, but there were more people in the North, so Lincoln won the electoral vote and the election. When he won the election, they started action to secede from the Union. Their states had originally joined the union, they thought they had the right to pull away. More people from North Carolina spoke out against slavery than in any other Southern State. The state was greatly divided when it came to deciding whether to secede (people in the mountains especially supported abolition). Abolition=the abolishment (ending of) slavery. It waited to see how things played out, but after the first battle of the Civil War, NC could not support the Union if it was going to fight against its southern neighbors. NC seceded from the U.S. in May,1861. Political cartoon showing seceding states riding farm animals over a cliff. Confederate States of America On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede. The eleven states that seceded became the Confederate States of America. Elected Jefferson Davis as President of the Confederacy They wrote a new Constitution which made slavery legal and adopted the Confederate flag. Abraham Lincoln The president of the Union was Abraham Lincoln, who had been elected in 1860. Union and Confederate states -There were 23 states in the Union (North) at the beginning of the war. There were 11 states in the Confederacy (South) at the beginning of the war. Mason Dixon Line Represents the “cultural border” between the North and the South (named for the surveyors that created it) The Civil War began at Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. -Fort Sumter was a federal garrison/fort in South Carolina, and the Union had a hard time defending it. They surrendered 34 hours later. Important Generals of the War Confederacy Robert E. Lee-Top Confederate General of the Civil War -Opposed succession but refused a Union General position because his home state of Virginia had joined the Confederacy. -never refered to the North as “the enemy,” rather “those people over there.” Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson-Lee’s “right hand man” -nicknamed for standing “firm” like a stone wall during battle -killed by friendly fire –Members of his NC division mistook Jackson and some other riders for Union soldiers reported in the area. He was shot in the arm several times. It was amputated, but he died from complications Important Generals of the War Union Ulysses S. Grant-Lead General of Civil War Union forces -Known as decisive and methodical -3 Confederate forces surrendered to him -popularity from the war contributed to his election to the U.S. presidency later in life. George Mclellan-Best known for raising/developing the Union army -Popular General at the beginning of War -After several losses though, Lincoln ordered him off of the battle field and used him to train troops instead. William Tecumseh Sherman-Known for “scorched earth” warfare –destroying anything/everything that could benefit the enemy during war time. This destroyed much of the south. (Ex: “Sherman’s Neckties” -Accepted the surrender of all the Confederate armies in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida in April 1865 NC hesitated to join the Confederacy because many of its citizens were Unionists (did not want to secede). Tobacco plantations felt slavery was essential though. Outliers- Men who avoided serving/being drafted into the Confederate Army. Home Guard- Men unfit or too old to serve that formed militias to protect the towns, women and children at home. North’s Advantages The North had some major advantages: They had many more people They had many more factories, which could be used to make weapons and ammunition. The Union also had many more miles of railroad tracks. Union Blockade During the Civil War, Union forces established a blockade of Confederate ports designed to prevent the export of cotton and the smuggling of war material into the Confederacy. This blockade was created with Union ships. Prevented Confederate access to weapons that the industrialized North could produce for itself. Called the “Anaconda Plan” or Scott’s Great Snake” after a Union officer. Blockade Runners tried to get supplies to the Confederate Army without being caught by the Union- They were shallow, narrow, fast, lightweight ships. These ships took advantage of what before had been a weakness for NC…the shallow sandbars and coastline of the Outer Banks and sounds. The ships would sail out of NC and to the British ports in the Bahamas and Bermuda to get supplies. They would then sneak supplies back to the Confederate forces through the shallow inlets and rivers. Most famous blockade runner was a ship owned by NC called the Ad-vance. Lincoln’s Decisions Saw to it that the government took control of private railroad companies during the war. (used rail to deploy troops faster and get supplies to his army)-Southern rail was all private ownership. Created a “command center” of defense in DC. Government took control of ALL telegraph machines in the Union and used them for war communication. (South did not fully take advantage of the telegraph) Telegraphs sent messages in seconds Most of NC’s Civil War battles were fought along the coast. This is because many were a result of the Union trying to put an end to blockade running. Most Civil War battles however were fought in Virginia and Tennessee. South’s Advantages: The South’s main advantage was that they were fighting at home. They were closer to their supplies. They would fight harder because they were protecting their homes. Southern soldiers were better equipped with the skills necessary to survive a war. Many Northerners had moved into business positions rather than positions that required a knowledge of the land. New Weapons Many new weapons were used during the Civil War. One of these weapons was an ironclad ship. An ironclad ship was a ship with iron plates on it to protect it from cannon fire. Other new weapons: Deadlier cannons and bullets (mini-ball) Rifles that were more accurate New Technology, Old Battle Tactics New ground combat weapons were much more accurate. Tactics remained old-hand to hand combat, shooting at each other in lines. This made the Civil War the bloodiest the U.S. had ever seen Women in the Civil War Women on both sides worked during the war. Many became nurses that served in makeshift tent/home hospitals or on the battlefield. Clara Barton- Famous Union nurse who helped organize the American Red Cross. Battle Field Medicine ¾ of all medical services during the war were amputations. 1 amputation took an experienced surgeon 10 minutes. Used screws, saws, cauterization Many died from gangrene (infection that eats tissue and causes death). By end of war, infections were down after amputations because of treatment with the disinfecting chemical, Bromine. Innovations Embalming- Soldiers shipped back home could be embalmed to preserve their bodies for funerals once they arrived home. Undertakers (who preserved and made up the bodies) became rich. The higher the officer, the more expensive the embalming fee! Portable Photography- Photographers flocked to battle fields to take pictures of the battles, the dead, etc. They sold these to the public and the people were able to see this was across the nation like never before. Battle of Bull Run First major battle of the war Poorly trained troops on both sides The North realized after this battle that the war would not be easy and would not be over soon, as they originally thought. Confederate Victory Battle of Antietam The first time the Confederacy invaded Northern territory was the Battle of Antietam. They were led by Gen. Robert E. Lee It began on Sept. 17, 1862 and lasted 12 hours. It was the bloodiest battle day in United States history. 23,000 men lost their lives that day. The Union army stopped the Confederate army. This “victory” by the Union gave President Lincoln the chance to announce the abolition of slavery in the South. Battle at Antietam Emancipation Proclamation On January 1, 1863, Pres. Lincoln got sick of waiting for the South and announced the Emancipation Proclamation. It declared that all slaves should be set free in the Confederacy. It also allowed blacks to serve in the Union army and navy. Many flocked to serve a cause they felt passionately about. (Runaways, freedmen, all welcome) The South ignored the Emancipation Proclamation, but it did change the focus of the war to the issue of slavery. . NC Civil War Facts NC soldiers were called “Tar Heels” because the state was known for Naval Store products that produced tar. 47 Generals of the Confederacy were from NC 1/6 of Confederate soldiers were from NC ¼ of the deaths were North Carolinians A North Carolinian, Richard Gatling invented the Gatling Gun, a weapon that could fire bullets in rapid succession (an early version of the machine gun). The U.S.S. Monitor, the first ship of its kind was an “Ironclad.” These were essentially armored ships. It sank in a storm off of Cape Hatteras. Battle of Gettysburg The Battle of Gettysburg was one of the bloodiest battles of the war. It took place from July13, 1863. 97,000 Union soldiers fought 75,000 Confederate soldiers. More than 50,000 men were killed or wounded in the battle. The Union won the Battle of Gettysburg. Many felt it was a turning point in the war. Many Northerners started supporting the army after this by lending them money to help pay for the war. This was called a war bond. NC Peace Movement Some citizens of NC regretted succession They felt NC contributed a lot to the Confederacy but did not get much in return. They asked a prominent newspaper editor named William W. Holden to help them publicize and organize a “peace movement.” The idea was that NC would make peace as an individual state with the Union This movement failed as most of the supporters lived in the mountains of NC and the rest of the state wanted to remain in the Confederacy. Gettysburg Address Several months after the Battle of Gettysburg, President Lincoln went to the battlefield to dedicate a cemetery in honor of all those who had died. Lincoln spoke for two minutes, but his speech became very famous. It is called “The Gettysburg Address”. It stressed the equality of ALL men. Battle of Bentonville, NC Fought March 19-21, 1865 The last full-scale battle of the Civil War in which a Confederate army was able to mount a tactical offensive. Largest battle ever fought in North Carolina Was the only significant attempt to defeat the large Union army of Gen. William T. Sherman during its march through/takeover of the Carolinas in the spring of 1865. Other Important Dates: • After several more battles, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865. The war was officially over. • On April 14, 1865, while enjoying a night at the theater with his wife, Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth. He died at 7:22 a.m. the next day. • On Dec. 6, 1865, the 13th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified. This amendment abolished (ended) slavery. POW Camps During the Civil War, both the Union and the Confederacy held prisoners of war in camps. Union camps were better equipped and supplied whereas the Confederacy could not as well afford to keep their prisoners of war fed, clothed, housed, etc. All such camps were crowded. Many survivors from these camps were in deplorable condition. Andersonville, GA Union POW camp Ration Distribution Burying Dead Union POWs POW “Survivors” Reconstruction -Reconstruction is the historical time period in which the U.S. tried to recover/rebuild from the civil war. -President Andrew Jackson presided over this reconstruction period Carpetbaggers- Derogatory name for northerners who moved south to help the slaves transition into a life with more freedom. They often carried cloth bags as luggage. Scalawags- Derogatory name for southerners who supported Reconstruction and were willing to work with African Americans to rebuild the South on more equal footing. -Southern States passed the Black Codes (laws for what blacks could/could not do) - Land given to freed slaves by the Union during the war was taken away and returned to the previous Southern owners by President Andrew Johnson. - Blacks were given the right to vote, have trials, and hold public office. - Many African American families in the south became sharecroppers (rented land, farmed it, and split the proceeds with the owner). - The Ku Klux Klan developed and performed lynchings, cross burnings, and massacres. - Union troops stayed in the south for a while to hold back hate crimes against blacks and sympathizers, but eventually were pulled out leaving African Americans and their supporters to fend for themselves. Kirk/Holden War- Governor Holden of NC declared martial law- call on military forces to keep order. The state militia was sent to Caswell and Alamance counties to put down the Klan and arrest suspected Klan members. The militia was commanded by Colonel George Kirk. A “photo-essay” is a set or series of captioned photographs that are intended to tell a story or evoke a series of emotions in the viewer. With a partner, create a Civil War photo essay consisting of 25 pictures with captions explaining what the picture is showing. You MAY use re-enactment pictures (secondary sources), paintings, and touched up or black and white photographs. You may choose to depict the Civil War in general, or choose a theme. (Ex: women of the Civil War- Southern/Northern, nurses, propaganda, fashions, lifestyles, etc). Example photo: Caption: Sarah Emma Edmonds disguised herself as a man and served as a soldier with the Union army. Several women like Sarah did this to stay with their husbands, or simply to contribute to the cause. Civil War Project- Start at beginning of Unit and due at end of Unit Tic Tac Toe Choices- Choose 3 (One from each column) 7 slide PPT on any Civil War topic of choice Poster (Must have 7 paragraphs covering various topics from the war with pictures). Research Paper on civil war subject of choice- must include introduction and conclusion as well as 5 paragraphs of information. Photo Essay with captions Collage Civil War Artwork (can be any artistic representation from Civil War. Ex: Painting, Sculpture, Re-create a structure or object). Poem from point of view of a person living in the War (one page long) Historical Fiction story set in Civil War (2 page min.) Diary/Journal (3 full page entries OR the equivalent of 3 full pages of as many entries as you see fit to create).