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FINAL REPORT National and Regional Capacities and Experiences on Marine Invasive Species, Including Ballast Waters, Management Programmes in the Wider Caribbean Region - a Compilation of Current Information Vyjayanthi Lopez and Ulrike Krauss CAB International Caribbean and Latin America Regional Centre (CLARC) Gordon Street, Curepe, Trinidad & Tobago United Nations Environment Programme July 2006 FINAL REPORT National and Regional Capacities and Experiences on Marine Invasive Species, Including Ballast Waters, Management Programmes in the Wider Caribbean Region - a Compilation of Current Information Vyjayanthi Lopez and Ulrike Krauss CAB International Caribbean and Latin America Regional Centre (CLARC) Gordon Street, Curepe, Trinidad & Tobago United Nations Environment Programme July 2006 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents ____________________________________________________________________ 1 List of Acronyms ____________________________________________________________________ 2 Executive Summary __________________________________________________________________ 4 Resumen Ejecutivo___________________________________________________________________ 6 Background ________________________________________________________________________ 8 Introduction ________________________________________________________________________ 8 Materials and methods_______________________________________________________________ 14 Internet searches _________________________________________________________________ 14 Questionnaires___________________________________________________________________ 14 Additional information____________________________________________________________ 15 Results ___________________________________________________________________________ 15 Internet searches _________________________________________________________________ 15 Questionnaires___________________________________________________________________ 20 National Questionnaires __________________________________________________________ 20 Regional Questionnaires __________________________________________________________ 32 Additional Information ___________________________________________________________ 33 Discussion ________________________________________________________________________ 35 Conclusions and needs assessment _____________________________________________________ 38 Acknowledgements__________________________________________________________________ 40 Bibliography _______________________________________________________________________ 40 Annex I. Summary – Ballast Water Convention 2004 ______________________________________ 44 Annex IIa and IIb. National and regional questionnaires - English___________________________ 47 Annex III a and III b: National and Regional Questionnaires – Spanish ______________________ 52 Annex IV. Organizations with past or ongoing projects / activities in the Wider Caribbean Region__ 57 Appendix 1 Scientific Cooperative Agreements between the STRI and countries of the WCR _ 81 Appendix 2: Mandate of BEST _____________________________________________________ 82 Annex V. Project / programmes on, or with potential relevance to, MIS and Ballast Waters management _______________________________________________________________________ 83 Annex VI: Additional / relevant information from responses to questionnaires__________________ 89 Annex VII: Additional resources ______________________________________________________ 93 Annex VIII. Definitions______________________________________________________________ 95 Annex IX. Summary - RSP, CBD, GISP Workshop (June 2005); Meliane and Hewitt (2005). ____ 101 2 List of Acronyms AGGRA AMEP ANCON CABI CABI-CLARC CaMPAM CANARI CAR/RCU CARICOMP CBCRM CBD CCA CCA-CCAMP CCCP CEC CEDRE CEP CERMES CI CIM CIMAR CINVESTAV CIP CLME CMS CONABIO COP CORAL CR CREP CRFM CZM DIAS DIMAR ECCEA EIA FIGIS FUDENA GCFI GCRMN GEF GISP HACCP IAS ICRAN ICRI ICS IDRC IETC IMA IMO INBIO Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment Assessment and Management of Environmental Pollution Asociación Nacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (Panama) CAB International CABI Caribbean and Latin America Regional Centre, Trinidad & Tobago Caribbean Marine Protected Areas Managers Network and Forum Caribbean Natural Resources Institute Caribbean Regional Coordinating Unit Caribbean Coastal and Marine Productivity (Programme) Community-based Coastal Resource Management (Wider Caribbean) Convention on Biological Diversity Caribbean Conservation Association CCA-Coastal and Marine Management Programme Centro Control Contaminación del Pacìfico (Colombia) Commission for Environmental Cooperation for North America Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution (France) Caribbean Environment Programme The Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies, UWI, Barbados Conservation International El Centro de Investigaciones Marinas (Cuba) Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (Costa Rica) Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados de IPN - Unidad Merida (Mexico) Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem Centre for Marine Sciences (UWI, Mona, Jamaica) Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (Mexico) Conference of Parties Coral Reef Alliance Coral Reef Caribbean Regional Environmental Programme Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Coastal Zone Management Database on Introductions of Aquatic Species (FAO) Dirección General Marítima (Colombia) Eastern Caribbean Coalition for Environmental Awareness Environmental Impact Assessment Fisheries Global Information System (FAO) Fundacion para la defense de la naturaleza (Venezuela) Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network Global Environment Facility Global Invasive Species Programme Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Invasive Alien Species International Coral Reef Action Network International Coral Reef Initiative International Chamber of Shipping International Development Research Center (Canada) UNEP International Environmental Technology Center (Japan) Institute of Marine Affairs (Trinidad and Tobago) International Maritime Organization Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (Costa Rica) 3 INEA INTERTANKO INVEMAR IOC IOCARIBE IOI IRF ISA IUCN LANWOFI MARPOL MBRS MEPC MER MIAS MIS MPA MSC NACRI NFWF NIMOS NOAA NRI OAS OECS RAC REMPEITC Instituto Nacional de los Espacios Acuáticos e Insulares (Venezuela) International Association of Independent Tanker Owners Centro de Investigaciones Marinas de Colombia Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (of UNESCO) IOC sub-commission (for Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico) El Instituto Internacional del Océano para el Gran Caribe (Costa Rica) Island Resources Foundation International Seabed Authority (Jamaica) The World Conservation Union Latin American Network of Women working in Fisheries International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System Project of CCAD/GEF/World Bank Marine Environment Protection Committee (IMO) Marine Education and Research Centre Marine Invasive Alien Species Marine Invasive Species Marine Protected Area Maritime Safety Committee (IMO) Netherlands Antilles Coral Reef Initiative National Fish and Wildlife Foundation National Institute For Environment And Development (Suriname) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Natural Resources Institute (UK) Organization of American States Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Regional Activity Centre (RAC) Regional Marine Pollution Emergency, Information and Training Centre Caribbean (Curaçao) ROLAC Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean SBSTTA Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice SIDSNet Small Islands Developing States Network SIDS-POA Small Islands Developing States-Programme of Action SPAW Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife STAC Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee STRI Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (Panama) TNC The Nature Conservancy UANL Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (Mexico) UNAM Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNCED UN Conference on Environment and Development (=Earth Summit) UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNCSD UN Commission on Sustainable Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNEP-WCMC UNEP-World Conservation and Monitoring Centre UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USDS/BOEISA U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Oceans & International Environmental & Scientific Affairs USFWS U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service UWI The University of the West Indies (Cave Hill, Barbados; Mona, Jamaica; St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago) WCPA World Commission on Protected Areas WCR Wider Caribbean Region WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WRI World Resources Institute WW2BW White Water to Blue Water Initiative WWF World Wildlife Fund 4 Executive Summary The Wider Caribbean Region (WCR) encompasses two ‘biodiversity hotspots’: the Caribbean and the Mesoamerican, both with high species endemicity. Invasive alien species (IAS) are increasingly being seen as a threat to indigenous biodiversity. Little is known about marine invasive species (MIS) compared to terrestrial ones. Ships’ ballast water (BW) is a major invasion pathway. In order to start filling this knowledge gap on MIS, UNEP’s Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP) commissioned CABI’s Caribbean and Latin American Regional Centre (CLARC) to collate information on national and regional capacities and experiences with MIS, including BW, management, as a baseline against which future projects can be proposed as well as assessed. Two bilingual questionnaires, aimed at garnering information at the national and regional levels, respectively, were uploaded on CEP’s website and widely disseminated. An up-to-date list of MIS in the WCR was synthesized from the responses and publications on reliable websites. Since there was little published information on MIS management, the search was widened to include related areas (marine protected areas, coastal zone and coral reef management, taxonomy) in the fields of research, facilities/equipment, information management and marine partnerships. Experiences, capacities and networks from these activities can potentially be useful in future MIS management projects. A total number of 118 MIS were recorded, led by fishes (39) and arthropods (31). Of 23 responses to the questionnaires, 19 were from national agencies and four regional. Each of the four regional agencies covered different geographic areas, ranging from small islands to mainland North America. Their wide-ranging mandate covered tertiary education and capacity building, natural resource management, conservation, monitoring and enforcement of regulations, biological information systems and risk analysis for biodiversity. Human and infrastructure capacity was largely deemed adequate for current activities. None of the agencies had MIS/BW on their immediate agenda, although there was awareness of the potential importance of the area. Despite considerable variation among nations, maritime / BW matters were generally dealt with by a relevant Port Authority, and MIS by Marine / Coastal zone Management body. Although awareness of MIS / BW issues was low, some countries had or anticipated a wide stakeholder involvement. Countries in the region, except Colombia and the USA, had no experience with MIS management, since none had participated in any relevant programmes. Both USA (with considerable experience) and Colombia (with experience in BW only) indicated that there was scope for additional and improved capacity building in their respective countries. Infrastructural capacity was relatively good for current activities, but varied considerably among the countries. Even countries that currently had adequate capacity stated that additional, specific facilities would be necessary to undertake work in MIS / BW management. A needs assessment indicates that: • Awareness-raising activities are necessary in all countries at policy, planning and implementation and research levels • St. Kitts and Nevis is the only country in the WCR to have signed on to the Ballast Water Convention (IMO, 2004). Other countries need to consider acceding to the Convention in order to access funding, technical advice and other support 5 • • • There is a need for fundamental capacity building at national / regional levels, taking into consideration existing experience and capacity from relevant / related areas. Co-ordination mechanisms need to be put in place to ensure that this is undertaken and followed through Available infrastructure needs to be upgraded and adapted to accommodate MIS / BW work, both at national and regional level Linkages need to be established among ongoing and planned programmes in MIS management in the WCR region and beyond. Existing networks (electronic groups, listservers) should be revitalized as necessary A Regional Action Plan with stakeholder participation is needed to link together individual national and / or sub-regional plans to regional and global plans, in order to maximize synergies and narrow gaps and differences. 6 Resumen Ejecutivo La Región del Gran Caribe Ampliado (RCA) comprende dos “puntos calientes de biodiversidad”: el caribeño y el mesoamericano, ambos con un alto grado de especies endémicas. Las especies exóticas invasoras (EEI) se consideran cada vez más como una amenaza a la biodiversidad local. Se sabe poco de las especies invasoras marínas (EIM), comparado con las terrestres. Las aguas de lastre (AL) de barcos son la principal ruta de invasión. Con el fin de llenar la brecha existente de conocimiento sobre EIM, el Programa Ambiental del Caribe (PAC) del PNUMA contrató al Centro Regional del Caribe y América Latina (CLARC por sus siglas en inglés) de CABI para recopilar información referente a las capacidades y experiencias tanto nacionales como regionales sobre el manejo de EIM, incluyendo AL, como referencia con la cual se pueden proponer y evaluar futuros proyectos. En el sitio internet de PACCEP se insertaron y se diseminaron ampliamente dos cuestionarios bilingües, para acopiar información a nivel nacional y regional respectivamente. De las repuestas y publicaciones en sitios de Internet de confianza se sintetizó un listado actualizado de EIM en la WCR. Debido a que existía poca información publicada sobre el manejo de EIM, se amplió la búsqueda a temas relacionados (áreas marínas protegidas, zonas costeras y manejo de arrecifes, taxonomía) a los campos de investigación, facilidades / equipo, manejo de información y asociaciones entre interesados. Las experiencias, capacidades y redes de estas actividades tienen el potencial de ser útiles para futuros proyectos sobre el manejo de EIM. Se recolectó un total de 118 EIM, liderado por peces (39) y artrópodos (31). De las 23 repuestas a los cuestionarios, 19 provenían de agencias nacionales y cuatro de regionales. Cada una de las cuatro regionales cubrió un área geográfica diferente, desde islas pequeñas hasta el continente Norteamericano. Sus amplios rangos de mandatos incluyeron educación terciaria, manejo de recursos naturales, conservación, monitoreo e implementación regulatoria, sistemas de información biológica y análisis de riesgo para la biodiversidad. Para las actividades actuales, generalmente se consideró adecuada la capacidad humana y de infraestructura. Ninguna de las agencias tenía en su agenda inmediata EIM/AL, pero existía conciencia de la importancia potencial del tema. A pesar de una gran variabilidad entre naciones, los asuntos marítimos y de AL interesaron generalmente a las autoridades portuarias relevantes, mientras EIM a la agencia que manejaba manejando zonas marítimas y costeras. Aunque el conocimiento sobre asuntos EIM/AL era poco, algunos países previeron un amplio involucramiento de los interesados. Con excepción de Colombia y Estados Unidos, los países de la región no contaron con experiencias en el manejo de EIM, ya que no habían participado en ningún programa relevante. Tanto los Estados Unidos (con una amplia experiencia ) como Colombia (con experiencia en AL solamente) indicaron un margen para mejorar más la capacidad de sus respetivos países. La capacidad de infraestructura fue relativamente buena para las actividades actuales, pero varió considerablemente entre los países. Incluso países con una capacidad actual adecuada indicaron la necesidad de facilidades específicas adicionales para trabajar en el manejo de EIM/AL. Una evaluación de necesidades indicó que: • Hacen falta actividades para aumentar la conciencia en todos los países a los niveles políticos, de planificación y de implementación • San Cristóbal y Nieves es el único país en la WCR que ha firmado la Convención sobre Aguas de Lastres (OMI, 2004). Los demás países deberían firmar la misma para poder accesar fondos, consejo técnico y otro tipo de apoyo 7 • • • Se necesitan capacitaciones fundamentales tanto a nivel nacional como regional, tomando en cuenta las experiencias existentes, las capacidades en temas relevantes y que se relacionan. Para asegurar que esto se implemente y se le brinde seguimiento, hacen falta mecanismos de coordinación La infraestructura disponible requiere mejoramiento y adaptación tanto a nivel nacional como regional, para realizar trabajos en EIM/AL Hay que establecer enlaces entre proyectos de manejo EIM actuales y planificados dentro y fuera de la WCR. Las redes existentes (grupos electrónicos, listas de servidores) se deben revitalizar según cada necesidad Se requiere un Plan de Acción Regional con participación de los interesados, para vincular los planes individuales nacionales y sub-regionales para implementar los planes regionales y globales, con el fin de maximizar sinergias así como minimizar las brechas y diferencias. 8 Background The flora and fauna of the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR) is diverse and has significant ecological, aesthetic, economic and amenity value to the countries and territories of the region. Increasingly, invasive species are seen as a threat to indigenous biodiversity, through their impacts on natural and semi-natural habitats and ecosystems and are now widely cited as the second greatest global threat to biodiversity, after habitat destruction. The impacts of invasive species can be ecologically complex, operating at ecosystem, habitat, community, species and genetic levels. The issue of invasive species as an environmental and sustainable development threat is increasingly recognized by a number of treaties, in particular the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992), which under Article 8(h) calls on Parties to “prevent the introduction of, control, or eradicate those alien species (= invasive alien species - IAS) which threaten ecosystems, habitats, or species”. Article 12 of the Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) Protocol (CEP-UNEP, 1990), outlines that each Party shall take all appropriate measures to regulate or prohibit intentional or accidental introduction of non-indigenous (=alien or exotic) or genetically altered species to the wild that may cause harmful impacts to the natural flora, fauna or other features of the Wider Caribbean. In the case of marine environments, the threat from IAS comes from various pathways and sources, with ballast water from ship hulls being among the major culprits. Adequate documentation / information on marine IAS and their management in the Caribbean is lacking (Kairo et al., 2003). This is the first necessary step towards formulating plans for an appropriate strategy, be it prevention, damage limitation or eradication. The Caribbean and Latin America Regional Centre (CLARC) of CAB International (CABI) has therefore been commissioned by UNEP-CAR/RCU’s sub-Programme "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Major Ecosystems in the Wider Caribbean" of the Regional Programme on Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) to compile information on national and regional capacities and experiences on marine invasive species (MIS) management programmes in the Wider Caribbean, including ballast waters (BW) management. Introduction The Wider Caribbean Region (WCR) is defined in Article 2:1 of the Cartagena Convention as the "marine environment of the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea and the areas of the Atlantic Ocean adjacent thereto, south of 30° north latitude and within 200 nautical miles of the Atlantic coasts of the [United] States [of America] (USA)". This geographic area stretches from as far north as Florida (USA) to as far south and east as French Guyana on the North Coast of South America (Plate 1). The WCR comprises the 36 UN member states and territories that created the Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP) (Table 1). It includes Mexico, Central America, and the many small island nations and territories of the insular Caribbean. Marine and terrestrial ecosystems of the WCR provide outstanding examples of island and aquatic species diversity and natural history. As a result of the international importance for the biodiversity and conservation value, the region encompasses two ‘biodiversity hotspots.’ The Caribbean hotspot1 spans 4.31 million km2 of ocean and 0.26 million km2 of land area (Plate 2) 1 http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/caribbean/ 9 (Mittermeier et al., 2000; Myers et al., 2000), encompassing most of the island groups in the Caribbean Sea and extending to the southern tip of Florida. The Mesoamerica hotspot2 includes a number of nearshore and offshore islands in both the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean, which are important biologically due to the presence of endemic species and as nesting areas for seabirds (Plate 3). Among the ecosystems in this hotspot are intermittent coastal swamps and mangrove forests along the Pacific coast from Mexico to Panama. Plate 1. The Wider Caribbean Region3 Table 1 Thirty-six States and Territories of the Wider Caribbean region Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Haiti Honduras Jamaica Belize Colombia Costa Rica Kingdom of the Netherlands: Grenada Guatemala Guyana France Mexico Nicaragua Panama United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland: Aruba, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Maarten) Department of France (French Guyana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Martin) Anguilla, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Turks & Caicos Islands, Montserrat, UK Virgin Islands Saint. Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela United States of America (USA): Navassa Island, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands The level of marine endemicity within both hotspots is high. The marine diversity in the Caribbean includes about 60 species of corals and about 1,500 species of fish, nearly a quarter of which are endemic. Indeed, the greatest concentration of fish species in the Atlantic Ocean Basin occurs in the northern part of the hotspot in waters shared by The Bahamas, Cuba and 2 3 http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/mesoamerica/ http://www.cep.unep.org/operational-components/member-states 10 the United States (Mittermeier et al., 2000; Myers et al., 2000). Mesoamerica lies between two biogeographic regions, the Nearctic of North America and the Neotropical of South and Central America and the Caribbean. The biodiversity thus represents a confluence of the flora and fauna of the two regions. There has been greater focus on the conservation of terrestrial ecosystems (compared to marine) of this region. Nevertheless, marine ecosystems are very important to the livelihood of coastal communities and the issue is thus high on the developmental agenda of the countries. Plate 2: Caribbean biodiversity hotspot Plate 3: Mesoamerica biodiversity hotspot The issue of marine invasive species and their potential impact on the marine ecosystems and coastal economies is a relatively new topic, particularly in the WCR. The impacts of invasive species can be ecologically complex. At the simplest level, indigenous species may be threatened directly by the proliferation of a predator or competitor. However, cumulative effects across biological scales can result in complex changes in the availability of resources (nutrients, light, oxygen), the dynamics of competition for resources, and ecosystem structure and function (Kairo et al., 2003). Marine environments present exceptionally challenging conditions for the control of bio-invasions (Meliane and Hewitt, 2005). The absence of clear borders in the marine environment severely limits management options. Detection, particularly at low densities, is difficult. Species spread in a three-dimensional fluid system, where monitoring is a difficult and costly task. Moreover, many eradication and control options (e.g. clearance, shooting, pesticide, herbicide, etc) used in the terrestrial biota are harder to apply in the aquatic systems. Thus, while management options and mechanisms for IAS have been relatively well-studied and understood for terrestrial systems, particularly for species impacting human activity (Plate 4), Wittenberg and Cock (2001) acknowledge that much more research and capacity building activities are necessary before the management of MIS can be successfully undertaken. Globally, preliminary findings of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment confirmed IAS as one of the major drivers towards homogenization of ecosystem biodiversity in marine environments4. Participants of the World Conservation Congress’ ‘Coping with Aliens’ workshop confirmed that although IAS have been recognized as a major threat to biodiversity, efforts to combat them have been insufficient to date. Invasions are less likely to be accurately recorded and monitored in marine, as opposed to terrestrial, environments. Increased baseline and monitoring surveys, and more detailed and quantitative risk assessment methodologies were identified as key priorities. In order to build capacity to identify and mitigate IAS, there were also calls for the development of regional marine IAS networks, greater cooperation and sharing of resources, and increased involvement with all stakeholders, including the private sector. 4 http://www.iucn.org/themes/marine/pdf/PostWCC_KeyMarineMsgs.pdf 11 Plate 4. Flow chart for addressing alien species invasions: black bars mark the potential final stages of the invasive alien species, while diamonds symbolize important bifurcations and decision points (Wittenberg and Cock, 2001). 12 Regionally, a 2001 workshop on invasive species held in Costa Rica did not single out any marine invasive species (MIS) in the Wider Caribbean (including Mesoamerica and the United States) (Hernández et al., 2002). In a 2003 compilation aimed at quantifying threats from alien invasive species to the insular Caribbean (Kairo et al., 2003), 552 alien species were listed, only 18 of which were MIS. The authors speculated that this was at least in part because technological advances facilitating the reporting of marine species (e.g. improvements in diving equipment) were recent. In addition, there was often difficulty in determining whether newly reported marine species were introduced aliens or merely native species that had formerly gone unobserved. It was concluded that there was a gap in knowledge regarding the status of introduced organisms in the marine environment, and the threat that these may constitute. Only one species has been reported as an MIS from the WCR in the Global Invasive Species Database5 as well as the FAO (2006) Fish Database. A total of 74 nuisance species are reported from the marine and estuarine ecosystems in five states of the US bordering the Gulf of Mexico (Ray, 2005a), details of which are available on the US Geological Survey (USGS) database6. Of these, four marine species (Perna viridis, the Asian green mussel; Perna perna, the brown mussel; Sphaeroma terebrans, a wood-borer; Phylloriza punctata, the Australian Jellyfish) were considered to significantly impact marine environments of the Americas (Ray, 2005b). A review in the UK Overseas Territories recorded 2261 invasive species, which was considered ‘a significant under-estimate’ (Varnham, 2006). There were only four non-native species identified that were related to the marine environment or were linked to aquaculture. However, ‘this was not because they were deliberately ignored, simply that there was no information available upon them’. Furthermore, the author suggested that there was ‘every chance that these may be significant both in number and in their impact’. A number of exotic species have been introduced to the WCR for aquaculture projects, with potentially negative impacts on native biota (CEC, 2001). Generally the positive social and economic aspects of such introductions are considered, with little concern for the chance of accidental introduction of diseases and pathogens and the potential escape of the maricultured species into the wild. To date, there are no known experimental studies to verify the exact impacts caused by the introduced alien species. However, it is well known that invasions can lead to fundamental changes in natural communities7. Another way in which invasive species are introduced to new environments is through the live and fresh seafood trade. Non-native aquatic and marine species purchased as seafood and then dumped or released into local water supplies can bring diseases, parasites, and hitchhikers, all of which can also establish themselves within their new environment and become invasive8. Ballast water (BW) is increasingly being recognized as an important vehicle of aquatic IAS introduction and spread. BW is water from the sea, which a ship takes in to create stability as it unloads cargo and later releases at another port. There is great potential for transferring harmful aquatic organisms, including pathogens. It is estimated that each year, up to 14 billion tonnes of BW is transferred globally, and between 7 – 10,000 species of marine organisms may be present in BW at any given time. Since most marine species include a planktonic stage in their life cycles, virtually all taxa, from vertebrates to microorganisms are represented (GISP, 2005). In addition, the sediments associated with ballast water commonly harbour cysts of species such as dinoflagellates, which can remain in a state of dormancy until they are deposited in a suitable environment. Thus, many marine species survive in the BW, while seaweeds and barnacles cling to the hull. In the absence of specific natural predators to keep them under http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=131&fr=1&sts=sss http://nas.er.usgs.gov/ 7 http://www.cep.unep.org/marine-issues/plonearticlemultipage.2005-10-12.3537186879/plonearticle.2005-10-12.7226297710 8 http://massbay.mit.edu/exoticspecies/index.html 5 6 13 control, introduced marine species can become invasive and begin to spread in a new, conducive environment (Table 2). Table 2. Examples of marine invasive species introduced via the shipping industry (relevant to the Wider Caribbean Region)9 Invasive Species Scientific Name Common Name From Country/Area Introduced To Balanus amphitrite barnacle Carcinus maenas European shore crab (green crab) Codium fragile green sea-fingers (alga) Japan, Northwest Pacific Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Mediterranean, and North America Mytilopsis sallei bivalve Visakhapatnam Harbour, India Rhithropanopeus harrisii Zuiderzee crab, dwarf crab Schizoporella unicornis bryozoan Southwestern Pacific and Indian oceans European Atlantic waters Central America North Pacific and Atlantic oceans Australia, US, Brazil, Panama, Hawai’i, Ceylon, South Africa East Coast of the American United Kingdom continent from New Brunswick to northeast Brazil. Japan Australia, North America, Europe Sphaeroma walkeri isopod Northern Indian Ocean Australia, Mediterranean, South Africa, Brazil, Florida-Caribbean, Egypt, India, Hawai’i, and California Styela clava leathery sea squirt Japan, Korea, and Siberia coasts Australia, United Kingdom, Atlantic and Pacific North America Thecacera pennigera opisthobranch Eastern coast South America Australia Watersipora arcuata Lace coral Mexico Australia Vibrio cholerae Cholera bacterium Latin America Gulf Coast of the United States BW may also pose a substantial threat to human health. Ship-mediated dispersal of pathogens may play an important role in the emergence and epidemiology of some waterborne diseases, such as the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, the agent of human cholera (Table 2). On the bottom of BW tanks, sediments become concentrated, allowing organisms adapted to these conditions to survive and be moved from place to place. Whereas BW favours pelagic species, the sediment hosts ground-dwelling organisms and increases the number of species able to survive the journey between the intake and the dumping of the BW (Wittenberg and Cock, 2001). In addition, the Panama Canal, an 80-km long waterway joining the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, is located in the WCR. This provides a significant and permanent pathway for MIS / BW to move between the two oceans. Controlling and managing how ships release BW can be critical to reducing the threat of invasions in waters near BW release sites. The problem of harmful aquatic organisms in BW was first raised at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 1988 and since then IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), together with the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) and technical sub-committees, have been dealing with the issue, focusing first on guidelines (Resolution A868(20), adopted 27 November 1997) and then on developing the new BW convention. In February 2004, the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments (IMO, 2004) was adopted, setting standards for improved BW management worldwide (Summary at Annex I). The Convention regulates where, when, and how BW can be released and awaits ratification to take effect. The 9 based on http://www.ortepa.org/pages/ei19pt5.htm 14 IMO has also set up a special technical assistance programme, "GloBallast,"10 to assist developing countries in reducing the transfer of harmful organisms in BW and is linked into relevant ongoing programmes and activities in developed countries (Australia11, Europe12, New Zealand13 and United States of America14). Globallast helps countries to implement current IMO BW guidelines and prepares them for implementing the Ballast Water Convention when it comes into force. The IMO has invited and urged nations in the WCR to ratify or accede to the new Convention15. This will enable countries to access funding, technical advice and other support to build the institutional collaborative structures. However, until all the countries ratify or accede to the Convention, taking appropriate measures will not be mandatory. Thus, globally and regionally, there has been increasing awareness of the need for research, infrastructure and action in combating the threat of MIS. As a first step, it is necessary to document the current status in the WCR and thereby identify what is needed in terms of experiences and capacities for managing MIS. The current compilation is being undertaken in response to this need. The compilation can thus form the baseline against which future projects and actions can be proposed as well as assessed. Materials and methods The necessary information was collected in several ways. Internet searches A number of reliable websites on the Internet (GISP, IUCN, UN-bodies) and related links were examined. Searches were conducted on popular and reliable search engines (google, yahoo) using relevant key words (Caribbean, Marine Invasive, Alien, Ballast Water). Information from these sites was downloaded in available formats (.doc, .pdf, .ppt) and scanned for relevant content. In addition, websites of national and regional agencies / organizations (listed on CEP website) were explored for information, not only on relevant projects, activities and facilities, but also on the mission and vision. This was compiled in several Tables for ease of review and updating. In addition, information on exotic / invasive species from the various lists (Kairo et al., 2003, Ray, 2005 a, b; FAO, 2006; GISP 2005) and the questionnaires was synthesized and grouped. Questionnaires Two questionnaires were developed aimed at garnering information in English (Annex IIa, IIb) and Spanish (Annex IIIa, IIIb) at the national and regional levels, respectively. The questionnaires were uploaded on CEP’s website, together with additional information about the project. An introductory message was distributed on various list-serves and to contact points for further dissemination among colleagues and peers in the marine sector. The initial deadline for submission of completed questionnaires was three weeks; this was later extended to five weeks in order to widen the circulation as well as to accommodate a request for extension from some 10 http://globallast.imo.org http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/pollution/antifouling/ballast/pubs/ballast.pdf 12 http://sea.helcom.fi:15037/dps/docs/documents/Maritime%20Group/HELCOM%20MARITIME%202,%202004/5_3.pdf 13 http://www.fish.govt.nz/sustainability/biosecurity/ballastwater.html 14 http://www.uscg.mil/hq/gm/mso/bwm.htm 15 http://www.caribvoice.org/science%20&%20Tech/ballastwater.html 11 15 of the contributors. In addition, individual emails were sent to the SPAW focal points and in most instances, contacts were established by telephone. Additional information A glossary of relevant terms and definitions was compiled, based mainly on CABI’s IAS Concepts, Terms and Contexts16. Results Internet searches Most of the Internet searches were conducted between January and March 2006. While every effort has been made to ensure that the information downloaded was up-to-date, it is not always possible to ascertain when a particular website has been set up or updated. It is also possible and noteworthy that some websites were updated after the information was downloaded and collated in this compilation. Apart from activities being undertaken in the United States on the development of lists and mitigation methods for some of the more damaging species (e.g. Ray, 2005a, b), there is little published information on MIS management. Since the area of MIS management could involve a range of research and planning agencies, the information search net was widened to include organizations which had in the recent past or were currently undertaking work / activities in the following areas: - marine protected area (MPA) management - coastal zone (CZ) management - coral reef (CR) management - taxonomic identifications / listing The nature of involvement could be: - research in all of the above areas - provision of facilities and equipment for research activities - information collation, networking - marine partnerships Details on the Organizations, including contact information and relevant activities / projects were compiled into a datasheet (Annex IV). Likewise, relevant projects in various sectors, undertaken in the recent past, as well as those ongoing or to be undertaken in the near future were compiled (Annex V). Experiences and capacities built from several of these projects and activities can potentially be very useful in future MIS management. Information from various lists, synthesized in Table 3, revealed that the total number of MIS recorded thus far is 118. Of these, fishes form the largest group (39), followed by arthropods (31) and mollusks (15) (Table 4). A total of 74 species has been reported from the five US Gulf States (Ray, 2005a), 18 in the Insular Caribbean (Kairo et al., 2003; Varnham 2006) and one species each from the Global Invasive Species database and the FAO (2006) Fish Database. The remaining species were extracted from a presentation given by Terraquatica at the Scoping Workshop on BW Management in the WCR, held in Puerto La Cruz, 8-9 February 2006 and from the Colombia and Curaçao (Roos, 1971) responses to the national questionnaires. 16 http://www.cabi.org/ias_ctc.asp?Heading=Terms 16 Table 3: A synthesized of list of marine / brackish water exotic species, reported as known or potential invasive species from the Wider Caribbean Region (for sources of information, see footnotes below) Scientific Name Common names Status Geographic Distribution Acanthurus sohal Amphiprion sp. Belonesox belizanus Callionymus lyra Cephalopholis argus Chaetodon lunula Chiloscyllium punctatum Colossoma or Piaractus sp. Cromileptes altivelis Cynoscion nebulosus Dorosoma petenense Sohal surgeonfish Clown fish Pike killifish Dragonet Peacock hind Racoon Butterfly Banded shark Unidentified pacu Humpback grouper Spotted seatrout Threadfin shad Native transplant Invasive Exotic Invasive Exotic Native transplant Invasive Exotic Exotic Native transplant Native transplant Florida 17 Bahamas Islands 18 Florida 17 Bahamas Islands 18 Florida 18 Florida 17 Bahamas Islands 18 Florida 18 Florida 18 Texas 18 Florida Epinephelus lanceolatus Euxiphipops navarchus Euxiphipops xanthometopon Gramma loreto Hemichromis letourneuxi Hemiscylliidae sp. Heterodontus zebra Hoplosternum littorale Lutjanus analis Queensland grouper Blue-girded angelfish Yellow-faced angelfish Royal gramma African jewelfish Bamboo shark Zebra bullhead shark Brown hoplo Mutton snapper Invasive Invasive Invasive Exotic Exotic Invasive Invasive Exotic Exotic Bahamas Islands 17 Bahamas Islands 17 Bahamas Islands 18 Florida 18 Florida 17 Bahamas Islands 17 Bahamas Islands 18 Florida 19 Bermuda Naso lituratus Oreochromis mossambicus Orangespine unicornfish Mozambique tilapia Native transplant Invasive Platax orbicularis Pomacanthus annularis Pomacanthus asfur Pomacanthus imperator Pomacanthus maculosus Pomacanthus semicirculatus Orbiculate batfish Blue ringed angelfish Arabian angel Emperor angelfish Yellowbar angelfish Semicircle angelfish, zebra angelfish Exotic Exotic Exotic Native transplant Exotic Exotic Florida 18 Florida , Not specified within 20 21 Caribbean 18 Florida 18 Florida 18 Florida 18 Florida 18 Florida 18 Florida Fishes 17 Kairo et al., 2003 http://nas.er.usgs.gov/ http://www.jncc.gov.uk/files/jncc372_databaseDec05a.xls.zip 20 http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=131&fr=1&sts=sss 21 http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/species?fid=2408 18 19 18 17 18 Origin / Native distribution Confined to the Red Sea Indian / Pacific oceans Central America Britain and Ireland coast Indian / Pacific oceans Indian / Pacific oceans Indian / Pacific oceans Amazon basin Indian / Pacific oceans Western Atlantic / Gulf of Mexico North/Central America, Gulf of Mexico Indian / Pacific oceans Pacific ocean Indian / Pacific oceans Western Central Atlantic Tropical Africa Indian / Pacific oceans Asia / Western Pacific Caribbean and South America Western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Indian / Pacific oceans Africa Indian / Pacific oceans Indian / Pacific oceans Western Indian ocean Indian / Pacific oceans Indian ocean Indian / Pacific oceans 17 Scientific Name Common names Status Geographic Distribution Bluefaced angel Lionfish Bursa triggerfish Blackchin tilapia Scat Red drum Moorish Idol Sailfin tang Yellow tang Sailfin tang Yellowtail tang Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Native transplant Native transplant Exotic Native transplant Exotic Exotic 18 Origin / Native distribution Pomacanthus xanthometopon Pterois volitans Rhinecanthus verrucosus Sarotherodon melanotheron Scatophagus argus Sciaenops ocellatus Zanclus cornutus Zebrasoma desjardinii Zebrasoma flavescens Zebrasoma veliferum Zebrasoma xanthurum Florida 19 18 Bermuda Florida 18 Florida 18 Florida 18 Florida Texas 18 18 Florida 18 Florida 18 Florida 18 Florida 18 Florida Indian / Pacific oceans Indian / Pacific oceans Western Pacific Africa Indian / Pacific oceans Atlantic, including Gulf of Mexico Indian / Pacific oceans Indian Ocean Indian / Pacific oceans Africa, Indian / Pacific oceans Western Indian Ocean Botryllus schlosseri Didemnum perlucidum Styela plicata Golden star tunicate A white crust tunicate Pleated sea squirt Exotic Exotic Exotic Florida 18 Texas 18 Florida 18 Trididemnum solidum Benthic colonial ascidian Exotic Curaçao Common around British Isles Indian / Pacific oceans Warm parts of Atlantic, Indian, Pacific oceans; Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico Western / Central Atlantic A bryozoan A bryozoan Exotic Exotic Florida 18 Florida Not known Indian Ocean Invasive Exotic Native transplant Invasive Exotic Bermuda, Bahamas Islands 17 18 Florida 18 Florida 17 Curaçao 18 Florida East Pacific / West Atlantic Ocean Caribbean / Southwest Atlantic Eastern Pacific Not known Indian / Pacific oceans Littorina littorea Lyrodus medilobatus Melanoides tuberculatus Myosotella myosotis Oenebra muricoides Perna perna American oyster Lake Merritt cuthona A nudibranch Lesser grilled triton Giant coxcomb oyster, Honeycomb oyster Common periwinkle An Indo-Pacific shipworm Red-rim melania Marsh snail Adam's dward triton Mexilhao mussel Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Invasive Exotic Florida 18 Florida 18 Florida 18 Florida Curaçao 17 18 Texas Perna viridis Pinctada margaritifera Rangia cuneata Truncatella subcylindrica Green-lipped/green mussel Pacific pearl oyster Atlantic rangia Snail Invasive Exotic Native transplant Exotic Florida , Jamaica 18 Florida 18 Florida 18 Florida Ascidians/tunicates Ectoprocts (bryozoan or lace coral) Sundanella sibogae Victorella pavida Molluscs (mussels, oysters) Crassostrea virgnica Cuthona perca Ercolania fuscovittata Galagno succineta Hyotissa hyotis 17 , Bonaire 17 18 18 18 17 , Trinidad 17 Europe Indian / Pacific oceans Cosmopoliton (Asia and Africa) Europe Not known Atlantic coast of South America and Africa Indian / Pacific oceans Indian / Pacific oceans Western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico English channel 18 Scientific Name Common names Status Geographic Distribution Invasive Exotic Bahamas islands 18 18 Florida ,Texas Arthropods - Crustaceae (Barnacles, crabs, shrimps) Artemia cysts Balanus amphitrite Balanus reticulates Brine shrimp Striped barnacle, Purple acorn barnacle A barnacle Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Centropages typicus Charybdis hellerii Chelura terebrans Eriocheir sinensis Eucalanus elongates Eucalanus sp. Euterpina acuitifrons A barnacle A copepod Bocourt swimming Crab, red blue crab A copepod An Indo-Pacific crab An amphipod Chinese mitten crab A copepod A copepod A copepod Ligia exotica Litopenaeus vannamei Lucicutia clause Lucicutia sp. Lucifer typus Neocalanus sp. Oithona ovalis Oithona plumifera Palaemon africanus Pelagodiscus sp. Penaeus monodon Petrolisthes armatus Wharf roach Pacific white shrimp A copepod A copepod A decapod A copepod A copepod A copepod African prawn A brachypod Asian tiger shrimp Green porcelain crab Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Native transplant Pseudocalanus sp. Pseudodiaptomus sp. A copepod A copepod Exotic Exotic Pullosquilla litoralis Mantis shrimp An isopod Exotic Exotic An isopod Exotic Balanus trigonus Clytemnestra sp. Callinectes bocourti Sphaeroma terebrans Sphaeroma walkeri 22 National questionnaire response from DIMAR, Colombia Native transplant Exotic Native transplant Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic 17 Florida 18 Florida 18 Colombia 18 Florida 22 18 Texas 18 Florida 18 Florida 18 Louisiana 22 Colombia 22 Colombia 22 Colombia 18 Florida 18 Texas 22 Colombia 22 Colombia 22 Colombia 22 Colombia 22 Colombia 22 Colombia 18 Florida 22 Colombia 18 Florida 18 Florida 22 Colombia 22 Colombia 18 Florida Florida 18 Florida 18 Origin / Native distribution Global Southwestern Pacific and Indian oceans Southwestern Pacific and Indian oceans Cosmopolitan – Tropical / subtropical seas Not known Western Atlantic - Caribbean to Brazil Not known Indian and Pacific oceans Not known South-east Asia Not known Not known Not known Northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean Eastern Pacific Not known Not known Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans Not known Atlantic? Not known Africa Not known Indian / Pacific oceans Pacific, Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Not known Not knownn Indian / West Pacific oceans; Australia Indian / Pacific oceans; Africa; Australia Indian / Pacific oceans, Africa 19 Scientific Name Common names Status Geographic Distribution Origin / Native distribution Zeuxo maledivensis A tanaid Exotic Florida Cosmopolitan A spionid worm A polychaete worm Mud worm Exotic Exotic Native transplant Florida 18 Florida 18 Florida Invasive Exotic Exotic Exotic Bahamas Islands 13 Florida Florida 13, Puerto Rico 18 18 Florida Phyllorhiza punctata Sea nettle Freshwater hydroid Pink meanie Orangestriped green anemone Australian spotted jellyfish Exotic Radianthus sp. Tubastraea coccinea Tubastraea rosea Cliona lampa Sea anemone Orange cup coral Invasive coral Invasive sponge Exotic Exotic Not known Exotic / marine? Louisiana , Florida , Puerto 18 Rico 17 Bahamas Islands 18 18 18 Louisiana , Florida , Texas 23 Curaçao 19 Bermuda Nannochloropsis oculata Dictyocha polyaetis Asterionellopsis glacialis Chaetoceros messanensis Chaetoceros glandazzi Chaetoceros tortissimus Odontella aurita Yellow-green microalga Silicoflagellate Diatoms Diatoms Diatoms Diatoms Diatoms Invasive Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Bahamas Islands 22 Colombia 22 Colombia 22 Colombia 22 Colombia 22 Colombia 22 Colombia Hemidiscus cuneiforms Ditylum brightwelli Paralia sulcata Pseudoeunotia doliolus Ulva reticulata Kappaphycus alvaresii Diatoms Diatoms Diatoms Diatoms Alga Alga Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Exotic Colombia 22 Colombia 22 Colombia 22 Colombia 24 Venezuela 24 Venezuela Zeeappelsterfte; "Sea apple death disease" Invasive Curaçao Annelids (worms) Boccardiella ligerica Hydroides elegans Polydora cornuta 18 18 Europe Australia (speculative) Cosmopolitan Coelentrates (Sponges/ Corals) Chrysoara quinquechirra Cordylophora caspia Drymonema dalmatinum Haliplanella lineata 17 18 Microalgae 22 Disease and other unknowns Disease 23 24 Roos, 1971 (as listed in Curaçao’s response to the national questionnaire) Ballast water scoping workshop, February 2006, Puerta La Cruz, Venezuela 17 18 17 Not known Caspian Sea Pacific and Atlantic Oceans Pacific Tropical western Pacific ocean Not known Eastern and Western Atlantic; Indian / Pacific oceans Not known Not known Worldwide - Cosmopolitan Not known Not known Not known North Sea/North Atlantic Ocean: Continuous Plankton records Not known Recorded: English Channel Worldwide Central Pacific water mass? Worldwide Asia? Not known 20 Table 4. A quantitative summary of marine / brackish water exotic species, with known or suspected invasiveness, from the Wider Caribbean Region (from Table 3) Group No. of species Fishes Ascidians/tunicates Ectoprocts Molluscs Arthropods Annelids Coelentrates/corals/sponges Microalgae Disease and other unknowns Total 39 4 2 15 31 3 9 14 1 118 Questionnaires A total of 23 responses were received, 19 from national and 4 from regional agencies. Two national agency responses were received from Colombia, the first from Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (INVEMAR - a research institute) and the second from Dirección General Marítima (DIMAR – Maritime agency). In addition, the Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico, submitted reponses to both the national and regional questionnaires since there is participation at both levels. The national and regional questionnaires were collated separately (Tables 5-10). In addition, information of note that could not be adequately captured or emphasized in the Tables has been summarized in Annex VI. National Questionnaires Responsibility for MIS / BW issues: The national focal points that responded to the questionnaires varied widely between various countries (Table 5). Likewise, agencies mandated to deal with marine / maritime matters as well as MIS / BW issues varied considerably. But in general, maritime matters were dealt with by a relevant Port Authority, while MIS fell under the purview of Marine / coastal zone management bodies. Interestingly, many countries had a relatively wide range of stakeholder involvement, either current (e.g. USA) or envisaged (St. Lucia, The Bahamas), with most countries reporting at least two agencies as being responsible. There was a general lack of awareness of MIS / BW issues. A ‘formal’ or established focal point for dealing with MIS was also lacking. Current human resource capacity With few exceptions (notably USA, Colombia), most of the countries in the WCR did not have adequate human capacity to deal with MIS / BW issues - current or imminent (Table 6). While a number of countries indicated that one or more persons were trained in or had experience with MIS / BW issues, it is likely that these persons were trained in the area of marine / coastal zone management and not in MIS / BW management per se. In view of the fact that there has been no specific training activity in the region on MIS / BW and it was obvious from the response to the next section (“participation in MIS / BW projects”) that no activities had been undertaken, it seems likely that the question was misunderstood. Indeed, the need for urgent capacity building was almost universally acknowledged. In addition, both USA and Colombia, which had some ongoing capacity building activities, stressed on the need for additional capacities, even as it was conceded that a good start had been made towards addressing this particular need in a relatively new problem area. 21 Table 5. National / territory level contact for issues related to Marine Invasive Species (MIS), including Ballast Water (BW) Management Country Anguilla (U.K) Antigua and Barbuda Bermuda (U.K) The Bahamas Contact for person(s) completing questionnaire James C. Gumbs Director, Fisheries and Marine Resources, Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources Government of Anguilla, P O Box 60, Crocus Hill Tel. 264 497 2871/8705 Fax 264 497 8567 [email protected] Agencies involved in MIS / BW Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources Philmore A. James, Senior Fisheries Officer, Fisheries Division, Point Wharf, St. John’s; Tel: 268 462 1372/ 268 764 1266 [email protected] Mr. Lionel Michael, Chief Health Inspector / Ms. Sharon Martin, Port Health Officer, Central Board of Health, All Saints Road, St. John’s; Tel: 268 462 2936 Mr. Hugh Mack, Antigua Port Authority, Deep Water Harbour St. John’s; Tel: 268 727 3133 [email protected] Ms. Maxine James, ABDF/ Coast Guard Base, Deep Water Harbour St. John’s Jack Ward – Director, Department of Conservation Services (DCS) Tel 441 293 4464 ext 114 fax 441 293 6451 [email protected] Stacey Wells-Moultrie, Bahamas Environment, Science and Technology (BEST) Commission, Ministry of Energy and the Environment, Nassau Court Nassau, The Bahamas Tel: 242-322-2576 Fax:242-326-3509 [email protected] or [email protected] Central Board of Health (CBH) Ministry of Health Department of Environment Contact information for agencies in MIS / BW Department of Fisheries Marine Resources, Government of Anguilla, PO Box 60, Crocus Hill, Anguilla Tel. 264 497 2871/8705 Fax 264 497 8567 [email protected] Karim Hodge, Director of Environment, Chief Minister’s Office, P O Box 60 The Valley, Anguilla Tel. 264 497 2871 [email protected] All Saints Road St. John’s Antigua W.I. Tel: 268 462 2936 Role / responsibility Fisheries Management and regulating marine resource use. Marine Pollution Supervision of Ports Direct Inspection and Assessment Antigua Port Authority Antigua Port Authority Deep Water Harbour St. John’s Antigua W.I. Tel: 268 462 0050 / 268 727 3133 Port and Harbour Management Department of Environmental Protection DCS Tom Sleeter – Director [email protected] Regulatory Species and habitat management The Bahamas Maritime Authority Jack Ward – Director [email protected] Tel: 242-394-3024 Fax: 242-394-3014 Port Department Tel: 242-328-7126 Department of Marine Resources BEST Commission Tel:242-393-1777 Port state control and management of harbours, ports and marinas Management of marine resources including fisheries Marine environmental issues including invasive species National parks including marine protected areas Bahamas Nat’l Trust Tel:242-322-2576 Fax:242-326-3509 Tel: 242-393-1317 Awareness re: MIS / BW issues YES Port Operations Port State Control Port state control and ship inspections Somewhat; Various Officers from different agencies may have dealt with aspects of Marine Invasive Species (MIS), including the potential threats from Ballast Waters (BW) YES Yes 22 Country Barbados Cayman Islands (U.K) Colombia Curacao (Netherlands) Contact for person(s) completing questionnaire Dr. Lorna Inniss, Deputy Director and Ms. Angelique Brathwaite, Marine Biologist, Coastal Zone Management Unit, Bay Street, Bridgetown; Tel: 1 246 427 1587 Email: [email protected] Ms. Gina Ebanks-Petrie Director of Environment and Mr. Timothy Austin, Assistant Director, Research & Assessment, Department of Environment, P.O. Box 486GT, Grand Cayman, Tel: (345) 949-8469 [email protected] Agencies involved in MIS / BW CZMU International Transport Barbados Port Authority Environment Division Department of Environment 1. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras INVEMAR Cerro Punta de Betín, Zona Portuaria, Santa Marta, Magdalena. Tel: +57 (5) 4211380 Fax: +57(5) 4312986 [email protected] 2. Direccion General Marítima (DIMAR), Vicealmirante Edgar Augusto Cely Nùñez, Director [email protected] Area Medio Ambiente Marino, DIMAR, Trans 41 No 27 – 50 CAN Bogotà ; CF Esteban Uribe Alzate, Bogotà. Tel: 57 -1-2200490 Ext. 2701; [email protected] PU Luz Angela Castro, Bogotà. Tel: 57-1-2200490 Ext 2704; [email protected] ; CN Orlando Solorzano Martinez, Cartagena. Tel: 669 4104 ext 102; [email protected]; PU Mary Luz Cañon Paez; Cartagena. ext 107; [email protected]; PE Gustavo Tous Herazo. Cartagena. ext 107; [email protected] Dr. Adolphe O. Debrot Carmabi Foundation P.O. Box 2090 [email protected] 599-9-462-4242 DIMAR (Marine and Ports Institution) Maritime Authority of the Cayman Islands Contact information for agencies in MIS / BW Angelique Brathwaite Valerie Brown Role / responsibility Richard Alleyne Harbour Master Kim Downes Ms. Gina Ebanks-Petrie Director of Environment, Department of Environment, PO Box 486GT, G. Cayman Tel: (345) 949-8469 [email protected] Capt. Barrie Rial, PO Box 2256GT, Grand Cayman [email protected] Director [email protected] Biodiversity Focal Point Safeguarding local marine natural resources. Marine Biologist Chief Technical Officer Drafting and implementing local legislation for IMO BW Convention Direction, Coordination and Control of Maritime activities, including the adoption of the Convention on Ballast Water Ministry of Environment, Household, Territorial Development Leonardo Muñoz, Dirección Ecosistemas, MAVDT Legislation Colombian Institute for Marine and Coastal Research (INVEMAR) Francisco Arias I. General Director, INVEMAR, (same address as in Column 2). Tel +57 (5) 4211380 Scientific research Regional Environmental Authorities - Control Agriculture and Fisheries Service Klein Kwartier 33, Curacao [email protected]. com Werf de Wilde, P.O.Box 689 [email protected] P. Henriquez [email protected] Insular fisheries legislation Harbor Safety Inspection Curacao Ports Authority Inspection, pollution compliance Awareness re: MIS / BW issues Somewhat: Most agencies have only a cursory knowledge High level of awareness in Department of Environment and Maritime Authority; Low awareness in other agencies 1. Somewhat, awareness is evident in some agencies, but is not a priority in research and/or policies 2. YES, for BW issues Not really aware of any problems, so level seems adequate as long as there are no issues 23 Country Contact for person(s) completing questionnaire Agencies involved in MIS / BW Carmabi Foundation www.carmabi.org National Department of Public Health and Environment Netherlands Antilles Shipping Inspection and REMPITC Fokkerweg 26 Dominican Republic Guyana Haiti Jamaica Francisco X. Geraldes Centro de Investigaciones De Biologia Marina, Universidad Autonoma De Santo Domingo [email protected] Mr. Doorga Persaud, Executive Director, Environment Protection Agency (EPA), IAST Building, Turkeyen Campus, Greater Georgetown; Ramesh Lilwah, Biodiversity Specialist, and Annie Pitamber, Senior Env’l Officer, EPA, Natural Resource Management Dvsn, 263 Earl’s Ave. Subryanville, Georgetown Tel: 592 225-5892 / 6048 [email protected] [email protected] Exil Lucienna, Director, Coastal and Aquatic Ecosystem Services, Ministry of Environment, 181, Ave Jean-Paul II, Haut-Turgeau, Portau-Prince; Tel.:509 245 9309/ 245 7572; Fax: (509) 246 7360 [email protected] ; Fridès Moreau, Nat’l Assn. of Fishermen; Jean Hugues Valcin / Nicson Saintilus, Save the Sea Gp Dimitri Norris, Min. of Environment; Appolon Jean Numa, C’bean Fish Centre; Joseph Wilto, Centre for Reflection & Action for the Environment; Ginnette Lopez, Assn of Haitian “Rondonneurs” Dayne Buddo Natural History Division Subsecretaria de Recursos Costeros y Marinos, Secretaria de Estado de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Ministry of Public Works and Communication Contact information for agencies in MIS / BW A. Debrot, B. Leysner Piscaderabaai, P.O.Box 2090; [email protected] Eric Newton [email protected] [email protected] Thomas Smith [email protected] Herbert Silonero [email protected] 599-9-461-4012/519-6402 Lic. Idalia Acevedo Subsecretaria de Estado Role / responsibility Awareness re: MIS / BW issues Biological research National maritime environmental legislation Ballast water issues, maritime spill preparedness Administration of Dominincan Marine & Coastal Resources Yes Environmental Management No Maritime Office, Transport and Harbors Department. Battery Road , Kingstown, Georgetown, Environment Protection Agency, IAST Building, Turkeyen Campus, Greater Georgetown Monitoring of vessels Ministry of Environment Yves-André Wainright Programme for Sustainable development of Marine Areas YES National Environment and Planning Agency No information No information YES Environment Protection Agency Conservation of biodiversity including marine biodiversity 24 Country Mexico St. Kitts / Nevis Contact for person(s) completing questionnaire The Institute of Jamaica 10-16 East Street Kingston, Jamaica WI Tel: (876) 922-0620-6 ext 249 Fax: (876) 922-1147 [email protected] Hesiquio Benítez Liga Periférico – Insurgentes Sur 4903 Col. Parques del Pedregal Tel (52)+55 5004 5000 Fax (52)+55 5004 4931 [email protected] Verónica Aguilar [email protected] Patricia Koleff [email protected] Mariana Bellot [email protected] Ralph Wilkins, Fisheries Officer, Department Of Fisheries, P. O Box 03, Basseterre; Tel. (869) 465-8045; Fax: (869)466-7254 [email protected] Mc Lean Hobson, Director of Maritime Affairs, Department of Maritime Affairs, P.O. Box 186 Needmust; Tel: (869)466-7032 / 4846; Fax: (869)465-9475 [email protected] Randolph Edmead, Senior Environmental Officer, Physical Planning and Environment P.O. Box 597, Bladens Commercial Development Wellington Road, Basseterre Tel: (869) 465-2277. Fax: (869)465-5842 [email protected] Agencies involved in MIS / BW Institute of Jamaica University of the West Indies, Mona Contact information for agencies in MIS / BW No information No information Role / responsibility Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes Director General of Merchant Marine Management and administration of the marine sector including ballast water Director General of ‘Gateways’ Administration of the marine ‘Gateways’ Secretaría de Marina Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad Department of Maritime Affairs Department of Fisheries Director General of the Environmental Policy and Regional & Sectoral Integration Coordination Unit for International Affairs Director for the Analysis and Priorities Awareness re: MIS / BW issues No information No information Yes, for BW, not for other areas Responsible for national security and contamination of marine environment Establish policies favourable to conservation of the environment, in particular work in area of aquatic invasive species in collaboration with CONABIO Mc Clean Hobson Director Coordinate the area of BW with the Secretaria de Communicaiones y Transportes Integration of the information and databases regarding aquatic invasive species, in collaboration with the national research institutions for assistance in the area of invasive species Oversight for Safety, Security and protection of the Marine Environment Joseph Simmonds Senior Fisheries Officer Marine Resources Management (Fish, Fishers, Vessels, Reefs etc.) YES 25 Country St. Lucia Suriname 25 Contact for person(s) completing questionnaire Dermot Saltibus, Director of Maritime Affairs, St Lucia Air and Sea Ports Authority, P.O. Box 651, Castries Tel: 758 452 2893/4 Fax: 758 453 0889 [email protected] Guy Mathurin, Senior Research Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries, Castries. Tel: 758 468-5600 Fax: 758 450-1185 [email protected] Vaughn Charles, Chief Fisheries Officer, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Pointe Seraphine Tel; 758 468 4135/4143; Fax: +(758) 452 3853 [email protected] and [email protected] Cedric Nelom Director, Office Environmental Monitoring & Enforcement, The National Institute For Environment And Development In Suriname (NIMOS) Tel: +597-520045/520043 Fax: +597-520042 [email protected] Agencies involved in MIS / BW Division of Maritime Affairs25 Department of Fisheries Crop Protection and Quarantine Units Environmental Health Department of the Ministry of Health??? Ministry of Natural Resource – Nature Conservation Division Ministry of Transport, Communication & Tourism – Maritime Authority Suriname Maritime Authority Suriname and the respective District Commissioner, assisted by the Proscecutor’s office, the Police and the Ministry of Trade and Industry Contact information for agencies in MIS / BW Division of Maritime Affairs P.O. Box 651, Castries, Saint Lucia Tel: +(758) 452 2893/4; Fax: +(758) 453 0889 [email protected] Department of Fisheries Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Pointe Seraphine, Castries, Saint Lucia Tel +(758) 468 4135/4143; Fax: +(758) 452 3853 [email protected] and [email protected] Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries, Union, Castries, Saint Lucia. Tel: +(758)468-5600; Fax: +(758)450-1185 [email protected] Role / responsibility Inspection of vessels; Control and compliance measures Development and Management of the Fisheries Sector Inspection of growing plants, areas under cultivation (including fields, plantations, nurseries, gardens, greenhouses), and plant and plant products in storage or in transportation, particularly with the objective of reporting the existence, outbreak and spread of plant pests and diseases and controlling them. Cornelius Jongbawstraat 14 [email protected] Responsible for arrangements for the protection and maintainance of nature monuments No information Responsible for among others, protection of our marine environment against pollution by marine vessels No information Responsible for the implementation of the Harbours Decree 1981 (S.B. 1981 no. 86), which prohibits discharge of waste, oil, and oil-contaminated water and condemned goods into public waterways and harbours Focal point and clear roles and responsibilities re: MIS / BW have NOT yet been officially established in St. Lucia Awareness re: MIS / BW issues Some reports circulated for information from Crop Protection and Quarantine, Department of Fisheries and Maritime Division, where some persons attended meetings at which MIS and BW formed part of the agenda items discussed NO 26 Country United States of America Contact for person(s) completing questionnaire Dean Wilkinson National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Department of the Interior Office of the Secretary (OS/SIO/NISC) 1849 C Street, NW Washington DC 20240 [email protected] Tel: (202) 354-1875 CDR Kathy Moore, Chief Environmental Standards Division U.S. Coast Guard Tel: (202) 267-2716 [email protected] scg.mil Agencies involved in MIS / BW National Invasive Species Council Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) U.S. State Department U.S. Coast Guard Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service U.S. Maritime Administration Smithsonian Environmental Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Contact information for agencies in MIS / BW Dr. Richard Orr Assistant Director for International Affairs [email protected] (202) 354-1882 Scott Newsham Executive Secretary [email protected] (703) 358-1796 Dean Wilkinson [email protected] (202) 3541875 Kari Duncan [email protected] (703) 358-2464 Virginia Cox [email protected] (202) 647-3883 Currently being reassigned. environmentalstandards@co mdt.uscg.mil (202) 267-2716 Marilyn Katz [email protected] (202) 566-1246 Al Cofrancesco [email protected] ce.army.mil (601) 634-3182 Kenneth Seeley [email protected] a.gov (301)734-3640 Carolyn Junemann [email protected] (202) 366-1920 Whitman Miller [email protected] (443) 482-2439 Sharon Gross [email protected] (703)648-4076 Role / responsibility Planning and policy development for invasive species generally within the U.S. Government. Interagency coordination. Oversight. Similar role to National Invasive Species Council but for aquatic invasives only. Co-Chair—Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. Prevention, monitoring, and control of aquatic invasive species. Research on aquatic invasive species. Education on aquatic invasive species. Research on ballast water treatment technologies and other aspects of the ballast water issue. Co-chair—Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. Ballast water management technology. Member—Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. International organizations, agreements, and negotiations Member—Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. Federal ballast water management policy and regulation (including hull fouling) Member—Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. Monitoring. Risk assessment protocols. Regulation of control technologies. Verification of BW technologies. Member—Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. Aquatic plant management. Research on control technologies. Member—Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. Diseases affecting aquatic organisms. Risk assessment. Member—Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. Research on ballast water management technologies. Member—Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. Monitoring. Databases. Ballast water research. Member—Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. Testing of ballast water management systems, General research on aquatic invasive species. Risk analysis. Awareness re: MIS / BW issues YES 27 Country Venezuela Contact for person(s) completing questionnaire Dr. Jesús Ramos Oropeza Ministerio del Ambiente Oficina Nacional de Diversidad Biológica, C.S.B., Torre Sur, Piso 6, Ofic. 600 El Silencio, Caracas. Telf: 58212-408.4757 / 58 Fax: 58212-408.4756 [email protected] (Same address as above) Lic. Edis Solórzano Tel: 58212-408.2135 / 2136 Fax: 58212-408.2109 [email protected] Lic. Aurora Sanz Agreda Tel: 58212-408.2139 [email protected] Lic. Begoña Mora Celis Tel: 58212-408.2125 [email protected] Agencies involved in MIS / BW Ministerio del Ambiente Oficina Nacional de Diversidad Biológica Ministerio de Infraestructura Instituto Nacional de los Espacios Acuáticos e insulares (INEA) Gerencia de Seguridad Integral Contact information for agencies in MIS / BW C.S.B., Torre Sur, Piso 6, Ofic. 600. El Silencio, Caracas. Telf: 58212-408.4757 / 58 Fax: 58212-408.4756 Av. Orinoco entre Mucuchíes y Perijá. Edif.. INEA. Piso 3. Caracas. Telf: 58212-9091552 /01550 Role / responsibility Gestión de la Diversidad Biológica Programa de Gestión de las Aguas de Lastre Awareness re: MIS / BW issues Yes 28 Table 6. National capacities for Marine Invasive Species (MIS), including Ballast Water, Management Country Anguilla (U.K) Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Capacity – human resource No. of Current Plans re: persons with capacity capacity / years - MIS adequate? building experience None No None Laboratory Boat (s) or access to Materials No Yes Capacity – physical infrastructure Equipment Diving Communication (excluding equipment equipment / diving) networking Current capacity adequate? Plans re: capacity building Yes Yes Yes No None No No No No None No response 7 persons / 10-25 years No None Yes, not adequate Limited No response No Not able to respond 2 persons / 3 years 2+2 persons / 50 years (cumulative): environment protection & 30 years (cumulative): conservation services 1 person / 20 years, plus several BSc. / MSc. trained 7 persons / 3-6 years; BSc. to Ph.D scientists 6 persons / 1-4 years (all DIMAR); 2 technician, 2 University, 2 postgraduate To some extent No No response None Yes, limited Yes Yes, limited Yes Yes, limited Some Yes, limited Yes Yes, limited Yes Yes Yes To some extent No Yes – currently the threat appears minimal & there is adequate capacity to respond Yes Plans for IAS prevention are in place Yes Yes No response Yes Yes Yes Yes None Yes Yes - Yes, scientific monitoring Yes Yes Yes None No None Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No Some capacity building ongoing, more needed Yes for biological analysis; No for microbiology of pathogens Yes Yes Yes Yes No More economic resources needed for expansion and building on current capacity Curacao Netherlan ds None - - Yes Yes Yes Lack of specialized equipment for BW samples from international traffic Yes Yes Yes Dominican 2-4 No None No No No Some Some Some Yes, but only as there are as yet no known or imminent problems No REMPITC aware of need for BW regulations and participates in IMO meetings. Other than that: NO plans, no legislation None Bermuda (U.K) Cayman Islands Colombia INVEMA R Colombia - DIMAR (for BW) To be devised based on needs Steps being taken to formally adopt IMO recommendations & institute appropriate monitoring to ensure compliance 29 Country Republic Guyana Haiti Jamaica Mexico St. Kitts / Nevis St. Lucia Capacity – human resource No. of Current Plans re: persons with capacity capacity / years - MIS adequate? building experience persons None No None 16 persons / No Yes, there 3-10 years; response are 2 technician projected Others: first plans for degree or discussion Masters 1 person / 8 No Proposal years (Ph.D. on BW pending) submitted 4 persons / No This will 1-5 years become with Ph.D. – necessary all research once BW convention is acceded None No No Capacity – physical infrastructure Equipment Diving Communication (excluding equipment equipment / diving) networking Laboratory Boat (s) or access to Materials Current capacity adequate? Plans re: capacity building No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Yes to some extent None Needs strengthening; There are plans to negotiate for a large programme in this regard Yes Yes, insufficient Yes, not sufficient No Yes, insufficient Yes Currently not adequate for MIS management No Currently not adequate for MIS management No Currently not adequate for MIS management No Currently not adequate for MIS management No Currently not adequate for MIS management Yes, but inadequate Yes, but can be improved Database and information systems exist No Yes, plans will have to be put in place for necessary infrastructure at the major ports No No Yes, but lack capacity Yes, but can be improved No Relevant agencies need to get together and decide on what is required 1 person in marine (regulatory) & 1 person in terrestrial sp. (potential trainer) / both M.Sc. Not known No No26 Some, but not free and not adequate Yes, but for use re: current activities Needed Sampling equipment needed No No Yes, but limited Yes, but limited No No Yes, but limited No Not known United States of America Difficult to assess To a large 27 extent Ongoing Yes Yes Yes Yes, but privately owned Yes Yes Yes To a large 28 extent Ongoing Venezuela No response No response No response No response No response No response No response No response No response No response No response Suriname 26 The Maritime Division needs to be staffed and ship inspectors need to receive training in Port State Control and inspection of monitoring equipment. Other bodies (Department of Fisheries, Crop Protection and Quarantine Units, Ministry of Health) require training in monitoring, conduct of investigations, litigation measures, collection of evidence, etc. 27 Current expertise on BW issues is quite good. In other areas related to MIS, the science is generally immature. Although work is being done, basic issues remain in invasion biology. Very difficult to predict what species will become invasive if introduced. Management tools are extremely limited. Progress is being made in such areas, however. 28 The infrastructure for dealing with aquatic invasives in the United States is quite good. A large number of academics are working on various issues. Federal and State agencies are engaged. As in any discipline, there is room for improvement, however. To some extent aquatic invasive issues began as peripheral issues to other responsibilities. The number of people devoted exclusively to marine invasive species is quite small although a large number have been involved with specific issues 30 Physical infrastructure The response to current physical structure was relatively more positive (Table 6). As a result of participating in a range of national and regional projects, programmes and enabling activities in recent years, many countries now had a relatively robust physical infrastructure. There were a few exceptions, however, notably Antigua & Barbuda, Guyana and St. Kitts/Nevis, which indicated the need for a more extensive improvement of the overall physical infrastructure. In addition, communication networks were not as adequate and also needed addressing. Experience in MIS / BW management With the exception of the USA, which had somewhat extensive but relatively recent experiences in MIS/BW management, and Colombia, which had participated as an observer in the Globallast project, none of the other countries had undertaken any activities in MIS / BW management (Table 7). Much of the work in the USA has, however, been undertaken on the West Coast (California) and in Hawai’i. Table 7. National experiences from 2001-2006 in Marine Invasive Species (MIS) / Ballast Water (BW) Management Country Experience in MIS / BW Management Programmes Current status Local No. of Relevant publications and other of programme capacity persons information / partners building/areas trained N/A N/A N/A None Participation in MIS / BW programmes None Species involved in programme N/A None N/A N/A N/A N/A None N/A N/A N/A N/A None N/A N/A N/A N/A Bermuda (UK) Cayman Islands (UK) Colombia INVEMAR None N/A N/A N/A N/A None N/A N/A N/A N/A GloBallast Program, OMI/ PNUD/GEF. BW / sediment monitoring Yes, Taxonomy, bacteriology Six Colombia DIMAR GloBallast Program, OMI/ PNUD/GEF. BW / sediment monitoring Anonymous, 2003a. Anonymous, 2003b. Anonymous, 2006a. Anonymous, 2006b. None N/A Yes, Protection of Marine Environment N/A One Curacao (Netherlan ds) Dominican Republic Guyana Haiti Ongoing; Partners: CIOH; Jorge Tadeo Lozano & Magdalena Universities Ongoing, covering both Atlantic and Pacific coasts N/A N/A None N/A N/A N/A N/A Boschma, 1953; Roos, 1971; Bak, 1985; Nagelkerken et al., 1999; Debrot, 2003; Zabin, 2005; None None None N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Jamaica None N/A N/A N/A N/A Mexico None N/A N/A N/A N/A Anguilla (UK) Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados 29 Nation guided by international / local laws & regulations on health & litter / marine / waste management In 2006, anticipate participation in BW Globallast programme Attendance of one staff member at BW Meetings for two years Varnham (2006) Regulations for control of BW discharge in Cayman waters have been written: awaiting adoption Rondón et al. 2003a; Rondón, et al. 2003b None Discussions ongoing for a large programme in MIS / BW Buddo et al., 2003 The Institute of Jamaica and UWI have put forward a BW proposal for funding: awaiting approval HACCP training: risk management of risks from invasive pathogenic species in fish production29 http://www.conabio.gob.mx/conocimiento/info_especies/especies_invasoras/doctos/especiesinvasoras.html 31 Country Experience in MIS / BW Management Programmes Current status Local No. of Relevant publications and other of programme capacity persons information / partners building/areas trained N/A N/A N/A None St. Kitts / Nevis St. Lucia Participation in MIS / BW programmes None Species involved in programme N/A None N/A N/A N/A N/A Suriname None N/A N/A N/A N/A United States of America Rapid response to Caulerpa infestation in California Caulerpa taxifolia No response No response National Control & Management Plan Sabellid worm eradication in abalone Caulerpa taxifolia No response No response No response No response Eradication of knotted wrack in San Francisco Bay Management of Phragmites Ascophyllum nodosum Completed; NOAA, State of California, USDA, USFWS. Plan complete Multiple partners Completed; NOAA funded Private researchers Completed; Smithsonian Environmental Research Ctr Ongoing; Multiple Federal and State agencies No response No response Yes, Pesticide use, and physical removal of plants Unable to determine mostly operated by State Govts Management of Spartina on west coast Spartina spp. National Control and Management Plan for green crab Carcinus maenas Removal of non-native macroalgae fouling Hawaiian coral reefs Five species of introduced algae Ongoing; Multiple Federal / State agencies Plan completecurrently being implemented; Multiple State / Federal agency and private researchers Ongoing NOAA and the State of Hawaii Yes, Removal of fouling algae Undaria removal in Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Nutria control Undaria pinnatifida Ongoing; NOAA Yes, Physical removal Expertiseleveldependant: may be few hundred. A more limited number of skin divers; but program has others people providing support Dozens of volunteers Myocastor coypus None N/A Ongoing; APHIS; State Governments, USFWS N/A N/A N/A Venezuela Terebrasabella heteroincinata Phragmites australis St. Lucia needs to consider acceding to the BW Convention Increasing MIS / BW awareness may assist with inclusion of these issues in the National Biodiversity Action Plan, now being developed Literally hundreds of papers have been written in the area of aquatic invasives, and a list can be provided. Government publications include Meeting the Invasive Species Challenge (the National Management Plan) available with other document such as criteria for ranking pathways at www.invasivespecies.gov The Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force web site has the strategic plan and items such as a generic risk assessment protocol. http://anstaskforce.gov The Army Corps of Engineers has prepared CD-ROMS on aquatic plant management. Other web sites that may be of interest: In addition to the U.S. Federal Government, individual State governments play a key role in many areas. Many resources in coastal waters are under State jurisdiction. The States have been in the lead on control efforts. They are also a key portion of monitoring efforts. A number of States have passed their own ballast water management regulations, and at least a couple are sponsoring research into methods of managing ballast water. See Annex VII for additional sources of information from the USA Ojasti, 2001a, b. 32 Regional Questionnaires Mandate region and areas of expertise Four regional agencies responded to the questionnaire, each addressing a different mandate as well as geographical area (Table 8). Table 8. Regional level contact for issues related to Marine Invasive Species (MIS), including Ballast Water (BW) Management Name and address of Agency Contact for person(s) completing questionnaire Biscayne National Park 9700 S.W. 328th Street Homestead, FL, 33033, USA Richard Curry, Chief, Division of Science and Resource Management 305-230-1144, Ext 3006, [email protected] Shelby Moneysmith, Marine Technician, 305-230-1144, Ext 3009, Fax: 305-230-1190, [email protected] Dr. Robin Mahon Phone 246-417-4570 Fax 246-424-4204 [email protected] CERMES, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico Hesiquio Benítez Liga Periférico – Insurgentes Sur 4903 Col. Parques del Pedregal Tel (52)+55 5004 5000 Fax (52)+55 5004 4931 [email protected] Verónica Aguilar [email protected] Patricia Koleff [email protected] Mariana Bellot [email protected] Virgin Islands National Park/Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument Rafe Boulon, Chief Resource Management / Steve Clark, Chief Ranger, Law Enforcement VI National Park/Coral Reef NM, 1300 Cruz Bay Creek St. John, VI 00830 Countries in which agency undertakes activities / project Mostly southeast Florida; minimal in US Virgin Islands Area(s) of expertise / responsibility Barbados, British Virgin Islands. Guyana, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Multi-lateral projects involving the United States of America and Canada Fisheries Coastal management Climate change Sustainable tourism Biodiversity Biological information systems and risk analysis for biodiversity; Director for International Affairs: Networking Mariana Bellot [email protected]. mx Technical Director for Analysis and Priorities: Expert Analyst - Verónica Aguilar [email protected] .mx Conservation/Research/Inv entory and Monitoring of protected areas (Rafe Boulon) Enforcement of regulations, visitor protection (Steve Clark) US Virgin Islands Expertise in most areas of marine and terrestrial resources management, although not in all areas of marine science Awareness re: MIS / BW issues Somewhat: aware of threats by MIS / BW, but limited staff to monitor resources of a fairly large area (450 sq. miles) YES YES No, neither MIS nor BW are considered serious issues at this time Thus, the Insular Caribbean was covered by CERMES (UWI, Barbados), Southeast Florida by the Biscayne Bay National Park, US Virgin Islands (USVI) by the USVI National Park / Coral Reef National Monument. CONABIO in Mexico served as the focal point for the multi-lateral collaboration / projects between the United States of America, Canada and Mexico. The areas of expertise were activity-dependent, thus, CERMES, as a tertiary education body, was involved in regional training / capacity building in a range of areas of current interest, while Biscayne Bay National Park addressed terrestrial and (some) marine resource management. In keeping with its mandate, the USVI National Park performed the dual functions of Conservation / Research / Inventory and Monitoring of protected areas as well as Enforcement of regulations and visitor protection, but was not involved in BW issue. CONABIO supports biological information systems and provides risk analysis for biodiversity. There was general awareness of MIS / BW issues. 33 Current human resource capacity CERMES professional staff was not trained in MIS / BW management per se, nor did it have any specific plans to work in the area, unless additional human resources were made available. It was, nevertheless, expected that expertise in the area could be acquired with relatively minor briefing and exposure to issues and approaches. Biscayne Bay Park did not have the necessary human resource capacity, but could easily source additional relevant expertise from the University of Miami (Table 9). Likewise, USVI National Park could draw necessary assistance from others with experience, and it was expected that the regular monitoring activity would pick up on any new MIS. It was also deemed that the local government officials needed awareness and detection training in MIS / BW. Physical infrastructure Three of the four organizations stated that they had adequate physical infrastructure in keeping with their current mandate and activities (Table 9). Indeed, USVI had the capability of developing the necessary network “to document and treat a potential problem, depending on the level of threat”. Experience in MIS / BW management None of the agencies had any prior experience in MIS/BW management, nor had any plans in place currently towards organizational capacity building. Staff of Biscayne Bay Park felt that the current biggest threat came from individuals who were releasing exotic fish from aquariums. Mexican scientists participated recently in HACCP training in management of risks from invasive pathogenic species in fish production30 Additional Information The response to the national questionnaire from the United States provided a range of additional useful sources of information (Annex VII). The glossary of relevant definitions is located in Annex VIII. 30 http://www.conabio.gob.mx/conocimiento/info_especies/especies_invasoras/doctos/especiesinvasoras.html 34 Table 9. Regional capacities for Marine Invasive Species (MIS), including Ballast Water, Management Agency CONABIO, Mexico Biscayne National Park, Florida Capacity – human resource No. of persons Current Plans re: with / years capacity capacity MIS / BW adequate? building experience 10 persons / 1No, This will 5 years become experience necessary each, Diploma once BW / Doctorates convention is acceded 1 person / 30 No, but None, years; Masters additional since relevant expertise expertise can be can be easily easily sourced sourced Capacity – physical infrastructure Equipment Diving Communication (excluding equipment equipment / diving) networking Laboratory Boat (s) or access to Materials Currently not adequate for MIS management Yes Currently not adequate for MIS management Yes Currently not adequate for MIS management Yes Currently not adequate for MIS management Yes Currently not adequate for MIS management Yes Current capacity adequate? Plans re: capacity building Database and information systems exist No Yes, plans will have to be put in place for necessary infrastructure at the major ports Yes No No, but the organization has the capability of developing the needed network to document and treat a potential problem, depending of the level of threat No plans for work in MIS / BW unless additional human resources are made available None CERMES, Barbados None No No Yes Yes Yes Yes, including GIS Yes Yes Yes Virgin Islands National Park/Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument 7 persons / >50 years combined experience Yes; Park does not deal with BW; MIS can be picked up via regular monitoring Necessary assistance will be drawn upon from others with experience Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes, but local government needs awareness and detection training 35 Discussion Although fewer marine than land species have been described, in some respects the marine realm is more diverse (World Resources Institute, 199231). It hosts 31 of the world's 32 extant animal phyla, 14 of them exclusively marine. Coral reefs, like tropical forests, are renowned for their dazzling species diversity, though recent evidence suggests that the deep sea might also have a remarkably high species diversity. Because many marine species defend themselves chemically, marine biochemical diversity is an exciting source of new medicines. The diversity of life in marine systems also affords recreational and aesthetic pleasures. The oceans' biotic wealth extends beyond numbers of species; the highest measured productivity on Earth is in North Pacific kelp beds. Seafoods provide much of humankind's protein supply. Marine photosynthesizing and shell-forming organisms tie up carbon dioxide that would otherwise intensify global warming. The diversity of marine ecosystems, from structurally complex mangrove forests to seemingly featureless oceanic midwaters, is at least comparable to terrestrial ecosystems. Marine scientists are continually reminded of how little is known about the seas. Not until 1938 was it learned that coelacanth fish, until then known only as fossils, still survived in the Indian Ocean. And it was as recently as 1977 that hydrothermal vents, with diverse and unique associated ecosystems, were discovered in the East Pacific (World Resources Institute, 1992). Protection of this unique heritage for future generations is thus of urgent importance. Invasive species are currently among the foremost, major threats to marine environments and biodiversity Globally, awareness of risks to marine and coastal environments from MIS / BW is relatively recent. Nevertheless, mitigating activities have been moving at a fast pace on various fronts. Management of MIS in BW, mariculture and coastal/marine biodiversity / environment are the three critical areas that have consistently engaged the interest and attention of stakeholders. Recent trends as well as present and future developments in these three areas are discussed below, together with ways in which the WCR can link into and benefit from some of the ongoing and future activities. With regard to BW, the IMO together with various partners has been at the forefront, primarily through the pilot GEF-UNDP-IMO GloBallast project. This first phase (PDF A - 2000 to 2004) included 6 pilot countries: Brazil, China, India, Iran, South Africa and Ukraine. Activities ranged from a review of the legislation, to building awareness, technical training, and port surveys and risk assessments at demonstration sites. Following an evaluation of Phase I, a second Phase GEF-UNDP-IMO Globallast Partnership (GBP) through a PDF-B project, is intended to assist developing countries to enact, through effective partnerships, the necessary national level policy, legal and institutional reforms, and build capacity to address the risks arising from the transfer of invasive aquatic species and pathogens in ships' BW and sediments. Regions will be identified through selected criteria, to implement this project (GISP, 2005). A scoping workshop for the WCR was held in Venezuela in February 2006, facilitated by IMO, UNEP and INEA and organized by RAC-RAMPEITC, during which regional partnerships for Phase II were discussed for incorporation into the overall plan of action. In the early 1990’s, in an effort to limit the transfer of MIS via BW, the IMO established a Ballast Water Working Group as part of the MEPC. This led to the adoption of the 1993 ballast management guidelines, followed by a revised version in 1997 (IMO, 1997). The guidelines recommend a variety of management measures aimed at reducing the risk of IAS introductions, 31 http://pubs.wri.org/pubs_content_text.cfm?ContentID=1681 36 including the exchange of BW at sea, regular removal of sediment from the ballast tanks, and treatment of BW and sediment before discharge. The IMO subsequently developed the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments. The Convention, a legal instrument, was adopted in February 2004, but has yet to come into force (Summary at Annex I). The shipping industry participates actively in the IMO MEPC Ballast Water Working Group. The International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) and the International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (INTERTANKO) and Classification Societies have published Model Ballast Water Management Plans that give practical guidance for the implementation of IMO Guidelines on-board ships (IMO, 1997). All of the approaches recommended under the IMO Guidelines are subject to limitations. Reballasting at sea currently provides the best-available risk minimisation measure, but is subject to serious ship-safety limits. Even when fully implemented, this technique is less than 100% effective in removing organisms from BW. A range of agencies has likewise been collaborating globally on the issue of MIS from the biodiversity and environment perspective. Decisions VI/23 and VII/5 of the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the CBD call for the development of a joint programme of work on managing the major vectors of marine IAS introduction. This process is being coordinated by the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) on behalf of the CBD and in conjunction with the UNEP Regional Seas Programme (RSP), involving all major stakeholders and role-players in the international management of marine IAS. A joint work plan for the management of Marine Invasive Alien Species (MIAS) was presented to the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) at the 11th meeting in Montreal, 28 November - 2 December 2005 (CDB, 2005). This was based on contributions made by various organizations before, during and after a Workshop of the Joint Work Programme on Marine and Coastal Invasive Alien Species, held in Montreal on 27-29 June 2005. In June 2005, scientists, managers and port authority representatives from East Africa attended a GISP / UNEP32 pilot training in Tanzania to test the Training Toolkit on the Management of Marine and Coastal Invasive Species. Participants worked in four groups (1) PreventionUnintentional Introduction (2) Prevention – Intentional Introductions (Mariculture, Fisheries and Aquaria); (3) Post-Border Management; (4) Cross Cutting Issues. For each of the working groups a report was prepared including gaps and needs identified, areas of duplication and possibilities for collaboration and a plan of action to address the gaps, proposing lead agencies, funding possibilities and a possible time frame. GISP was expected to consolidate the 4 reports into one report and develop a work plan with clear future activities, the way forward and roles of the different actors. Among the recommendations, RSP was tasked to consider the possibility of supporting (financially) some regions (such as CAR - Caribbean) in regional activities on MIAS, such as implementing the training course that RSP and GISP developed. Activities in the Pacific region can in many aspects, be considered relevant to the Caribbean, since both regions are primarily island economies and can thus learn from each other’s experiences. Both rely heavily on marine resources, which can be seriously and negatively impacted by MIS. The Pacific region has been actively pursuing development of strategies for IAS management, including MIS. Information from a Workshop on Invasive Species in the Pacific: Strategies for Countering the Threats, 4-5 July 2002 33 should be a useful starting point for the Caribbean. The Workshop identified MIAS as a serious issue. Where good information 32 33 http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/News/Regional_Seas_and_Invasive_Species/default.asp http://www.gbf.ch/desc_workshop_old.asp?no=26&app=&lg=EN&now=3 37 existed, e.g. for Hawai’i, it was clear that MIAS were a severe threat to biodiversity. There was concern that a gap in information on MIAS existed for most of the Pacific region. Regulations for risk analysis on marine alien species were not as well developed or implemented as those for terrestrial species. It was suggested that the development of a Regional Risk analysis could provide models for countries to follow. Methods for prevention of marine invasions urgently needed further development and research, including at an engineering level (e.g. ship design). Ecosystem studies (available niches) would contribute to prevention efforts. Climate change was also of high relevance, since during El Niño events, for instance, organisms could disperse more than in normal times; in addition, increased storms and resulting damage to ships increased the risk of release of MIAS in BW. The science of MIS / BW is still in its infancy. In most countries, more research is needed on taxonomy and identification of species, and there is often a shortage of knowledge about natural distributions (Wittenberg and Cock, 2001). For marine organisms, it is difficult even to state whether a questionable species is indigenous or introduced, i.e. their origin will be unknown (cryptogenic species). The results obtained during these studies should be disseminated to generate public awareness, and also fed into international databases to contribute to an accessible global knowledge base of invasive species. Rapid assessment surveys have been used in the United States34 and Australia35 with some success. No biological control project has been attempted against a marine invader until recently, and studies on the suitability of several parasites against different organisms are underway, e.g. specific parasitic castrators of crabs (Wittenberg and Cock, 2001). The authors point out that consultation with outside experts is especially useful and recommended in difficult or little known situations, such as dealing with marine invasions – in some instances the invasive species will be little known in the scientific community and there may be no control method known. They further suggest that if targets or situations not previously controlled are encountered, techniques will have to be developed and tested as the programme proceeds. Secord (2003), however, emphasizes that biocontrol in marine habitats is risky since it poses many more uncertainties and has a much sparser history than its counterpart on land. The author warns marine biologists and resource managers against including biocontrol in proposals on integrated pest management in marine systems. Based on a review of six ecologically and taxonomically diverse case studies, Secord (2003) concludes that host specificity could not be guaranteed in the marine biocontrol proposals examined and suggests that feasible alternatives to classical biocontrol in the marine realm should be emphasized, including more investment in invasion prevention tools, early detection and eradication while invasions are small, and increased attention to native natural enemies to control exotic pests. Mariculture is another potential area of concern. Non-indigenous species are frequently used in aquaculture and mariculture. Many alien marine species have become firmly established far from their native ranges and are culturally accepted as “just more biodiversity” e.g. Japanese oyster and Manila clam (World Fisheries Trust, 200236). Escapes from marine net pens are not uncommon and escapees often invade their new habitats. For instance, approximately 80% of the salmon production on the Canadian Pacific coast is based on an alien species, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The continuous addition of adult Atlantic salmon into the coastal environment may affect the population of the native relatives, Pacific salmon (Onchorhynchus spp.); recent observations suggest a successful colonization by the exotic species (Wittenberg and Cock, 2001). The greater risk, however, is probably with escape of local species, because 34 35 36 http://massbay.mit.edu/exoticspecies/ras/RASfactsheet.html http://www.marine.csiro.au/crimp/nimpis http://www.biodiv.org/doc/meetings/mar/temctre-01/official/temctre-01-02-en.pdf 38 they are more likely to interbreed with wild populations, which can affect their survival: the ability of natural populations to recover from introgression of genes in farmed specimens has been very little studied (World Fisheries Trust, 200229). There is a need for effective national and international measures and policies in order to mitigate and prevent the negative consequences of such introductions. Since containment in aquaculture cannot be guaranteed, species should not be introduced until a risk assessment has been undertaken to assess the safety of the action proposed (Wittenberg and Cock, 2001). Among the recommended actions to diminish colonizing by marine and brackish water species is the domestication and culture of native species, the avoidance of future introductions, and the controlling of water uses and pollution. (CEC, 2001). Article 9 of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (FAO, 1997) provides a set of voluntary principles and standards that, if applied, ensure potential social and environmental problems associated with aquaculture development are duly addressed and that aquaculture develops in a sustainable manner. Another initiative, the UNCLOS framework (Article 196), requires states to take measures to control the accidental or intentional introduction of exotic species in marine environments37. Conclusions and needs assessment Based on responses to the questionnaires (Tables 5-10), it is clear that very little has been undertaken in most countries, with the exception of the USA (and to a much smaller extent Colombia), where a range of activities are ongoing. Most of these have begun fairly recently in the west of the country (California and Hawai’i). In addition, the science of MIS / BW is still in the early stages of development. Thus, it may take a few years before any concrete results become available. Nevertheless, the WCR can significantly benefit from even the current experiences in the USA and elsewhere (e.g. GloBallast project). In addition, there is scope to participate and partner in, as well as benefit from the experiences of national and regional activities being planned by a number of agencies, including in the South Pacific. As a starting point, most countries need to undertake awareness-raising activities at various levels: policy, planning and implementation, as well as research. Current policy and legislation need to be upgraded to bring it in line with international requirements. In this regard, countries in the region should consider acceding to the Ballast Water Convention (IMO, 2004). St. Kitts and Nevis38 is the only country in the WCR to have signed on to the Convention. While taking appropriate measures will not be mandatory until the Convention has been ratified by the required quorum, this will nevertheless enable countries to access funding, technical advice and other support to build the institutional collaborative structures. There is little national / regional capacity for MIS / BW management. There is thus a need for the provision of fundamental capacity building (training and resources), which will have to be provided by regional / global agencies with relevant experience. Coordination and implementing mechanisms need to be put in place in order to ensure that this capacity building process is undertaken and followed through. With regard to infrastructural capacity, with few exceptions, the available facilities could be upgraded / extended / adapted / modified to accommodate MIS / BW work, both at national and regional levels. Countries that are in need of extensive infrastructure will have to find the means of acquiring the necessary facilities and equipment, either through national resources or external funding sources. Existing training programmes such as those of GISP/UNEP should be expanded and adapted to the WCR as appropriate 37 38 http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/UNCLOS-TOC.htm http://www.imo.org/includes/blastDataOnly.asp/data_id%3D14502/status.xls 39 which should prove more cost-effective than developing entirely new programmes and will also assist with the development of synergies with other regions. There is limited experience in MIS management worldwide, but this is rapidly changing as more and more work is being undertaken and valuable experience acquired, shared and replicated at national, regional and global levels. GISP’s global project “Building Capacity and Raising Awareness in Invasive Species Prevention and Management” has been recently approved for GEF funding at PDF-B level. MIS play a major role with the following activities: • Customisation of GISP course for marine IAS • Improved Management and Conservation Practices for the Cocos Island Marine Conservation Area, Costa Rica The current compilation likewise contributes to regional efforts at collating available information as a starting point. The reported MIS have been placed into nine groups, based on taxonomic classification. Fishes (33%) and arthropods (26%) lead the list in terms of number of species, followed by molluscs (12%), microalgae (12%) and coelentrates (7%), with tunicates, annelids, euprocts and diseases accounting for the remaining 10%. Strategies for MIS management are also being developed in the national programmes of several countries - Australia, Brazil, Chile, New Zealand, Norway, USA and others (CBD, 2005), and can be very useful in developing national strategies. Much of the work in the USA is being undertaken on the West Coast and in Hawai’i, and it is nevertheless expected that the experiences gained will provide valuable guidance to activities in the WCR. It is thus necessary to establish linkages among ongoing and planned projects and programmes in MIS management in the region and elsewhere. Globallast Partnerships is one such project in which the Caribbean region is being given the opportunity to participate. In addition, CABI-CLARC is currently in the process of developing a large project on mitigating the threats of IAS, including MIS / BW for funding by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and other partners. The Caribbean Invasive Species Working Group (CISWG), of which CABI is a founding member, is likewise planning a number of activities, including a pilot Distance Diagnostic Network on IAS. In addition, experience and capacity from other areas, in particular MPA, CZ and CR, can all contribute towards various activities aimed at the overall management of MIS in the WCR. Communications and networking has also been identified as a concern. In this regard, it is necessary to activate / revive / revitalize a number of networks (electronic groups, list-servers) that already exist. Such networks, which are increasingly becoming mainstreamed and widely accessible, can be used for information gathering, discussion, and dissemination. In addition, the possibility of existing maritime networks incorporating MIS / BW protocols into their systems can be explored as another possible mechanism. The needs identified during the current assessment are similar and in keeping with the four major gaps in MIS management reported by Meliane and Hewitt (2005) (summary in Annex IX): - Research - Legislation and regulation - Management methods and options - Funding While acknowledging that “eradication and control options (e.g. clearance, shooting, pesticide, herbicide, etc) used in the terrestrial biota are harder to apply in the aquatic systems”, the authors suggest a Joint Global Work Plan as an instrument that would highlight priorities to be tackled at the international, regional and national levels. Undertaken with a range of partners, this envisages the following components: 40 - Preventing introductions through control of invasion pathways (ballast water, hullfouling, aqua/maricultures, aquarium trade and live seafood/bait) Developing baseline knowledge Incursion and management response: including surveys, eradication/control and new research Cross-cutting issues (training, awareness-raising, information sharing, building distributed information systems that deliver information on risks, identification, and response strategies) In this regard, awareness raising as well as a regional Action Plan is needed. This will link together the individual national and / or sub-regional plans in the WCR on the one hand and global plans on the other. During this process, relevant elements of the two assessments – global and regional – will need to be looked at critically in order to identify synergies and gaps. Where synergies exist, these need to be encouraged and fostered, while seeking ways of narrowing gaps and differences. Stakeholder participation in this process will be vital. It is only through individual as well as collective, collaborative action that strategies for mitigating the effects of MIS can be developed and implemented in the WCR. Acknowledgements We are very grateful to all the contributors who took time from their busy schedules to complete the questionnaires and to participate in the compilation process. Appreciation and thanks to: • CEP staff, in particular Alessandra Vanzella-Khouri, Heidi Savelli-Soderberg and Ingrid Lee Smart, who provided necessary support throughout the project • Anne deGazon of CABI-CLARC for her usual quiet and efficient administrative support • Stas Burgiel, Elianny Dominguez, Francisco Nunez of TNC, Yohann Soubeyran of IUCNFrance, Andrea Grosse of USGS and others for the dissemination of the Questionnaires • Oliver Cheesman of UK for his patience, support and follow-up: this resulted in at least four additional responses. • James Brooks, Thesaurus Manager, CABI-UK for very kindly and promptly providing the copyright information and references for the Definitions section of the report. Bibliography Anonymous 2003a. Sampling ballast water for pathogens: the Colombian Approach. In: Globallast Monograph Series 9. Anonymous 2003b. Presencia de organismos exógenos y patógenos en aguas de lastre de buques de tráfico internacional – fase. 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Summary – Ballast Water Convention 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments 39 http://www.imo.org/Conventions/mainframe.asp?topic_id=867 Adoption: 13 February 2004; Entry into force: 12 months after ratification by 30 States, representing 35 per cent of world merchant shipping tonnage. The Convention is divided into Articles; and an Annex, which includes technical standards and requirements in the Regulations for the control and management of ships' ballast water and sediments. The main features of the Convention are outlined below. General Obligations Under Article 2 General Obligations Parties undertake to give full and complete effect to the provisions of the Convention and the Annex in order to prevent, minimize and ultimately eliminate the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens through the control and management of ships' ballast water and sediments. Parties are given the right to take, individually or jointly with other Parties, more stringent measures with respect to the prevention, reduction or elimination of the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens through the control and management of ships' ballast water and sediments, consistent with international law. Parties should ensure that ballast water management practices do not cause greater harm than they prevent to their environment, human health, property or resources, or those of other States. Reception facilities Under Article 5 Sediment Reception Facilities Parties undertake to ensure that ports and terminals where cleaning or repair of ballast tanks occurs, have adequate reception facilities for the reception of sediments. Research and monitoring Article 6 Scientific and Technical Research and Monitoring calls for Parties individually or jointly to promote and facilitate scientific and technical research on ballast water management; and monitor the effects of ballast water management in waters under their jurisdiction. Survey, certification and inspection Ships are required to be surveyed and certified (Article 7 Survey and certification) and may be inspected by port State control officers (Article 9 Inspection of Ships) who can verify that the ship has a valid certificate; inspect the Ballast Water Record Book; and/or sample the ballast water. If there are concerns, then a detailed inspection may be carried out and "the Party carrying out the inspection shall take such steps as will ensure that the ship shall not discharge Ballast Water until it can do so without presenting a threat of harm to the environment, human health, property or resources." All possible efforts shall be made to avoid a ship being unduly detained or delayed (Article 12 Undue Delay to Ships). Technical assistance Under Article 13 Technical Assistance, Co-operation and Regional Co-operation, Parties undertake, directly or through the Organization and other international bodies, as appropriate, in respect of the control and management of ships' ballast water and sediments, to provide support for those Parties which request technical assistance to train personnel; to ensure the availability of relevant technology, equipment and facilities; to initiate joint research and development programmes; and to undertake other action aimed at the effective implementation of this Convention and of guidance developed by the Organization related thereto. Annex - Section A General Provisions This includes definitions, application and exemptions. Under Regulation A-2 General Applicability: "Except where expressly provided otherwise, the discharge of Ballast Water shall only be conducted through Ballast Water Management, in accordance with the provisions of this Annex." 39 The full text of the Convention is available to purchase from IMO www.imo.org (choose 'Publications', 'Purchase IMO Publications Here', in field box enter 'I620M'.) 45 Annex - Section B Management and Control Requirements for Ships Ships are required to have on board and implement a Ballast Water Management Plan approved by the Administration (Regulation B-1). The Ballast Water Management Plan is specific to each ship and includes a detailed description of the actions to be taken to implement the Ballast Water Management requirements and supplemental Ballast Water Management practices. Ships must have a Ballast Water Record Book (Regulation B-2) to record when ballast water is taken on board; circulated or treated for Ballast Water Management purposes; and discharged into the sea. It should also record when Ballast Water is discharged to a reception facility and accidental or other exceptional discharges of Ballast Water The specific requirements for ballast water management are contained in regulation B-3 Ballast Water Management for Ships: • Ships constructed before 2009 with a ballast water capacity of between 1500 and 5000 cubic metres must conduct ballast water management that at least meets the ballast water exchange standards or the ballast water performance standards until 2014, after which time it shall at least meet the ballast water performance standard. • Ships constructed before 2009 with a ballast water capacity of less than 1500 or greater than 5000 cubic metres must conduct ballast water management that at least meets the ballast water exchange standards or the ballast water performance standards until 2016, after which time it shall at least meet the ballast water performance standard. • Ships constructed in or after 2009 with a ballast water capacity of less than 5000 cubic metres must conduct ballast water management that at least meets the ballast water performance standard. • Ships constructed in or after 2009 but before 2012, with a ballast water capacity of 5000 cubic metres or more shall conduct ballast water management that at least meets the standard described in regulation D-1 or D-2 until 2016 and at least the ballast water performance standard after 2016. • Ships constructed in or after 2012, with a ballast water capacity of 5000 cubic metres or more shall conduct ballast water management that at least meets the ballast water performance standard. Other methods of ballast water management may also be accepted as alternatives to the ballast water exchange standard and ballast water performance standard, provided that such methods ensure at least the same level of protection to the environment, human health, property or resources, and are approved in principle by IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC). Under Regulation B-4 Ballast Water Exchange, all ships using ballast water exchange should: • whenever possible, conduct ballast water exchange at least 200 nautical miles from the nearest land and in water at least 200 metres in depth, taking into account Guidelines developed by IMO; • in cases where the ship is unable to conduct ballast water exchange as above, this should be as far from the nearest land as possible, and in all cases at least 50 nautical miles from the nearest land and in water at least 200 metres in depth. When these requirements cannot be met areas may be designated where ships can conduct ballast water exchange. All ships shall remove and dispose of sediments from spaces designated to carry ballast water in accordance with the provisions of the ships' ballast water management plan (Regulation B-4). Annex - Section C Additional measures A Party, individually or jointly with other Parties, may impose on ships additional measures to prevent, reduce, or eliminate the transfer of Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens through ships' Ballast Water and Sediments. In these cases, the Party or Parties should consult with adjoining or nearby States that may be affected by such standards or requirements and should communicate their intention to establish additional measure(s) to the Organization at least 6 months, except in emergency or epidemic situations, prior to the projected date of implementation of the measure(s). When appropriate, Parties will have to obtain the approval of IMO. Annex - Section D Standards for Ballast Water Management There is a ballast water exchange standard and a ballast water performance standard. Ballast water exchange could be used to meet the performance standard: 46 Regulation D-1 Ballast Water Exchange Standard - Ships performing Ballast Water exchange shall do so with an efficiency of 95 per cent volumetric exchange of Ballast Water. For ships exchanging ballast water by the pumping-through method, pumping through three times the volume of each ballast water tank shall be considered to meet the standard described. Pumping through less than three times the volume may be accepted provided the ship can demonstrate that at least 95 percent volumetric exchange is met. Regulation D-2 Ballast Water Performance Standard - Ships conducting ballast water management shall discharge less than 10 viable organisms per cubic metre greater than or equal to 50 micrometres in minimum dimension and less than 10 viable organisms per milliliter less than 50 micrometres in minimum dimension and greater than or equal to 10 micrometres in minimum dimension; and discharge of the indicator microbes shall not exceed the specified concentrations. The indicator microbes, as a human health standard, include, but are not be limited to: a. Toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae (O1 and O139) with less than 1 colony forming unit (cfu) per 100 milliliters or less than 1 cfu per 1 gram (wet weight) zooplankton samples ; b. Escherichia coli less than 250 cfu per 100 milliliters; c. Intestinal Enterococci less than 100 cfu per 100 milliliters. Ballast Water Management systems must be approved by the Administration in accordance with IMO Guidelines (Regulation D-3 Approval requirements for Ballast Water Management systems). These include systems which make use of chemicals or biocides; make use of organisms or biological mechanisms; or which alter the chemical or physical characteristics of the Ballast Water. Prototype technologies Regulation D-4 covers Prototype Ballast Water Treatment Technologies. It allows for ships participating in a programme approved by the Administration to test and evaluate promising Ballast Water treatment technologies to have a leeway of five years before having to comply with the requirements. Review of standards Under regulation D-5 Review of Standards by the Organization, IMO is required to review the Ballast Water Performance Standard, taking into account a number of criteria including safety considerations; environmental acceptability, i.e., not causing more or greater environmental impacts than it solves; practicability, i.e., compatibility with ship design and operations; cost effectiveness; and biological effectiveness in terms of removing, or otherwise rendering inactive harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens in ballast water. The review should include a determination of whether appropriate technologies are available to achieve the standard, an assessment of the above mentioned criteria, and an assessment of the socio-economic effect(s) specifically in relation to the developmental needs of developing countries, particularly small island developing States. Annex- Section E Survey and Certification Requirements for Ballast Water Management Gives requirements for initial renewal, annual, intermediate and renewal surveys and certification requirements. Appendices give form of Ballast Water Management Certificate and Form of Ballast Water Record Book. Resolutions adopted by the Conference The Conference also adopted four resolutions: • Conference resolution 1: Future work by the Organization pertaining to the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments • Conference resolution 2: The use of decision-making tools when reviewing the standards pursuant to Regulation D-5 • Conference resolution 3: Promotion of technical co-operation and assistance • Conference resolution 4: Review of the Annex to the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments 47 Annex IIa and IIb. National and regional questionnaires - English40 Prepared by CAB International Caribbean and Latin America Regional Centre, Trinidad & Tobago for UNEP-CAR/RCU's Programme on Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW). Completed questionnaires should be sent to Mrs. Vyjayanthi Lopez at [email protected] by March 22, 2006. IIa. Questionnaire: National capacities and experiences in marine invasive species management programmes including ballast waters in the Wider Caribbean Name of Country / territory Name of Focal point addressing the questionnaire Contact details of the Focal point addressing the questionnaire Name and contact information for person(s) assisting with the questionnaire: Name Contact information 1. Which Governmental and other agencies have the mandate for dealing with issues related to the marine sector, including Maritime (ballast water) issues? Name of Agency Contact Information Role / responsibility (add more spaces / lines to the table as necessary) 2. Is there awareness among the various agencies on the issue of Marine Invasive Species (MIS), including the potential threats from Ballast Waters (BW)? • Yes • No • Somewhat (please specify) 3. Which Governmental agencies have the mandate for dealing with issues related to MIS, including BW, management? Name of Agency Contact Information Role / responsibility (add more spaces / lines to the table as necessary) 4. How many persons have any experience in MIS / BW management? Agency No. of persons No. of years of experience Education level(s) Role / responsibility (add more spaces / lines to the table as necessary) 5. Is the current / available level of expertise adequate to deal with imminent problems concerning MIS, including BW, management? 40 http://www.cep.unep.org/features/2006/marine-invasive-species ; http://www.cep.unep.org/features/2006/national-questionnaireon-mis-wider-caribbean.doc/view ; http://www.cep.unep.org/features/2006/regional-questionnaire-on-mis-wider-caribbean.doc/view 48 If yes, are any further improvements needed? (add more spaces to the table if necessary) If no, are there any plans in place for dealing with this issue? (add more spaces to the table if necessary) 6. What infrastructural capacity is available in your country to deal with MIS, including BW, management? Item Yes / No Laboratory facilities Appropriate boat(s) or access to Materials Equipment (excluding diving) Appropriate diving equipment Communication networks Any other (please specify) (add more spaces / lines to the table as necessary) 7. Is the current / available infrastructural capacity adequate to deal with imminent problems concerning MIS? If yes, are any further improvements needed? (add more spaces to the table if necessary) If no, are there any plans in place for dealing with this issue? (add more spaces to the table if necessary) 8. Has your country participated in any MIS management programme(s) in the past five years? Yes ( No ( ) If yes, name the programme(s), species involved, partners and current status (ongoing, completed) Programme Species involved Partners Current status (add more spaces / lines to the table as necessary or give details on a separate sheet; also please provide any available electronic linkages to the programme(s) in Section 9 below) 9. Did any of the programme(s) (above) result in local capacity building in dealing with MIS? Yes ( No ( ) ) ) 49 If yes, name the programme(s), no. of persons trained, area in which they received training and current status (trained persons still working in the area or have moved on) Programme No. persons trained Area of training Current status (add more spaces / lines to the table as necessary) 10. Any relevant publications / electronic links (add more spaces / lines as necessary) 11. Any other information related to MIS / BW management (add more spaces / lines as necessary) IIb. Questionnaire: Regional capacities and experiences in marine invasive species management programmes including ballast waters in the Wider Caribbean Name and Address of the Regional Organization / Agency Name and full contact details (including telephone, fax, email) of principal person addressing the questionnaire Name and contact information for person(s) assisting with the questionnaire: Name Contact information Any other relevant information: 1. In which countries of the region does your organization normally undertake projects / activities? (add more space / lines if necessary) 2. What are the principal area(s) of expertise of your organization? 3. Is there awareness within your organization on the issue of Marine Invasive Species (MIS), including the potential threats from Ballast Waters (BW)? • • • YES NO SOMEWHAT (please specify – add more spaces / lines if necessary) 4. Which division(s) in your organization has the mandate for dealing with issues related to the marine sector, including Maritime (ballast water) issues? Name of Division Contact Information Role / responsibility (add more spaces / lines to the table as necessary) 5. Which division(s) has the mandate for dealing with issues related to MIS, including BW, management? Name of Division Contact Information (add more spaces / lines to the table as necessary) Role / responsibility 50 6. How many persons in your organization have any experience in MIS / BW management? Division No. of persons No. of years of experience Education level(s) Role / responsibility (add more spaces / lines to the table as necessary) 7. Is the current / available level of expertise in your organization adequate to deal with imminent problems concerning MIS, including BW, management, in your region? • If yes, are any further improvements needed? (add more spaces to the table if necessary) • If no, are there any plans in place for dealing with this issue? (add more spaces to the table if necessary) 8. What infrastructural capacity is available within your organization to deal with MIS, including BW, management? Item Yes / No Laboratory facilities Appropriate boat(s) or access to Materials Equipment (excluding diving) Appropriate diving equipment Communication networks Any other (please specify) (add more spaces / lines to the table as necessary) 9. Is the current / available organizational infrastructural capacity adequate to deal with imminent problems concerning MIS, including BW, in your region? If yes, are any further improvements needed? (add more spaces to the table if necessary) If no, are there any plans in place for dealing with this issue? (add more spaces to the table if necessary) 10. Has your organization participated in any MIS management programme(s) in the past five years? Yes ( ) No ( ) 51 • If yes, name the programme(s), species involved, partners and current status (ongoing, completed) Programme Species involved Partners Current status (add more spaces / lines to the table as necessary or give details on a separate sheet; also please provide any available electronic linkages to the programme(s) in Section 12 below) 12. Did any of the programme(s) (above) result in regional capacity building in dealing with MIS? Yes ( No ( ) • If yes, name the programme(s), no. of persons trained, area in which they received training and current status (trained persons still working in the area or have moved on) Programme No. persons trained Area of training Current status (add more spaces / lines to the table as necessary) 13. Any relevant publications / electronic links (add more spaces / lines as necessary) 14. Any other information related to MIS / BW management (add more spaces / lines as necessary) ) 52 Annex III a and III b: National and Regional Questionnaires – Spanish41 Confeccionado por CAB International, Centro Regional del Caribe y América Latina (CABI-CLARC), Trinidad y Tobago, para el programa de Área y Fauna Especialmente Protegida (SPAW por sus siglas en inglés - Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife) IIIa. Cuestionario: Capacidades y experiencias nacionales en programas de manejo de especies invasoras marinas, incluso aguas de lastre, en el Caribe Ampliado Nombre del País/ territorio Nombre del Punto Focal a quien corresponda el cuestionario Detalles para contactar el Punto Focal a quien corresponda el cuestionario Nombres y detalles para contactar las personas que ayudan con el cuestionario Nombre Información de contacto 1. Cual agencia, del Gobierno u otra, tiene el mandato para asuntos del sector marítimo, incluso aguas de lastre marítimas? Nombre de la Agencia Información de Contacto Papel / responsabilidad (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) 2. Existe una conciencia sobre asuntos de especies invasoras marinas (EIM), incluso la amenaza potencial de aguas de lastre, entre las diferentes agencias? • SI • NO • HASTA CIERTO PUNTO (especifique, por favor) 3. Cuál agencia, del Gobierno u otra, tiene el mandato para asuntos de EIM, incluso el manejo de aguas de lastre? Nombre de la Agencia Información de Contacto Papel / responsabilidad (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) 4. Cuántas personas tienen experiencia con el manejo de EIM o aguas de lastre? Agencia No. de personas No. de años de experiencia Nivel(es) de Educación Papel / responsabilidad (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) 41 http://www.cep.unep.org/features/2006/las-especies-invasoras-marinas/ ; http://www.cep.unep.org/features/2006/cuestionarionacional.doc/view/ ; http://www.cep.unep.org/features/2006/cuestionario-regional.doc/view/ 53 5. Es adecuado el nivel de experiencia actual, disponible para manejar los problemas inminentes relacionados con el manejo de EIM, incluso aguas de lastre? a. En caso afirmativo, se necesitan algunas mejoras adicionales? (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) b. En caso negativo, existen planes para solucionar estos asuntos? (agregue filas cuando sea necesario) 6. Cuál infraestructura está disponible para el manejo de EIM, incluso aguas de lastre? Ítem Si / No Laboratorio equipado Bote(s) adecuado(s) o acceso a los mismos Materiales Equipo (excluyendo el de buceo) Equipo apropiado de buceo Redes de comunicación Otro (especifique por favor) (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) 7. Es adecuada la infraestructura disponible para manejar los problemas inminentes relacionados al manejo de EIM, incluso aguas de lastre? a. En caso afirmativo, se necesitan algunas mejoras adicionales? (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) b. En caso negativo, existen planes para solucionar estos asuntos? (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) 8. Ha participado su país en algún programa de manejo de EIM en los últimos cinco años? Si ( ) No ( ) a. En caso afirmativo, cuales fueron los títulos de los programas, las especies involucradas, los socios y cual es el estatus actual (en ejecución, terminado) Programa Especies involucradas Socios Estatus actual 54 (Agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario o proporcione detalles en una hoja adicional. Por favor proporcione cualquier enlace electrónico a los programas en la sección 9 a continuación) 9. Algunos de estos programas mencionados anteriormente, resultaron en la capacitación local para el manejo de EIM? Si ( ) No ( ) a. En caso afirmativo, cual fue el título del programa? Cuantas personas fueron capacitadas? En que área se capacitaron? Y cual es el estatus actual (personas capacitadas siguen trabajando en la temática o cambiaron a otro puesto)? Programa No. de personas capacitadas Temática de la capacitación Estatus actual (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) 10. Mencione cualquier publicación relevante / enlaces electrónicos (agregue filas cuando sea necesario) 11. Indique cualquier información relacionada con el manejo de EIM / aguas de lastre (agregue filas/hojas cuando sea necesario) IIIb. Cuestionario: Capacidades y experiencias regionales en programas de manejo de especies invasoras marinas, incluso aguas de lastre, en el Caribe Ampliado Nombre y Dirección de la Organización / Agencia Regional Nombre y detalles de contacto completos (teléfono, fax, correo electrónico) de principales personas a quienes corresponda el cuestionario Nombres y detalles completos de personas que ayudan con el cuestionario: Nombre Información de contacto Cualquier otra información relevante: 1. Normalmente en cuáles países de la región, su organización está realizando proyectos y actividades? (Agregue filas adicionales cuando sea necesario) 2. Cuáles son las principales áreas de experiencia de su organización? 3. Existe dentro de su organización, una conciencia sobre asuntos de especies invasoras marinas (EIM), incluso la amenaza potencial de aguas de lastre,? • • • SI NO HASTA CIERTO PUNTO (especifique, por favor) 4. Cuál unidad de su organización tiene el mandato para asuntos del sector marítimo, incluyendo aguas de lastre marítimas? 55 Nombre de la Unidad Información de Contacto Papel / responsabilidad (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) 5. Cuál unidad de su organización tiene el mandato para asuntos relacionados con el manejo de especies invasoras marinas (EIM), incluyendo aguas de lastre? Nombre de la Unidad Información de Contacto Papel / responsabilidad (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) 6. Cuántas personas tienen experiencia con el manejo de EIM o aguas de lastre? Agencia No. de personas No. de años de experiencia Nivel(es) de Educación Papel / responsabilidad (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) 7. Dentro de su organización, es adecuado el nivel actual de experiencia para manejar los problemas inminentes relacionados con el manejo de EIM, incluyendo aguas de lastre? a. En caso afirmativo, se necesitan algunas mejoras adicionales? (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) b. En caso negativo, existen planes para solucionar estos asuntos? (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) 8. Dentro de su organización, cuál infraestructura está disponible para el manejo de EIM, incluyendo aguas de lastre,? Ítem Si / No Laboratorio equipado Bote(s) adecuado(s) o acceso a los mismos Materiales Equipo (excluyendo el de buceo) Equipo apropiado de buceo Redes de comunicación Otro (especifique por favor) (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) 9. Dentro de la región, es adecuada la infraestructura organizacional disponible para para manejar los problemas inminentes relacionados con el manejo de EIM, incluyendo aguas de lastre,? 56 a. En caso afirmativo, se ocupan algunas mejoras adicionales? (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) b. En caso negativo, existen planes para solucionar estos asuntos? (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) 10. Ha participado su organización en algún programa de manejo de EIM en los últimos cinco años?? Si ( ) No ( ) a. En caso afirmativo, cuáles fueron los títulos de los programas, las especies involucradas, los socios y cuál es el estatus actual (en ejecución, terminado) Programa Especies involucradas Socios Estatus actual (Agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario o proporcione detalles en una hoja adicional. Por favor proporcione cualquier enlace electrónico a los programas en sección 11 a continuación) 11. Algunos de estos programas anteriormente mencionados, resultaron en la capacitación local para el manejo de EIM? Si ( ) No ( ) a. En caso afirmativo, cuál fue el título del programa? Cuántas personas fueron capacitadas? En cuál área se capacitaron? Y cuál es el estatus actual ( las personas capacitadas siguen trabajando en esta temática o cambiaron a otro puesto)? Programa No. de personas capacitadas Temática de la capacitación Estatus actual (agregue filas al cuadro cuando sea necesario) 12. Anote cualquier publicación relevante / enlaces electrónicos (agregue filas cuando sea necesario) 13. Indique cualquier otra información relacionada con el manejo de EIM / aguas de lastre (agregue filas cuando sea necesario) 57 Annex IV. Organizations with past or ongoing projects / activities in the Wider Caribbean Region (Of potential relevance to future activities on Marine Invasive Species / Ballast Waters management - based on Internet / website searches) International / Regional agencies with regional / multi-national focus Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Contact information Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance Caribbean Conservation Association http://www.ccanet.net/ Community-based coral reef monitoring and management Caribbean Coastal co-management guidelines project http://www.ccanet.net/Cammp/R8317.htm Caribbean Natural Resources Institute (CANARI): Caribbean Conservation Association, "Chelford", The Garrison, St. Michael, Barbados Telephone: (246) 426-5373 Fax: (246) 429-8483 [email protected] Caribbean Natural Resources Institute Fernandes Industrial Centre, Administrative Building, Eastern Main Road, Laventille, Trinidad, W.I. Tel: 868-626-6062 . Fax: 868626-1788 . [email protected] Facilitate the development and implementation of policies, programmes and practices, which contribute to the sustainable management of the region's natural and cultural resources Promoting responsible behavior and improved management of the coral reefs and associated resources through strengthening stakeholder participation and capacity building Goal: to promote participatory natural resource management in the Caribbean. Seeks to create avenues for equitable participation & effective collaboration of Caribbean communities & institutions in managing use of natural resources critical to development. CANARI’s programme spans the insular Caribbean and comprises three main elements - research, analysis and advocacy on the methods and institutions required for participatory management. Vision: To promote sustainable use of fisheries and aquaculture resources in and among Member States, by development, management and conservation in collaboration with stakeholders to benefit the people of the Caribbean Mission: Promote and facilitate responsible utilization of the region's fisheries and aquatic resources for economic and social benefit to current and future population of the region Mission: To promote and foster highest quality service to the maritime industry through training development; working with all agencies, groups and other associations for the benefit and development of its members and the peoples of the Caribbean region. The Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity Programme (CARICOMP): Long-term, comparative studies of the biodiversity and productivity of Caribbean coastal ecosystems region-wide, with a MoU with 19 laboratories in 15 countries. Monitoring data: coral reef communities, seagrass ecosystems and mangrove ecosystems and physical measurements Protected area management approaches; Collaborative natural resource monitoring; Locating livelihood strategies in natural resource management; Capacity building for participatory management. Facilities: 5 technical & 4 support staff. Main office in Trinidad & Tobago, with catalogued library collection. Project office in St. Lucia with modest laboratory facilities. Programs implemented with financial support from national, regional & international sources Fisheries Information System: data collection and management Resource assessment and management Human and institutional capacity building Development and promotion of aquaculture and mariculture http://www.canari.org Participatory approaches to natural resource monitoring and management The Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM): http://www.caricom-fisheries.com/ An output of the Caribbean Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Program (CFRAMP), CRFM is the core of a complex interactive network of a wide variety of stakeholders in fisheries. Three bodies together make up CRFM. 1) Ministerial Body; 2) Caribbean Fisheries Forum; and 3) Secretariat Caribbean Fisheries Technical Unit (CFTU) Caribbean Shipping Association, Jamaica Supported Ballast Water Convention Centre for Marine Sciences (CMS) http://www.mona.uwi.edu/cms/ Manual: methods for mapping/monitoring of physical & biological parameters in coastal Caribbean zones http://isis.uwimona.edu.jm/centres/cms/caricomp/met hods_manual.html Two offices: Belize: Headquarters of CRFM Eastern Caribbean: information not available Secretariat, 4 Fourth Avenue, Newport West, P.O. Box. 1050 Kingston CSO Tel: 876 923 3491 Fax: 876 923 3421 Center for Marine Sciences University of the West Indies (UWI) Mona, Kingston 6, Jamaica Tel: 876-927-1609 Fax: 876-977-1037 [email protected] CARICOMP Programme: Data Management Center (DMC) established at UWI Jamaica coordinates regional investigations of transient oceanographic, biological, & meteorological phenomena: serves as clearinghouse for new ideas and methods http://isis.uwimona.edu.jm/centres/cms/caricomp/ 58 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Contact information Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance Eastern Caribbean Coalition for Environmental Awareness (ECCEA) http://www.eccea.org ECCEA Head Office: P.O. Box 4030; Terres Sainville 97254 Fort de France Cdx Martinique Martinique: Galeries de Geologie et de Botanique, Fort de France. Dominica: Goodwill, Roseau. Antigua: PO Box 103 St. John's. St. Vincent: Rev. Mark de Silva, Kingstown Cathedral, Kingstown. Grenada: The Grenadian Voice, Melville St, St. Georges St. Lucia: Jamb de Bois, Castries France - Association pour la Defense de la Nature, Andelot, 52000 Cardinal Lemoine, Paris 75005 Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Apartado Postal: 86-3000 Heredia, Costa Rica. Teléfono:(506)277 3977 Fax:(506)277 3978 Develop strategies beneficial to communities, wildlife & environment; establish mechanisms to ensure ecological sustainable development; Strengthen community structure, cross sectoral relationships and local traditions and cultures; Design programs to enhance and reinforce local economy, national conservation policies, productivity and unique diversity of island ecosystems; Monitor & evaluate effects of coastal development, coastal and distant water fishing fleet activities; Encourage development of management plans to correspond to regional needs, rather than international exigencies. Participatory approach, alternative initiatives (to those potentially damaging) & sustainable low impact development projects are high priorities. Caribbean Community-based Coastal Resource Management (CBCRM) Program, an International Development Research Center (IDRC-Canada) initiative, in collaboration with CARICOM Fisheries Unit - Belize, IOI - Costa Rica and Université Laval in Canada. Phase I (1999-2001) supported 16 projects (Barbados, Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, St. Lucia, Trinidad, USVI). Phase II (2002): Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Dom Republic, Grenada, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Trinidad &Tobago, and Venezuela Database uses: Taxonomy: identification keys and information on fish species, including invasives Biodiversity: adverse and global introductions, invasive exotics Biodiversity Maps: collection points, sites, history; species by climate zone Available in 13 languages, including English, French, Spanish and Netherlands. Facilitate and secure the long-term sustainable development and utilization of world’s fisheries and aquaculture. Committed to working with members, and to forging closer, more effective partnerships with national and international agencies, academia, private sector and civil society for long-term sustainable results in fisheries. Commitment to teamwork, spirit of cooperation & openness for building on past achievements; fostering stable and communityorientated multi-cultural environment; respect Programme focus: reduction of waste sustainable fishing methods coral reef surveys marine mammal / turtle protection through controlled observation endangered spp. survival networking preservation of biological diversity watershed & wetland conservation poverty alleviation nature and heritage tourism women in development organic agriculture environmental education international conventions world heritage listing Phase I: Regional capacity building through courses, seminars, round tables and short conferences. Main outcome: Development of a document entitled “Fundamental Milestones to Develop and Implement an Integrated CoastalMarine Management Plan” in Greater Caribbean Phase II: marine resources management activities such as deep-sea, coastal, inland fishing and aquaculture, tourism, coastal agriculture and other activities (coastal mining / petroleum development) EECCEA projects engender ecotourism, focusing on the needs of natural and cultural assets, communities and partnerships http://www.eccea.org/projects/index.html El Instituto Internacional del Océano (I OI) para el Gran Caribe http://www.una.ac.cr/ioi/ Capacity building in Integrated Coastal Resource Marine Management Fishbase: a global information system on Fishes http://www.fishbase.org/home.htm Fish Datebase: Information includes biodiversity (introduced (=exotic / alien) species), uses, identification tools etc. Fisheries Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) http://www.fao.org/fi/default.asp Database on Introductions of Aquatic Species (DIAS) http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/fishery/statist/fisoft /dias/index.htm Projects: Fisheries Global Information System (FIGIS) Cite FishBase itself as: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2005.FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (11/2005) 1 Francisco Pereira Fernandez Bissessar Chakalall Regional Fishery Officers for Latin America and Caribbean 1. Oficina Regional para América Latina y el Caribe, Av. Dag Hammarskjold 3241, Vitacura, Santiago de Chile. Tel: 3372100; Fax: 3372101 [email protected] 2. FAO subregional office for the 2 1,2. Database statistics: 29200 Species, 211200 Common names, 40800 Pictures, 37500 References, 1300 Collaborators, 23 million Hits/month Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts http://www.fao.org/fi/asfa/asfa.asp (ASFA): an abstracting & indexing service covering world's literature on science, technology, management, and conservation of marine, brackish water, & freshwater resources & environments, including socio-economic & legal aspects FishBase A Global Information System http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/search.php GLOBEFISH a network of regional marketing information services: 59 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Contact information Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/static?dom=org&xml= FIGIS_org.xml&xp_banner=fi Latin American Network of Women working in Fisheries (LANWOFI) (WCR: Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, USA, Venezuela) http://mujeres.infopesca.org/ Caribbean, UN House, Hastings, Christchurch, Barbados Tel: 12464267111; Fax: 4276075 [email protected] INFOPESCA/LANWOFI- Uruguay Julio Herrera, 1296 Casilla de Correo 7086, Montevideo; Tel: (598) 2-9028701; Fax: 9030501 [email protected] IOCARIBE Secretariat P.O. Box 1108, Cartagena, Colombia Tel: (575) 664 63 99 Fax: (575) 660 04 07 for differences of opinion and minority views; gender-awareness; and personal trust http://www.globefish.org/index.php?id=481&easy sitestatid=1499834795 INFOPESCA (Latin America & Caribbean), in close collaboration with FAO/GLOBEFISH promotes trade in fish products by: providing upto-date information on markets, prices; bringing buyers & sellers together in international conferences, and training industry & government on quality requirements of main markets Participants in CLME Regional project: Barbados, Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico, Venezuela) (PDF B Stage) http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projI D=1032 International Seabed Authority 14-20 Port Royal Street Kingston Jamaica West Indies Tel: (1 876) 922-9105 Fax: (1 876) 922-0195 [email protected] Programme Coordination Unit GEF/UNDP/IMO GloBallast Programme Marine Environment Division IMO, 4 Albert Embankment London SE1 7SR, UK Tel +44 (0)20 7587 3279 Fax +44 (0)20 7587 3261 Email [email protected] Organization through which States Parties to the Convention of the Laws of the Sea shall, in accordance with regime for seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond the limits of national jurisdiction (the Area) established in Part XI and the Agreement, organize & control activities in the Area, particularly with a view to administering the resources of the Area. The purposes of IMO are "to provide machinery for cooperation among Governments in the field of governmental regulation and practices relating to technical matters of all kinds affecting shipping engaged in international trade; to encourage and facilitate the general adoption of the highest practicable standards in matters concerning maritime safety, efficiency of navigation and prevention and control of marine pollution from ships". The Organization is also empowered to deal with administrative and legal matters related to these purposes IMO together with relevant technical subcommittees is dealing with problems of harmful aquatic organisms in BW. In order to help developing countries understand the problem and monitor the situation, IMO has implemented the Global BW Management Programme (GloBallast) and provided technical support & expertise to implement the 1997 BW Guidelines & prepare for IMO Ballast Water Convention. Pilot sites set up under PDFA in six countries: Brazil, China, India, Iran, South Africa, Ukraine (2001-2004). Lessons learnt to be implemented GloBallast Partnerships. Library and Island Systems Centre in cooperation with H. Lavity Stoutt Community College 123 Main Street, Box 3097 Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands; Tel: 284 494 2723; [email protected]; Information systems: 1718 ‘P’ Street NW, Suite T-4 The website site contains: A variety of environmental information about the Wider Caribbean region A list of bibliography sources on coastal zone management in the Caribbean A list of environmental references, A list of Caribbean Marine Parks and Protected Areas. Information on coastal tourism, GIS and a IRF supports 39 separate mailing lists (>3K subscribers; most groups >5 years old). Egroups: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, provides member states of the UN with essential mechanism for global cooperation in study of the ocean. Assists governments address their individual and collective ocean and coastal problems via sharing of knowledge, information and technology & via coordination of national programs International Seabed Authority (ISA) http://www.isa.org.jm Implementation of the Laws of the Sea International Maritime Organization http://www.imo.org/ Globallast pilot project funded by GEF/UNDP/IMO and other partners, PDFA completed; PDFB under preparation http://globallast.imo.org/ http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=2 261 http://globallast.imo.org/index.asp?page=gef_interw_ project.htm&menu=true http://globallast.imo.org/index.asp?page=resolution.h tm The New (2004) BW Convention: http://globallast.imo.org/index.asp?page=mepc.htm Island Resources Foundation (IRF) http://www.irf.org IOCARIBE is IOC sub-commission responsible for programmatic development for Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico: Executing Agency for Sustainable Management of the Shared Marine Resources of the Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem (CLME) and Adjacent Regions The website details information on the organs of the Authority including a full list of documents issued at each session, and the full text of selected documents, press releases and links to some of the important law of the sea documents. http://www.isa.org.jm/en/default.htm 60 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Natural Resources Institute http://www.nri.org Julian Quan Tel: +44 (0)1634 883053 Fax: +44 (0)1634 883386 [email protected] Contact information Washington DC 20036 Phone: 202 265 9712; Fax: 232 0748; [email protected] Natural Resources Institute University of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue Chatham Maritime, Chatham Kent ME4 4TB, UK Tel: +44 (1634) 880088 Fax: +44 (1634) 880077 / 883386 [email protected] Regional Marine Pollution Emergency, Information and Training Centre (REMPEITCCarib), an IMO agency, Curaçao http://www.rempeitc.org/ RAC/REMPEITC-Carib Fokkerweg 26 Curacao, Netherlands Antilles Tel: + 599-9 461-4012 Fax: +599-9 461-1996 Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution (CEDRE), France 715 rue Alain Colas - CS 41836 29218 Brest Cedex 2, France. Tel: + 33 (0)2 98 33 10 10 Fax: + 33 (0)2 98 44 91 38 [email protected] Base Navale, Fort Saint Louis BP 619, 97261 Fort-de-France Marine Cedex Tel: +33 (0)6 74 79 76 66 or +33 (0)6 96 74 26 10 (mobile) [email protected] WorldFish Center ReefBase Project Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung 11960 Bayan Lepas Penang, Malaysia Phone: +60 (0)4 626 1606 Fax: +60 (0)4 626 5530 Caribbean delegation of Cedre Reefbase: online information system on coral reefs, http://www.reefbase.org/ Provides information services to coral reef professionals involved in management, research, monitoring, conservation and education Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW variety of other environmental issues NRI provides advice on: cost-effective nondestructive fishing methods; post-harvest handling, processing, quality management, and trade; analysis of trade-offs between efficiency and welfare; and environmental impacts of fisheries http://www.nri.org/work/lw-aquatic.htm Objectives: Strengthen national & regional preparedness and response capacity WCR and to foster & facilitate cooperation & mutual assistance in cases of emergency in order to prevent, control and combat major oil spill incidents. Provide technical services to strengthen the operational effectiveness of implementation of Cartagena Oil Spill Protocol & Caribbean Islands OPRC (Oil Preparedness and Response Co-operation) plan & Convention To improve preparedness against accidental water pollution and strengthen the national response organisation. It is responsible, at national level, for documentation, research and experimentation on pollutants, their effects and the response means and tools to combat them. Its expertise encompasses both marine and inland waters. Its budget comes from contracts and public and private subsidies Goal: facilitate sustainable management of coral reefs and related coastal/marine environments, in order to benefit poor people in developing countries whose livelihoods depend on these natural resources Further information of relevance [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] NRI managed DFID-funded project to describe & quantify Caribbean coastal resources, livelihoods and impacts. The principal output was a regionwide database of current coastal resources state. Other outputs: stakeholder perception of poverty, livelihoods, and vulnerability; comparison and synthesis of small- / large-island and mainland community resources and problems; proposals for future support to sustainable development Cartagena Convention: http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/legislation/cartxt.ht ml Oil Spills Protocol: http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/legislation/oilspill.h tml Government of France through Cedre is currently supporting the activities of the RAC/REMPEITC on Oil Spills Country-level data and information in a logical series of themes: Resources: what kind & how many reefs Status: how are these resources doing Threats: which negative influences are impacting coral reefs Management: what is, or could be done to monitor and manage these resources Maps and photos: view maps and photos of coral reefs References: access key publications and contact 61 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Contact information Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Reef Care Curacao http://www.reefcare.org/ Reef Care Curacao PO Box 676 Curacao / Netherlands Antilles Email: [email protected] Sidsnet - Small Island Developing States Network the global network for small island developing States http://www.sidsnet.org/ The Water Resources Management and Small Island Developing States Branch of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) currently administers the project Reef Care Curacao, established in December 1992 by a group of concerned citizens, actively contributes to the worldwide protection and preservation of the Coral Reef. The coral reefs of Curacao are among the best of the Caribbean and all potential stress factors must be minimized in order to prevent their deterioration The Caribbean Regional Meeting To Follow-Up On Implementation Of The Mauritius Strategy, St Kitts and Nevis, 5-7 October 2005: Matrix of Actions to Operationalize Mauritius Strategy of Implementation. Biodiversity resources: support for control of the primary pathways for potential invasive alien species; support for development of local capacity to protect and effectively use traditional knowledge; educate and build community capacity to protect and conserve indigenous species and their habitats; and support the development in SIDS of natural resource accounting systems. • graduate education / professional training • applied research and innovative projects • involvement in national regional, global initiatives Purpose-built premises: staff offices, teaching & conference room, computer rooms for staff & students; Marine equipment storage rooms & specialised research laboratories equipped for molecular genetics research, marine water quality analyses & GIS applications. Marine facilities: a mooring, a small open boat with outboard engine, rowboat, diving equipment & access to beach storage facilities CORAL is a member-supported, non-profit organization, dedicated to keeping coral reefs alive by integrating ecosystem management, sustainable tourism & community partnerships: works with communities to identify and solve conservation challenges; changes attitudes and behavior through education and training; - provides resources to strengthen conservation efforts; and creates incentives for sustainable tourism. Coastal and Marine Resources and Biodiversity The Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES) www.cermes.cavehill.uwi.edu Applied research and innovative projects; Potential partner for marine sector in the regional proposal on invasive alien species management, submitted by CABI for funding by GEF The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) http://www.coral.org/Home.html CORAL in Bonaire: http://www.coralreefalliance.org/index.php?option=co m_content&task=view&id=85&Itemid=127 CORAL in Mesoamerica: http://www.coralreefalliance.org/index.php?option=co m_content&task=view&id=82&Itemid=132 Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES) University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus St Michael, Barbados Telephone: (246) 417-4317 Fax: (246) 424-4204 [email protected] The Coral Reef Alliance 417 Montgomery Street, Suite 205, San Francisco, CA 94104 USA; Tel: (415) 834-0900; Fax: (415) 834-0999 fax toll free 1-888-CORAL-REEF [email protected] Further information of relevance information Activities: Research and monitoring of reefs in Curacao and Netherlands Antilles Education (mainly children) Awareness of benefits of reefs Management (local volunteers) Six particular themes have been identified sustainable tourism, coastal and marine resources, biodiversity, climate change, energy and trade. http://www.sidsnet.org/docshare/other/20051108 160022_Caribbean_Regional_Meeting_report_v6 .pdf, page 17 UN-system partners: CBD, FAO, UNDP, UNEP, UNESCO for Biodiversity Resources implementation UWI Coastal Management Research Network (COMARE Net): managed jointly by CERMES and CANARI: Promote and institutionalise improved ICM practices and policies in the Caribbean. COMARE Net combines the processes and products of Department for International Development (DFID) Natural Resources Systems Programme (NRSP) Land Water Interface (LWI) research projects with other research initiatives. It facilitates electronic and physical exchanges of information, create presentations and develop policy briefs. Bonaire: CORAL helps maintain/improve successful management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and to share achievements by training managers and facilitating activities: A proposal for World Heritage site Educate divers on MPA importance Microgrants to support education Mesoamerica: Leads tourism initiative of ICRAN Mesoamerican Reef Alliance (MAR) via national workshops, Standards & Codes taskforce & pilot site workshops 62 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Contact information Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance The Earth Council Institute (ECI) has ceased operations in Costa Rica and now operates from Canada http://www.ecouncil.ac.cr/about/ Earth Council Foundation Tel: (416) 4983150 Fax: (416) 4987296 [email protected] NGO deriving legal status from Earth Council Foundation in Canada, with following mission: Support and empower people in building a more secure, equitable and sustainable future based on three fundamental objectives • promote awareness and support for the needed transition to more sustainable and equitable patterns of development; • encourage public participation in decisionmaking; • build bridges of understanding and cooperation between important actors of civil society and governments worldwide Builds networks of hundreds of students and teachers: The Earthwatch community includes 20,000 global members, 4,000 volunteers each year, 50 collaborating conservation organizations, and 50 corporate partners, all of which work together to make a difference. Coastal Zone Management Unit created by Belize government to manage and conserve its coastal resources. In collaboration with local conservation partners, the research efforts of CRI provide important data and monitoring assistance to help ameliorate human impacts on this area Promote exchange of current information on use & management of marine resources in the Gulf and Caribbean region. GCFI endeavors to involve scientific, governmental, commercial sectors to provide a broad perspective on relevant issues, & encourage dialogue among groups operating in relative isolation Mission: to preserve the plants, animals and natural communities that represent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive. Eastern Caribbean: 3052 Estate Little Princess Christiansted, St. Croix, U.S.V.I. 00820 Tel: 1 (340) 773-5575 [email protected] Jamaica: 32 Lady Musgrave Road Unit 5, Kingston 5; Tel: (876) 978-0766 Mission: to preserve the plants, animals and natural communities that represent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive. ECI has developed strategic programmes that are making the Earth Summit Agreements and sustainable development operational through the empowerment of civil society. Being carried out in collaboration with Earth Council members, partners & sponsors, as elements of a global campaign entitled 'Making Sustainability Work'. http://www.ecouncil.ac.cr/earth_council_and_cost a_rica_website.pdf Strategic programmes for Operationalization of the Earth Summit Agreements and sustainable development The Earthwatch Institute http://www.Earthwatch.org Belize Conservation Research Initiative (CRI) http://www.earthwatch.org/site/pp.asp?c=dsJSK6PF JnH&b=394119 Diverse community of scientists, educators, students, businesspeople, and resolute explorers work together to get the fullest benefit from scientific expeditions. 150 dedicated staff in the United States, England, Australia, and Japan, plus support to more than 130 scientists each year. The Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute (GCFI) CAMPAM Network & Forum: A regional Mechanism for Enhancing Management Effectiveness: Increasing effectiveness of MPAs by enhancing communication and strengthening the network of managers, researchers, planners, and educators. http://www.gcfi.org/campam/CaMPAM.htm The Nature Conservancy (TNC) - Caribbean http://www.nature.org/wherewework/caribbean/ The Nature Conservancy – Central America http://www.nature.org/wherewework/centralamerica/ Earthwatch Institute International Headquarters 3 Clock Tower Place, Suite 100, Box 75, Maynard, MA 01754, U.S.A.; [email protected] Toll-free (US/Can): 18007760188 Phone: (978) 461-0081 Fax (978) 461-2332 Advisors in Latin America Manfred Max-Neef, Universidad de Austral and Ira Rubinoff, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute GCFI, c/o Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission Marine Research Institute 2796 Overseas Highway, Ste. 119, Marathon, FL 33050 USA; Tel: 305-289-2330 Fax: 305-289-2334 Bahamas: Caves Village, Suite 2, Building 5, West Bay Street P.O. Box CB – 11398, Nassau Tel: (242) 327-2414 Dominican Republic: Calle Jacinto Mañon, Esquina Federico Gerardino, Plaza D'Roca, 4to Piso, Apartamento #401, Santo Domingo; Tel: (809) 541-7666 Fax: (809) 541-4165 Belize: #4 St. Charles Street Belize City. Phone: 011 (501) 223-1747 Costa Rica: De Pops Sabana Sur . Earthwatch has three projects in the CRI: -.documenting coral health &conducting experiments for better understanding of how to aid coral recovery - surveying population & habitat of queen conch & working with local community to sustainably manage this resource - ecosystem monitoring in collaboration with local conservation organizations CAMPAM Partners: GCFI, UNEP-CEP, TNC, Environmental Defense (ED), NOAA-NOS International Programs Office, IUCN Commission on Protected Areas - Marine, University of Puerto Rico, Caribbean Conservation Association, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. World Resources Institute (WRI) http://www.nature.org/wherewework/caribbean/ba hamas/ http://www.nature.org/wherewework/caribbean/do minicanrepublic/ http://www.nature.org/wherewework/caribbean/ea sterncaribbean/ http://www.nature.org/wherewework/caribbean/ja maica/ http://www.nature.org/wherewework/centralameri ca/belize/ http://www.nature.org/wherewework/centralameri ca/costarica/ 63 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) The Nature Conservancy – Gulf of Mexico http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/gu lfofmexico/ The Perry Institute for Marine Science Inc. (PIMS) http://www.perryinstitute.org Not for profit organization dedicated to improving and enhancing our understanding of the WCR’s marine environment The Caribbean Marine Research Center (CMRC) http://www.perryinstitute.org/about_cmrc.htm Provides services and facilities to support undersea research and scientific exploration through NOAA’s Undersea Research Program (NURP) Center for the WCR The World Bank – Environment – Coastal and Marine Management – Integrated Coast Management (ICM) http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPI CS/ENVIRONMENT/EXTCMM/0,,menuPK:407932~ pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:407926,0 0.html Assessment of progress in MPA management effectiveness goals. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) http://www.iucn.org Marine Programme http://www.iucn.org/themes/marine/#menu MPA Management Guidelines and capacity building Guidelines/technical manuals for sustainable integrated coastal management (ICM) Contact information Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance 1Km, Oeste ultima casa a la derecha, antes del puente San Jose; Tel: 011 (506) 220-2552 Guatemala: 12 Avenida, 14-41 zona 10, Colonia Oakland, Guatemala City, 01010 Tel: 011 (502) 2367-0480 Fax: 011(502) 2367-0481 [email protected] Rafael Calderon, Director The Nature Conservancy’s Gulf of Mexico Initiative, P.O. Box 2563 Corpus Christi, Texas 78403 Tel: 361 882-3584; Fax: 8828561 [email protected] The Perry Institute for Marine Science Inc. AND The Caribbean Marine Research Center; Suite 202 100 North U.S. Highway 1, Jupiter, FL 33477-5112 Phone: 561-741-0192 Fax: 561-741-0193 [email protected] Honduras: Col. Florencia Norte, 2da. Calle, 4ta. Ave., Casa, Bulevar Suyapa, No.2201/Apdo. Postal 5744, Tegucigalpa; Tel: (504) 232-3298 Nicaragua: De la Vicky, 2 cuadras al sur, 1 cuadra al oeste y 1 cuadra al sur, mano derecha al tope, Bosques de Altamira Casa #318, Managua; Phone: 011 (505) 270-9881 Rep. de Panamá: Clayton, Ciudad del Saber Calle Principal, Casa # 352 A/B, Panamá Phone: 011 (507) 317-0328 Mission: to preserve the plants, animals and natural communities that represent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive http://www.nature.org/wherewework/centralameri ca/guatemala/ http://www.nature.org/wherewework/centralameri ca/honduras/ http://www.nature.org/wherewework/centralameri ca/nicaragua/ http://www.nature.org/wherewework/centralameri ca/panama/ Research to determine the effectiveness and design of Marine Protected Areas Comprehensive monitoring effort on climate change for NOAA CMRC is one of six National Undersea Research Centers and facilitates NURP science priorities for Caribbean region. Invasive species among priority area for funding under NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program for 2006 http://www.perryinstitute.org/forms/CMRC_RFP_ Announcement_FY_2006.pdf WB Experts in Latin America/ Caribbean: Marea Hatziolos - Lead Coastal/Marine Specialist, Environment Department. Global Focus on Coastal and Marine; Jan Cornelis Post- Senior Environmental Affairs Specialist; Maria Isabel Junqueira Braga Environmental Specialist IUCN – Marine Programme, Rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland Tel: ++4122-999 00 01 Fax: ++4122-999 00 20 [email protected] or [email protected] Imène Meliane, Marine Programme Officer, IUCN Oficina Regional para América del Sur, A portfolio analysis indicates rapidly growing Bank investments in areas within 60 km of the coastal zone, and many projects, which currently benefit from an ICM approach ($330 million of coastal management activities). Given the opportunity and resources, a much larger pool of projects could also benefit from use of ICM. http://www.icriforum.org/mpa/SC2_eng_nocove r.pdf The IUCN Global Marine Programme is based in Gland, Switzerland and provides vital linkages for the Union and its members to all the IUCN activities that deal with marine issues, including projects and initiatives of the Regional offices and the 6 IUCN Commissions. Its co-ordination role is above and beyond the policy development and thematic guidance that it undertakes to provide to assist governments, communities and NGOs alike. WB has been an active member in several coastal and marine resource related International Partnerships: - ICM Global Web Service - International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) - International waters learning Exchange and Resource Network (IW:LEARN) - Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts & Islands Score Card to Assess Progress for MPA Management Effectiveness Goals Deep Sea programme: Evaluate MPA establishment to protect endangered species in biodiversity hotspots http://www.iucn.org/themes/marine/pdf/highseas2 .pdf Design and implement information tools: based on case studies, develop guideline /technical manuals: ecosystem approach to marine biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, ICM, and sustainable financing of marine http://conserveonline.org/docs/2001/02/gulf.pdf 64 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/review.htm Established December 1992 for effective follow-up of UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) (=Earth Summit) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Energy and Environment Practice for sustainable use of biodiversity – Biodiversity for Development United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Coral Reef Unit, World Conservation Monitoring, Earth watch UNEP-Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP): A conglomerate of legislative, programmatic and institutional frameworks and entities working together to assist Wider Caribbean Region (WCR) nations and territories to protect their marine/ coastal environment and promote sustainable development Wider Caribbean Region (WCR) Under SPAW: Compilation of experiences and capacities in Marine Invasive Species, including Ballast Water Management in the WCR (current study) Contact information Av. Shyris 2680 y Gaspar de Villaroel, Edificio Mita Cobadelsa, PH, Quito, Ecuador Tel: ++ 593(2) 226 10 75 [email protected] Division for Sustainable Development, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Two United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2220, New York, NY 10017, USA; Tel: + 1 212-963-8102 Fax: + 1-212-963-4260 One United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA Telephone: (212) 906 5000 Fax: (212) 906 5364 United Nations Avenue, Gigiri PO Box 30552, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: (254-20) 7621234 Fax: (254-20) 7624489/90 UNEP-CAR/RCU 14-20 Port Royal Street Kingston, JAMAICA Tel.: (876) 922-9267-9 Fax: (876) 922-9292 URL: www.cep.unep.org Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance conservation Other projects: http://www.cordio.org/’; http://www.coremap.or.id/Homepage/ Responsible for: reviewing progress for the implementation of Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development; providing policy guidance to Johannesburg Plan of Implementation follow up at local, national, regional and international levels. UN's global development network, advocates for change & connects countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. It links & coordinates global and national efforts to reach the Millennium Development Goals. Mission: To provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations Relevant websites: Earth watch http://earthwatch.unep.net/ Global Environment Outlook http://www.unep.org/GEO/index.htm SIDS Network: http://www.sidsnet.org/ World Conservation Monitoring Centre and World Atlas of Seagrasses http://www.unep-wcmc.org/; http://www.unepwcmc.org/marine/seagrassatlas/ Objectives based on Caribbean Action Plan, Cartagena Convention and its Protocols, 1981 and 1983 agreements among WCR nations. Role & activities guided and assessed by designated Governing Bodies. Funded by Caribbean Trust Fund (voluntary member state contributions); Caribbean regional coordinating unit (CAR/ RCU) serves as Secretariat. Subprogrammes: - Assessment and Management of Environment Pollution (AMEP) - Specially Protected Areas & Wildlife (SPAW) Agenda 21; Rio Declaration; http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agend a21/english/agenda21toc.htm http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15 126-1annex1.htm Johannesburg Plan of Implementation http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD _POI_PD/English/POIToc.htm Biodiversity for Development is a prime focus of UNDP Energy and Environment Practice, through capacity development, knowledge management, policy advice and advocacy for the maintenance and sustainable use of biodiversity http://www.undp.org/biodiversity/ Relevant Marine Websites: Global International Waters Assessment http://www.giwa.net/ Global Programme of Action for Protection of Marine Environment from Land-based activities http://www.gpa.unep.org/bin/php/home/index.php Coral Reef Unit http://www.unep.org/depi/special_projects/icran.h tml International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN) http://www.icran.org/ Regional Seas Programme http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/ UN Atlas of the Oceans http://www.oceansatlas.org/index.jsp SPAW Programme supports activities for the protection and management of sensitive and highly valuable natural marine resources. It is responsible for the regionalization of global conventions and initiatives such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI), Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) and implementation of the Caribbean component of the International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN). Other subprogrammes: AMEP, CEPNET http://www.cep.unep.org/operational-components 65 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Contact information Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance Information Systems for the Management of Marine & Coastal Resources (CEPNET) - Education, Training and Awareness (ETA) IETC promotes and implements environmentally sound technologies (ESTs), including management systems, for disaster prevention, sustainable production and consumption and water and sanitation Projects: http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/spc/projects.asp Mission: To provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations Relevant websites: Natural Resources Unit http://www.pnuma.org/recnat_ing/index.php SIDS unit http://www.pnuma.org/sids_ing/index.php Caribbean coastal marine productivity program (CARICOMP): sustaining coastal biodiversity benefits and ecosystem services. (Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bonaire, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saba, Trinidad & Tobago, USA, Venezuela.); Enhancing coastal and fisheries resource management through stakeholder participation, local knowledge and environmental education, Arcadins Coast, Haiti ; WCR: Managing beach resources & planning coastline change: Anguilla, Antigua-Barbuda, British Virgin Is., Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, Montserrat, San Andres archipelago [Colombia] St Kitts-Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Turks & Caicos Is., US Virgin Is.) Socio-economic & environmental evaluation and management of Havana south zone, Cuba; Sustainable livelihoods for artisan fishermen via stakeholder co-management in Portland Bight Protected Area, Jamaica. In the past, WCS supported scientific research in natural history & marine studies: contributed to conservation planning and priority-setting. Site-specific work continues today, but iapplied within a comprehensive framework. Beginning in 1991, WCS began the innovative concept of http://www.unesco.org/csi/act/caricomp/summary 14.htm http://www.unesco.org/csi/act/haiti/summary11.ht m http://www.unesco.org/csi/act/cosalc/summary_7. htm http://www.unesco.org/csi/act/cuba/summary12.h tm http://www.unesco.org/csi/act/jamaica/summary1 3.htm Complete list of activities / publications: http://www.unesco.org/csi/region/carimap.htm - UNEP International Environmental Technology Center (IETC), Division of Technology, Industry and Economics Lessons from Environmentally Sound Technologies for Sustainable Development of Cities and Freshwater Basins UNEP Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean (ROLAC) Natural resources and SIDS units United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) activities in the Caribbean through the Environment and Development in Coastal Regions and in Small Islands platform (CSI): http://www.unesco.org/csi/ CSI is a global platform for environmentally sound, socially equitable, economically viable & culturally respectful development in coastal regions and small islands. Driving force and main goal are mitigation and management of conflicts over coastal resources and values. Via the CSI platform, wise coastal practices for sustainable human development are exchanged, the voices of small islands amplified, indigenous knowledge mobilised for equitable resource governance, and youth given a say 2-110 Ryokuchi Koen, Tsurumiku, Osaka 538-0036 Tel: 81-6-6915-4581 Fax: 81-6-6915-0304 1091 Oroshimo-cho, Kusatsu City, Shiga 525-0001 Tel: 81-77-568-4581; Fax: 568 4857; [email protected] Blv. de los Virreyes 155, Col. Lomas de Virreyes, México, D.F. 11000 Tel: (52-55) 5249-5000 /4841 / 6913 / 6394 , Fax: (52-55) 52020950 / 5520-7768 [email protected] Caribbean Cluster: UNESCO Office 3rd Floor, The Towers 25 Dominica Drive Kingston 5 Jamaica Phone: 1 876 929 7087, 929 7089 Fax: 1 876 929 8468 The Caribbean Cluster (UNESCO Office Kingston) consists of Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saints Kitts & Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad & Tobago Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) in Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean WCS supports biologists, park planners, and some politicians to seek ways to link parks and protected areas with greenways. In some cases, this also Archie Carr III Regional Coordinator, Mesoamerica 4424 NW 13th Street, Suite A-2, Gainesville, FL 32609 [email protected] Sustainable production and consumption: http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/spc/index.asp Continue to urge governmental entities in Central America for ‘regional corridor system’; Remain active at large, long-term WCS sites: replicate successful projects, refine landscapescale conservation tools, work with local community to manage resource 66 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Contact information binds neighboring countries together for the welfare of all World Resources Institute: Coastal and marine ecosystems http://marine.wri.org/index.cfm Lauretta Burke, [email protected], Tel: +1(202)729-7774 World Wildlife Fund – Central America http://www.wwfca.org/ Apartado postal 629-2350 San Francisco de Dos Ríos San José, Costa Rica Tel: 506 234 7638 Fax: 506 253 4927 Email: [email protected] www.Marinebio.org A nonprofit volunteer organization of marine biologists, students, professors, and conservation advocates working to share the wonders of the ocean realm online to inspire education, research, and a sea ethic [email protected] Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance integrating conservation initiatives among Meso America countries & Mexico by incorporating biological agenda into conventional park development programs: adopted by agencies and governments & garnered massive financial support from the international community. Mission: Improve coastal resource management & coral reef protection by providing information on threats to coral reefs, value of the goods and services provided by these ecosystems, and economic losses resulting from degradation. WRI’s work on coastal and marine ecosystems seeks to provide valid and useful information on the status of and threats to coastal and marine ecosystems, and offer tools and solutions to improve the management of these resources. Objective of WWF work in meso-american reef: To contribute substantially to conservation and management of this unique region through: consolidation of a regional system of protected areas promotion of territorial regulations and sustainable tourism management of key areas and reduction of contamination of coastal waters, appropriate management of fisheries strengthening local capacity, regional coordination and communications Awareness-raising on IAS via website: http://marinebio.org/Oceans/AlienSpecies.asp In Nicaragua, work in a 3-way consortium for plans to develop "Atlantic Corridor"; Expand wildlife conservation programs in coastal ecosystems of Cuba & other Caribbean islands; Conserve coral reefs / marine biodiversity in Caribbean & Mesoamerican ‘hotspots’. Under the Reefs at Risk project, WRI is working with many collaborators in the WCR to raise awareness about causes of coral reef degradation across the region and economic losses likely to result. Currently there is neither the political motivation nor allocation of resources for action to combat these threats http://marine.wri.org/topic_content.cfm?cid=2051 Exposure online (>3 million visitors/year) Database capacity: million+ species. Plankton Forum with >1,000 members, 21 forums, and >5,500 posts... Newsletter subscriber list >7,000 WWF International’s Corals Initiative – mesoamerican reef: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico. Promoting efforts at protection and conservation from threats: tourism, agriculture, fisheries, commerce http://www.wwfca.org/php/prioridades/Arrecife.pdf Extensive web development and online research capabilities Experienced scuba divers willing to travel, skilled in underwater photography/ video production, extensive knowledge of marine life Experienced web technical writing/editing Experience grant-writing and fundraising 67 Regional / National Agencies with primarily National focus Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) The Bahamas Bimini Biological Field Station http://www.miami.edu/sharklab/ Contact information Barbados Bellairs Research Institute, Barbados (McGill University, Canada) http://www.mcgill.ca/bellairs Research on marine habitats Research facilities Belize: Belize Marine Program of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) http://www.wcs.org/international/marine in collaboration with Glover Reef Atoll Marine Research Station Glover's Reef Atoll Marine Research Station Integration of research results into national/regional planning Belize: Institute of Marine Studies, University of Belize http://www.ub.edu.bz/templeet.php/UB_root/IMS/ind ex.en.html Bellairs Research Institute Holetown, St. James, Barbados. Tel.: 246-422-2087; Fax: 246-422-0692 Research on a wide range of marine habitats Facilities include large wet and dry labs, holding tanks, a small library, computers with Internet access Glover Reef Atoll Marine Research Station, PO Box 2038, 3 St. Edward Street Belize City, Belize TEL: (501) 223-3271 FAX: (501) 223-3271 Representative: Janet Gibson Email: [email protected] The primary aim of this program is to ensure that the results of research activities carried out at the research station are integrated into national and regional planning, and the decision-making process. The overall goal is to expand and strengthen WCS’ marine conservation activities in Belize and the Mesoamerican region. Field Station: Calabash Caye on the southeastern side of Turneffe 1) Establish financial self-sustaining field facility to compliment UB's programs 2) Develop UB's technical capacity to provide training, research and education on coastal issues to students, teachers, Government and NGO 3) Training in coastal/marine field work & improvement in environmental awareness 4) Work with NGOs, Fisheries and Environment Departments in support of CZMAI's activities for conservation and sustainable integrated biodiversity and natural resource management of the Turneffe Islands atoll, incl designation & implementation of a protected areas strategy 5) Establish links (educational & data exchange agreements / collaboration) with regional/ international research and educational agencies 6) Conduct scientific research independently / in collaboration with other researchers/laboratories Part of the Sistema Nacional Ambiental of Colombia (SINA). Function: seek commonalities among various agencies and to identify ways in which the capacities among public and private entities, including universities and NGOs can be Colombia: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt Integration towards a common goal: “to promote, coordinate and undertake research that will contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity of Colombia”. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt Cr. 7 No.35-20; From 13 March, address changed to: DG. 27 NO. 15-09, BX: 316 7880, Bogotá D.C., Colombia Tel. +57 1 6076500 Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance Throughout the year, the BBFS hosts a number of marine field biology courses. Additional, specific courses can be tailored to the needs of other colleges and high schools Host to students / scientists from around the world for field courses, workshops and research projects involving both marine and terrestrial environments. Close association with scientists based at the Cave Hill campus of the UWI http://www.wcs.org/international/latiname rica/mesoamerica/belize Research: http://www.ub.edu.bz/templeet.php/UB_r oot/IMS/Research.en.html Facilities: Living, kitchen/dining areas; Lecture hall, Basic equipment, teaching materials, laboratory space; no wet lab; two skiffs (small boats) Among the various responsibilities of the institute is the provision of scientific and technological assistance in biodiversity to the Ministry of Environment, the Autonomous Regional Corporations and other entities that comprise the SINA. http://www.humboldt.org.co/humboldt/mo strarpagina.php?codpage=1 68 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Colombia: Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito Vives de Andreis http://www.invemar.org.co/portal/index.jsp Contact information Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance David A. Alonso C. Coordinador línea Técnica e Instrumentos de Planificación Programa Gestión en Zonas Costeras -GEZ-, Ext 129 Cerro Punta de Betín, Santa Marta. Apartado aéreo 1016, Santa Marta Teléfonos: (+57)(+5) 421 4774 / 421 4775 / 423 4490 / 421 4413 / 421 1380 Ext. 129 Fax: (+57) (+5) 4211377 / 421 5181 [email protected] Integrated analysis of information: Integrate and consolidate information on biophysical, socio-economic, policyinstitutional levels, within well-defined criteria as indicators of the current status of marine and coastal resources Technical & planning methods, decisionmaking: Generate conceptual and methodological basis as well as means that contribute to planning and decisionmaking in coastal zone, e.g. institutional capacity building of SINA Colombia: Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano http://www.utadeo.edu.co Seccional Bogotá: Cra.4a # 22-61 PBX: (571) 242 7030 Fax: (571) 282 6197 Postal: Apartado Aéreo 34185, Bogotá D.C. Seccional Caribe: Dirección Centro : Calle de la Chichería # 38-42, Cartagena de Indias Tel: (575) 6601655 Fax: (575) 6646372 Campus Internacional: Kilómetro 13 Anillo Vial, Cartagena de Indias Tel: (575) 6554000 Fax : (575) 6554090 / 6554090 Sede Bogotá D.C. Carrera 7 No. 40 - 62 Tel: (571) 3208320. Seccional Cali, Calle 18 No. 118 - 250 Tel: (572) 3218200 Centro de Investigaciones en Cìencas del Mar y Limnologia (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica, Apartado 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca San Jose, Costa Rica TEL: (506) 224-9367 FAX: (506) 207-5447 Representative: Jorge Cortes, Director; [email protected] Vision: Be recognized as international and national leaders in Integrated Coastal Zone Management: highly committed, qualified team Mission: To promote and undertake research incorporating scientific knowledge in the management of natural marine and coastal resources, implementing concepts, methods, technology and means that contribute to ICZM in Colombia via interdisciplinary scientific areas Policy and legislation: Evaluate policy-level impact of management of coastal zones and natural resources. Promote & coordinate processes oriented towards incorporation of the scientific results into the national, regional and local policies. Marine museum http://www.utadeo.edu.co/dependencias/museo/ To serve as a research arm, for non-formal education and Extension in the knowledge of marine (oceanic) resources Colombia: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota http://www.javeriana.edu.co/ Costa Rica: Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología http://cimar.ucr.ac.cr/ http://cariari.ucr.ac.cr/~cimarucr/ingindx.htm Research in marine environments Training courses – national, regional, international – in marine science research and limnology Contact: Fabio Gomez Delgado [email protected] http://educon.javeriana.edu.co/ofi/paginas/app_ proyectosVerDetalle.asp?cP=1992&ts=1 CIMAR is a multidisciplinary, scientific research unit linked to the Vice-presidency of Research of the University of Costa Rica. CIMAR carries out research projects, programs and support modules related to the marine and freshwater environments. Research is focused on aquatic biodiversity and its sustainable management and scientific information available for Gulf of Nicoya, Golfo Dulce, and Costa Rican coral reefs, mangroves and freshwater environments. To raise marine awareness, strengthen conservation & optimize the utilization of marine resources Generate scientific knowledge and technology related to marine resources and the functioning of ecosystems Inform and educate the nation’s children in marine issues through tours of marine exhibits and information products Provide the population in the Andean region, particularly in Santafe of Bogota, the opportunity of understanding the sea and its resources via exhibits Facilitate exchange of scientific publications via an exchange-service Produce scientific, technical, illustrated teaching materials on marine systems Project: Composition of the reef fish communities of Isla Fuerte, Caribbean Colombia A priority goal of the Center is the organization of seminars, workshops and training courses on the national, regional and international level around issues related to the research of marine sciences and limnology. A basic element of CIMAR's outreach work lies in the dissemination of information and in the exchange of knowledge, techniques, and methodologies developed by the research projects. 69 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Costa Rica: Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad http://www.inbio.ac.cr/es/default.html Contact information Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance Tel.: (506) 507-8100 Fax: (506) 507-8274 Apdo. postal: 22-3100 Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica Cuba El Centro de Investigaciones Marinas (CIM Centre for Marine Research) http://www.iga.cu/icm Calle 16 No. 114 entre 1 y 3 Miramar, Playa, CP 11300 Ciudad Habana, Cuba Tel: (537) 203 0617, 202 5223 Fax: (537) 203 0617 Representative: María Elena Ibarra Martín, Director [email protected] Mission: Awareness raising on the value of biodiversity, aimed at conservation and betterment of human life Vision: A science and technology agency, recognized for excellence and leadership, that generates information and promotes initiatives towards sustainable use of biodiversity in everyday life. Relevant multidisciplinary research groups: • Marine aquaculture • Ecology • Management and conservation of coastal resources • Genetic, nutritional and molecular systematics • Lobster research Evaluate fish resources and their fluctuation Develop and fine-tune production methods for marine species as well as large-scale processing technologies Build human capacity in fishing, production, aquatic health, integrated coast management and technology of fishery products Develop software and provide technical / scientific information services Research on marine biological, physical, chemical and geological processes Monitoring and consultancy on biodiversity, environmental quality and health Develop biotechnology and mariculture Inventory and monitoring of ecosystems Conservation Communication and education Bioinformatics Bioprospecting http://www.inbio.ac.cr/es/inbio/inb_queinb io.htm http://atta.inbio.ac.cr/atta03.html Contribute to the conservation of the environment and sustainable development through the integration of scientific research and continued training in the areas of marine biology, aquaculture and coastal management focused on multidisciplinary aspects and excellence Multidisciplinary research in marine ecology and management & conservation of coastal resources Cuba: Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras (CIP) http://www1.cubamar.cu/cip/cip.htm Capacity building Information services ra ra ta 5 ave y 248, Barlovento, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba Teléfono : 537 - 2097875 Fax : 537 – 2049827 [email protected] Cuba: Instituto de Oceanologia de Cuba http://www.cuba.cu/ciencia/citma/ama/oceanologia/ Default.html Provide scientific basis for sustainable development of coastal and marine resources in the waters surrounding Cuba Gulf of Mexico: Gulfbase http://www.gulfbase.org To cite GulfBase, use: M. Nipper, J.A. Sánchez Chávez, and J.W. Tunnell, Jr., Editors. 2006. GulfBase: Resource Database for Gulf of Mexico Research. World Wide Web electronic publication Ave. 1a, No. 18406 Rpto. Flores Playa La Habana, Cuba TEL: (537) 21-0342 FAX: (537) 33-8054 Representative: Jorge Foyo [email protected] GulfBase is a project of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi. Cite information taken from GulfBase by the original source as displayed. Honduras: Honduran Coral Reef Foundation: MPA comprising Cayos Cochinos - a group of two small islands (Cayo Menor and Cayo Mayor) and 13 small coral cays l19 miles northeast of La Ceiba on the northern Honduran coast http://www.cayoscochinos.org Honduras Coral Reef Fund Colonia El Naranjal Avenida Victor Hugo Calle 13,Casa #1175 Apartado Postal 1053 La Ceiba,Atlántida Honduras Tel: +504 443-4075 or GulfBase is a database of resources about the Gulf of Mexico. Goal: to regroup, synthesize, and make freely available Gulf of Mexico research information. Vision: to help researchers, policy makers, and general public work together to insure long-term sustainable use and conservation of the Gulf of Mexico The protected area covers 489.25 km2 and HCRF is responsible for its management. The Management Plan, involving a range of stakeholders has the following objectives: - Establish and maintain an annual biodiversity monitoring program to enable derogations or improvements to the reefs - A fish monitoring program to determine Provide research and scientific, technical services, transfer of technology on the management, production and industrial processing of aquatic organisms of socio economic benefits using sustainability criteria in terms of food and quality Establish programs for conservation of marine turtles in the Cuban archipelago Manage the health of aquatic organisms http://www.cuba.cu/ciencia/citma/ama/oc eanologia/resultados1.html http://www.cuba.cu/ciencia/citma/ama/oc eanologia/proyectos1.html http://www.cuba.cu/ciencia/citma/ama/oc eanologia/productos%20y%20servicios1. html Database on: Bays and Estuaries Reefs, Banks and Islands Institutions, organizations and people Environmental issues Research facility at Cayo Menor has restricted access to HCRF scientists and volunteers. Uses (1) research, monitoring and evaluation of island biodiversity (2) a base of reef-monitoring operations, aggregation fish spawning sites, and related activities. Facilities: Communal dining and camping areas. A large air- 70 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Partners: World Wildlife Fund, Reef Check, The Nature Conservancy, Avina, MarViva, Biosphere Expeditions, Mesoamerican Barrier Reef Systems Project, Wallacea Jamaica: Centre for Marine Sciences (CMS), UWI, Mona Jamaica (Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory now integrated into the CMS) http://www.mona.uwi.edu/cms/ Coastal Area Management Marine Ecosystem studies Jamaica: The Port Royal Marine Laboratory (PRML) http://www.mona.uwi.edu/lifesciences/Projects/portr oyalmarinelab.htm Laboratory facilities and equipment for marine research Mexico Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados de IPN - Unidad Merida – CINVESTAV http://www.mda.cinvestav.mx/rm01.htm Research and laboratory facilities Nicaragua: Red de Desarrollo Sostenible (RDS) http://www.sdnnic.org.ni/ Panamá: La Asociación Nacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (ANCON) http://www.ancon.org/xoops/html/modules/xt_conteu do/?id=1 Contact information Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance +504 443-4076 [email protected] necessary management actions - Research for assessment of reef ecosystem functions - Assessment of potential for developing alternative sustainable incomes for communities in or around MPA - Assess cultural & environmental impacts of development in or adjacent to MPA - Assist in funding applications for HCRF • marine ecosystem studies • coastline management • pollution monitoring and mitigation • fisheries / mariculture Research and graduate training in above areas Undergraduate training in underwater photography and diving technology Facilities: 6 laboratories and an aquaculture 2 facility of ~ 186 m area Two large concrete docks and a small wooden dock; 4 m wide slipway for removing small boats Four boats with necessary safety equipment: a 25 w VHF Marine radio, 5w handheld radios conditioned dry lab with computers and a wet lab on the jetty with constantly pumped seawater filling a series of aquaria, a well-equipped dive centre and boats with necessary safety equipment and trained personnel. A helicopter landing pad and a decompression chamber on nearby Roatan Island. 22 areas of research, of relevance are: Coral reef, Marine Biology and Ecology, Toxicology, Coastal Management Contribute to the science and technology for enhancing the quality of life of the inhabitants in the coastal regiona through the sustainable use of marine and coastal resources Mission and Vision: Sustainable development is a process of progressive change in the quality of human life, in which development is the main focus for economic progress with social equality and the transformation of production methods and consumption patterns; and which sustains ecological equilibrium and vital support to the region. The process implies respect for ethnic, cultural, regional, national and local diversity, while strengthening and encouraging public participation in peaceful harmony with nature without compromise, and guaranteeing the quality of life for the future generations ANCON is a private, non-profit organization, funded by businessmen, scientists & community leaders. It’s mission is to conserve biodiversity and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations. ANCON works with The RDS has several list-serves and discussion forums on various topics related to sustainable development http://www.sdnnic.org.ni/listas.htm http://www.sdnnic.org.ni/foro.htm Centre for Marine Sciences Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences University of the West Indies Mona Campus, Jamaica Tel:(876) 977-0262 Fax: (876) 977-1033 927-0997 Tele: 876-967-8344; 876-9271202 (messages only) Fax: 876-977-1075 Representative: I. Goodbody [email protected] .jm [email protected] CINVESTAV, Km 6 Cassetesa Antigua a Progreso, Merida, 97310, Yucatan, Mexico TEL: (99) 981-2960 FAX: (99) 981-2334 Representative: D.A. Aranada; [email protected] Altamira D'este, casa No. 453, de Ferretería SINSA 75 varas abajo Tel./fax: 2782257 Email: [email protected] Cerro Ancón, Calle Amelia Denis de Icaza Edificio N° 153, Quarry Heights. Apdo. 1387, Panamá 1. Tel.:(507) 314-0060 Pure and applied research on the biology of marine organisms including fish, corals, marine plants and plankton As a result of the generosity of the public and various local and international institutions, ANCON has been able to establish concrete programmes on conservation, sustainable development, 71 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Panama: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Panama; http://www.stri.org Galeta Marine Laboratory http://www.stri.org/english/research/facilities/marine/ galeta/index.php ; [email protected] Marine Environmental Science Project Short-term survey project for exotic marine species Bocas del Toro Research Station http://www.stri.org/english/research/facilities/marine/ bocas_del_toro/index.php [email protected] Station Manager [email protected] Diving Officer Marine Research and Facilities; Marine Monitoring Trinidad and Tobago Institute of Marine Affairs (IMA), Trinidad and Tobago http://www.ima.gov.tt/ Monitoring of Coastal and Marine Environment Established regional centre for marine environmental research (marine ecology, analytical laboratory) Trinidad and Tobago: Environment Tobago http://www.scsoft.de/et/et2.nsf Awareness and education of exotic (=invasive alien) species as a threat to the environment USA: The Florida Institute of Oceanography (FIO) http://www.marine.usf.edu/FIO/ Keys Marine Laboratory (KML) http://www.marine.usf.edu/FIO/keysmarinelab.htm Contact information Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance Fax.: (507) 314-0062 Email: [email protected] national and regional organizations, as well as academic, commercial and community entities. Diverse projects are undertaken throughout the country in collaboration with local arm of the national environment agency (ANAM). These include national parks for the protection of the extraordinary natural heritage of Panamá Galeta’s Research Projects: http://www.stri.org/english/research/facilities/ma rine/galeta/research_projects.php Short term project: survey for exotic marine species on the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts (See Appendix 1 below for scientific partnerships between STRI and countries of the Wider Caribbean) Bocas del Toro research station: Colon island, Caribbean: a site for education & research, providing scientists & students with access to extraordinary diversity of marine biota: situated on remarkable coastal lagoon system, and numerous islands and reefs Environmental Research programme: Monitor coastal and marine environment by carrying out research (investigations, studies, surveys and analyses) relating to marine organisms, the ecological systems in which they live, the oceanographic dynamics which directly affect them and the morphological changes of the shorelines Facilities:. Analytical Laboratory with a wide range of analyses in various sample matrices. Analytical methodologies continuously revised for advances to ensures data of internationally acceptable standards Environment TOBAGO, a non-government organization committed to the conservation and restoration of Tobago's environment. Mission: Environment Tobago conserves natural and living resources and advances knowledge and understanding of such resources, their wise and sustainable use, and their essential relationship to human health and quality of life. The Florida Institute of Oceanography (FIO): established by State University System to support and enhance Florida's coastal marine science, oceanography and related management programs through education, research, and public outreach. FIO facilitates environmental education and scientific field research, capacity building to indigenous persons and farmers in remote areas of the country Smithsonian Tropical Research Inst. Roosvelt Ave. Tupper Building – 401 Balboa, Ancón Panamá, República de Panamá Tel: +507 212-8000 Fax: +507 212-8148 Institute of Marine Affairs Hilltop Lane, Chaguaramas P.O. Box 3160 Carenage, Trinidad & Tobago, W.I. Phone: (868) 634-4291-4 Fax: (868) 634-4433 [email protected] Environment TOBAGO PO Box 503, Scarborough Office: 11 Cuyler Street, Scarborough Phone: 868-660-7462 Fax: 868-660-7467 E-mail: [email protected] 830 First Street South St. Petersburg, FL 33701 Phone: 727/553-1100 Fax: 727/553-1109 KML: Galeta Marine Laboratory: in Colon on Caribbean Coast. A site of intense study of the biological effects of a major oil spill -adjacent to fringing coral reef, protected by mangrove forest and crowded with other marine organisms that live in seagrass communities; also location for STRI's marine environmental monitoring program: new technological tower to measure physical parameters (air humidity; wind direction, temperature; precipitation; temperature, sea water level, salinity and solar radiation). Other research areas: Fisheries and aquaculture Legal Research programme Marine Chemistry Develop strategies to deal with issues: - environmental education - protecting of our flora and fauna - re-introduction of extirpated wildlife - beach and river mining - lobbying for protective legislation - establishment of Protected Areas - sustainable tourism development FOI works with about 20 Universities and Agencies to support, and promote Marine Science Education and Research http://www.marine.usf.edu/FIO/members. htm KML facilities: 30" deep interconnected 72 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Venezuela: Fundacion para la defense de la naturaleza FUDENA http://www.fudena.org.ve Venezuela: Terrequatica http://www.terraquatica.org/index.htm http://www.terraquatica.org/website/terraquatica.htm Contact information Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance 1. Dr. Sandra Vargo FIO program coordinator Tel: (727) 553-1100 Fax. No. (727) 553-1109 2. Facility site manager Tel: (305) 664-9101 Fax: (305)664-0850 activities of educators, scientists, and agencies responding to state, regional, national and international issues through provision of centralized facilities and research vessels. FIO coordinates an infrastructure to address the marine concerns of state and federal agencies, and the public Av. Principal de los Cortijos de Lourdes con 2º transversal / Edif.Centro Empresarial Senderos Piso 6, Ofic. 611 . Caracas Apartado Nº 70776 - Caracas 1071 - A – Venezuela Tel: 0212 238.2930 / 238.1793 / 232.0866 / 235.9454 Fax: 0212 239.6547 mailto: [email protected] Ave. Sucre de Los Dos Caminos, Torres Yutaje C-133 Telf.: 0212-284.1253 / 0414316.8844 / 0416-402.5516 [email protected] A non-governmental organization, FUDENA undertakes national projects in four developmental and six thematic areas, with the objective of executing conservation activities with an integrative, multidisciplinary vision complementary to our mission research & holding pool series totaling 548K gallons of seawater with pumping capability >162K gph. A 15K gallon observation tank and assorted other tanks ranging in size from 1K to 5K gallons also maintained. Classroom/meeting room; wet lab/dry lab facilities; limited sampling gear and laboratory equipment; special analytical equipment ; a fleet of small boats . FUDENA assists in seeking viable solutions to combat environmental problems and their effects on the eastern coast of the state of Falcón, in harmony with the economic exploitation of natural resources and development of tourism http://www.fudena.org.ve/experienciascof .pdf Useful links: http://www.fudena.org.ve/enlaces.htm A non-profit NGO that plans and implements projects and scientific research, conservation and protection of environment and biodiversity in its broadest sense; Collaborate with national, international and private agencies for research, project development, human resource capacity building execute national / international conventions involving environment protection A computerized database: PRONACEI, under construction, provides information on native and exotic marine species. Structure of PRONACEI comprises: 1.- Identification of species 2.- Information on the species or parasites 3.- Geographical distribution 4.- Control methods Currently, the database of macroscopic algae comprises 157 species, with synonyms, images, distribution on Venezuelan coast, habitat etc. Information is updated periodically. Not yet available on the Internet MPA protection from exotic species. • Ecological solutions to degradation of fragile coasts • Training of divers in identification of species and state of the reefs • Training workshops for coastal communities http://www.terraquatica.org/sinacei/que_e s_pronacei.htm Partnerships / alliances: AWARE project, WWF, Earth Day Network (EDN), Coral Reef Alliance • 73 Governmental agencies (SPAW focal points, where information not available) Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Anguilla: SPAW Chief Minister Antigua and Barbuda: SPAW Ms. Cheryl Jeffrey-Appleton , Chief Fisheries Officer The Bahamas: SPAW His Exc. Mr. Koed Smith, Ambassador for the Environment www.best.bs Barbados: SPAW Ms. H. Elizabeth Thompson-McDowald , Minister of Environment [email protected] Contact information Karim Hodge Director of Environment Office of the Chief Minister PO Box 60, The Valley, Anguilla Tele: (1-264) 497-3089-2518 Fax: (1-264) 497-3389 [email protected] Mr. Philmore James , Senior Fisheries Officer, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture Lands & Environment, Perry Bay, St. John’s. Tel: (1-268) 462-1372/1213 Fax: (1-268) 462-1372 [email protected] Dr. Donald Cooper, UnderSecretary, Bahamas Environment, Science & Technology (BEST Commission), Ministry of Health and the Environment P.O. Box N3730, Nassau Court, Nassau, The Bahamas Tel: 1242 322-4546, 322-2576 Fax: (1-242) 326-3509 [email protected] Dr. Lorna Inniss, Senior Environmental Offier Ministry of Physical Development and Environment 1st Floor, Musson Building Hincks Street Bridgetown Tel: (1-246) 467-5700 Fax: (1-246) 437-8859 [email protected] Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance Coastal Zone Management paper by Sharon Roberts-Hodge http://www.unesco.org/csi/pub/papers2/d omp21.htm Anguilla National Trust http://www.ant.ai/ Integrated Coastal Management Profile: http://www.globaloceans.org/country/Anti gua.html BEST Commission’s mandates (Appendix 2): Five Marine Research Centres: Caribbean Marine Research Center, Lee Stocking Island, Exuma; Forfar Field Station, Andros; Bimini Biological Field Station; Bahamian Field Station, San Salvador; Bahamas Environmental Research Center, Andros (latter two now part of Bahamas) Bahamas National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) http://www.biodiv.org/doc/world/bs/bs-nbsap01-en.pdf The Coastal Zone Management Act calls for a specific ministerial committee comprised of individuals from various organisations, and headed by the Director of the Coastal Zone Management Unit. The following agencies are responsible for decision-making with respect to integrated CZM and sustainable development: - Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Unit - Town and Country Department - Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs - Fisheries Division - Coast Guard - Environment Division - Environmental Engineering Division - Government Laboratory - National Conservation Commission National Strategy for Management of Invasive Species http://www.iabinus.org/projects/i3n/i3n_products_after_pil ot/bahamas_nationalstrategy.doc Coastal Zone Management Programme under consideration http://www.best.bs/Webdocs/coastal%20 zone%20management.pdf Integrated Coastal Management profile http://www.globaloceans.org/country/Bah amas.html Integrated Coastal Management Profile: http://www.globaloceans.org/country/Bar bados.html Barbados National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans http://www.biodiv.org/doc/world/bb/bbnbsap-01-en.pdf Reefs at risk – case study http://reefsatrisk.wri.org/casestudy_text.cf m?ContentID=3332 Folkstone Marine National Park case study: http://www.canari.org/folkstone.pdf 74 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Belize: SPAW Ms. Beverly Wade CZM Authority: an autonomous public statutory body mandated to implement and monitor CZM and development policies. Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute www.coastalzonebelize.org Cayman Islands: SPAW Mrs. Gina Ebanks-Petrie , Director of Environment Colombia: SPAW Sra. Carolina Barco , Ministra de Relaciones Exteriores www.minrelext.gov.co Colombia: Ministerio de Ambiente (Ministry of Environment) http://www.minambiente.gov.co/ Contact information Mr. James Azueta Fisheries Department Princess Margaret Drive Belize City Tel: (501) 223-2187 or 2244552 Fax: (501) 223-2983 [email protected] Mrs. Gina Ebanks-Petrie Cayman Islands Department of Environment, P.O. Box 486, GT Marco Giglioli, North Sound Round, George Town, Grand Cayman; Tel: 345 949-8469; Fax: 345 949-4020 [email protected] Dr. Jaime Girón Duarte , Viceministro de Asuntos Multilaterales +Sr. Yesid Fernando Castro Forero , Director de Asuntos Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Palacio de San Carlos, Calle 10 #5-51, Bogotá Tel: (571) 562-8292/566-2008 ext. 2522, 2533 Fax: (571) *562-7822/5903; 566-6081/6444 [email protected] Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial Calle 37 No. 8-40 Tel: (57-1) 3323400 Fax: (57-1) 2889892 Bogotá, D.C Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Major functions: - Advise Minister on all matters related to the coastal zone, and on the formation of policies; - Assist in developing programmes / projects; - Foster regional & international collaboration; - Commission research and monitoring; - In consultation with stakeholders, assist in preparation of development guidelines and review CZM Plan in accordance with the Act; - Maintain the national coral reef and coastal water quality monitoring programmes. The Authority engaged in 5 programmatic areas 1) Coastal Water Quality and Monitoring 2) Manatee Research 3) Coastal Planning 4) Data Collection and Analysis 5) Reef Monitoring http://www.artificialreefs.org/ScientificReports/ GCM%20Marriott%2005Oct%20coral%20work. pdf http://www.artificialreefs.org/ScientificReports/0 3May%20Tamirand.pdf Vision: Lead creation of a policy for sustainable development integrating decisions at various levels for economic, social and environmental development with a cohesive National Environmental Plan, institutionally strong and transparent in execution in response to needs, promoting social partnership, leading to economic growth, employment generation and national development. Further information of relevance Integrated Coastal Management Profile: http://www.globaloceans.org/country/beliz e.html Reefs at risk – case study http://projects.wri.org/project_description. cfm?ProjectID=219 Website on Coastal Zone Management: http://www.belizenet.com/coastal/1.html Glover Reef Marine Research Station: http://www.wcs.org/international/marine/ marinelacaribbean/grmrs Cay Caulker Marine Reserve www.gocayecaulker.com/marine.html Hol Chan Marine Reserve: http://www.holchanbelize.org/ Red Mesoamericana (network of Central American Universities for Management of biotic resources). www.redmeso.net http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/Techreport s/tr36en/countries/cayman.html http://www.johngrayrecyclers.org/id16.ht ml http://doe.8m.com/index.html http://www.pls/portal30/docs/Folder/SITE 83/PRESSRELEASES/200603PRESSRE LEASES/DARWINDOE.PDF' http://www.darwin.gov.uk/field/articles/sc holar.html Mission: provide environmental services and goods; an enabling environment for socially and economically sustainable development via expediting policies and regulations and promoting sharing and integration of activities, coordinated at local, national and regional levels to enhance the quality of life of the population 75 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Costa Rica: SPAW *Ing. Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Echandi , Ministro www.sinac.go.cr, www.minae.go.cr Cuba: SPAW Sr. Jorge Luis Fernández Chamero http://www.cubagob.cu/des_soc/sitio-citma/cienciaindex.htm Dominica: SPAW Mr. Colmore Christian , Permanent Secretary Environmental Coordinating Unit Dominican Republic: SPAW Dr. Maximiliano Ruig , Secretario Lic. Daneris Santana , Subsecretario de Estado de Areas Protegidas http://www.ceiba.gov.do/ France: SPAW *Mme Roselyne Bachelot , Ministre http://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/sommaire.php3 Contact information **Ing. Edwin Cyrus Cyrus , Director, Area Conservacion Amistad Caribe, Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, Apartado 1077-7300, Limón Tel: (506) 795-4855/ 798-3170 Fax: (506) 795-3996 [email protected] Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio, Dirección de Colaboración International Havana Tel: (53-7) 670-606, cell. (537) 885-8992 Fax: (53-7) 866-8054/ 338-054 [email protected] Mr. Eric Hypolite, Director of Forestry & Wildlife Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Government Headquarters, Botanic Gardens, Roseau Tel: 1-767 448-2401 Ext. 3417 Fax: (1-767) 448-7999 [email protected] *Ing. Roberto Sánchez , Director, Areas Protegidas y Biodiversidad, Secretaría de Estado de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Natural, Ave. Maximo Gomez, Edif. Antigua Cementera, Santo Domingo Tel: (809) *472-4024; 383-2915c / 547-3888 x2207/8 Fax: (809) 227-6550 [email protected] **M. Jean Marc Michel, Directeur Adjoint , Direction de la nature et Ministère de l'écologies et du développement, 20, avenue de Ségur, 75302 Paris 07 SP Tel: 331 01 *4219-2021 **1935 Fax: 331 *014219-2021 **1977 [email protected] Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance http://www.sinaccr.net/corrmarino.php http://www.sinaccr.net/corrbilogico.php Environment portal provides information: (1) database - institutions, legislation, terminology; (2) catalogue of publications (3) Program documents (4) Official documents Likewise, the Science portal provides information on (1) Institutions & establishments (2) scientific activities (3) Library and other links http://www.medioambiente.cu/ http://www.cubaciencia.cu/ Objective: to protect the maritime, terrestrial and coastal regions from destruction, degradation, contamination and modification in order to preserve marine ecosystems The main mission is to establish management, conservation and sustainable use of the coastal and marine resources, likewise inland water systems of the Dominican Republic through its Departments and Directives and in coordination with other activities of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources http://www.ceiba.gov.do/costerosymarino / Focus on: Climate change Sustainable Development Water and aquatic medium Economic / environmental research and assessments Biodiversity and Landscape Risk and pollution 76 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) (Guadeloupe): M. Dominique Deviers , Directeur Régional de l'Environnement Grenada: SPAW Ms. Nadica McIntyre , Permanent Secretary Guatemala: SPAW Lic. Noé Adalberto Ventura Loyo , Secretario http://www.conap.gob.gt/?&sitemap Guyana: SPAW Mrs. Sheranne Wickham , Senior Environmental Officer Haiti: SPAW M. Yves-André Wainright , Ministre Honduras: SPAW Asistente del Canciller Contact information Direction Regionale de l'Environnement (DIREN) Allée des Lauriers Circonvallation, BP 105 – 97102, Basseterre Tel: (590) 993-560 Fax: (590) 812-633, 993-565 dominique.deviers@guadeloupe .ecologie.gouv.fr Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Finance & National Botanical Gardens Office of the Prime Minister St. George’s Tel: (473) 440-2712 / 25640 Fax: (473) 440-4181 / 4116 [email protected] Sr. Ignacio Galvez , Asistente ([email protected]) Consejo Nacional de Areas Protegidas (CONAP) Via 5, 4-50 Zona 4 Edificio Maya, 4to Nivel Ciudad de Guatemala (502-2) 422-6718 / 230-0871 Fax :(502-2) 238-3118 [email protected]/ [email protected]. gt Guyana EPA 1 AST Building, Turkeyen Greater Georgetown Tel: (592-2) 222-277/ 225-783/ 225-784 Fax: 592-2) 225-785 / 222-442 [email protected] M. Exil Lucienna, Ministère de l'Environnement, 181, Haut Turgeau, Avenue Jean Paul II Port-au-Prince Tel : (509) 245-7585 / 72 Fax : (509) 245-7360 [email protected] Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Palacio Cecilio del Valle, Boulevard Juan Pablo II Teguicgalpa; Tel: 504 234-8988; Fax: 504 234-1484 / 1477 Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance http://www.gov.gd/ http://pmoffice.gov.gd/ El Consejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas – CONAP – is a public entity established in 1989, to undertake activities related to the Law for Protected Areas. It is the arm of coordination of the Sistema Guatemalteco de Áreas Protegidas (SIGAP), with jurisdiction for the national territories, its maritime coastline and airspace. http://www.ecoindex.org/search/results.cfm?projectID=3 42 http://www.unep.ch/biosafety/developme nt/Countryreports/GTNBFInventario.pdf http://www.biodiv.org/doc/world/gt/gtnbsap-01-es.pdf 77 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) Mexico: SPAW Sr. José Manuel Bulas Montoro , Coordinador de Asuntos http://portal.semarnat.gob.mx/semarnat/portal Montserrat: SPAW Mr. Gerard Gray, Chief Forestry & Environment Officer Netherlands: SPAW Ms. Jacqeuline B. Broerse , Environment Programme (DST/ML) Netherlands Antilles: Mr. Ben D. Whiteman , Director www.mina.vomil.an Contact information Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) Anillo Periférico Sur No. 4209 14210, Tlalpan D.F Tel: (52-555) 628-3906 Fax: (52-555) 628-0694 Email: [email protected] Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Main purpose: to create a State environmental protection policy reversing the tendencies of ecological damage and establishing the bases for sustainable development. Environmental protection policy aimed at responding to national expectations of protecting natural resources, by addressing pollution, loss of ecosystems and biodiversity, consistent with political welfare, where environmental problems are an important and priority issue; recognize the hazards arising from a lack of care for the environment and the need to preserve and improve the quality of life Further information of relevance • • • • Strategic Programs: Ecosystem/biodiversity conservation Sustainable development promotion Halt/reverse loss of natural capital Halt/reverse pollution of life-supporting ecosystems (water, air and soil) Ministry of Agriculture, Trade & the Environment P.O. Box 272, Brades Tel: (1-664) 491-2075 Fax: (1-664) 491-9275 [email protected] Directorate General for International Cooperation (DGIS) Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bezuidenhoutseweg 67 P.O. Box 20061 2500 EB The Hague Tel: (31-70) 348-4329 Fax: (31-70) 348-4303 [email protected] Ministry of Public Health and Social Development – Department of Environment and Nature *Mr. Paul C. Hoetjes Policy Advisor, Directorate of Public Health of the Netherlands Sta. Rosaweg 122 Willemstad Curaçao Tel (599-9) 736-3530 Fax: (599-9) 736-3505 / *4612154; 0254 E-Mail: [email protected] Netherlands: NetCoast: A Guide to Integrated Coastal Management Coastal Zone Management Centre (CZM-C) National Institute for Coastal & MINA is part of Ministry of Public Health & Social Development of Netherlands Antilles (NA). As a federal government department encompassing all five islands of NA, MINA’s tasks are set out in the NA Island Regulation (ERNA, 1998, art. 2.e. 10): “environmental & nature management and conservation as derived from treaties”. MINA’s tasks are limited to setting general guidelines for the islands & ensuring appropriate implemention. It also facilitates and encourages implementation of the internationally agreed standards for biodiversity conservation and environmental care, and their sustainable development. NetCoast is produced by CZMC an international Centre located in Ministry of Transport, Public Works & Water Management Biodiversity database DCNA (Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance) Nature Fora (1996-2005) NANCI (Netherlands Antilles Nature Conservation Initiative) NACRI (Netherlands Antilles Coral Reefs Initiative) Saba Bank – Integrated Management Plan Fisheries (Saba Bank, Curaçao, National Legislation, Legislation Saba) Sea Turtle monitoring (Bonaire, Statia) Marine mammal monitoring (Curaçao) Features: ICZM simulation models / modelling systems developed by RIKZ 78 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) http://www.netcoast.nl/ Nicaragua: SPAW Ing. Arturo Harding Lacayo , Ministro Panama: SPAW St. Kitts / Nevis: SPAW St. Lucia: SPAW Mr. Martin Satney , Permanent Secretary (Ag.) Chief Fisheries Officer/Chief Forestry Officer Contact information Marine Management (RIKZ) Ministry of Transport, Public Works & Water Management The Hague, The Netherlands *Sr. René Salvador Castellón Especialista de la Oficina (CITES), Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Apdo. 5123, Km. 12½ Carretera Norte, Managua Tel: *(505-2) 331-173/ 632-088/ *331-112-3 Fax: (505-2) 331-795 /631-274 [email protected] Sr. Ricardo Rivera, Director Nacional de Patrimonio Natural, Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente, Apartado 08 43 Zona C, Balboa, Ancón, Ancón Tel: 507315-0951/0855 ext. 176 Fax: (507) 315-0573 [email protected] / [email protected]/ Mr. Ralph Wilkins , Fisheries Officer, Fisheries Management Unit, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry & Environment, Government Headquarters, P.O. Box 186 Basseterre Tel: (1-869) 465 8045 Fax: (1-869) 465-2635 Ms. Dawn Pierre-Nathaniel, Fisheries Dept. , Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 5th Floor, Stanislaus James Building The Waterfront, Castries Tel: (1758) 468-4135, 450-231 Fax: 1758 453-6314/ 452 3853 [email protected] / [email protected] Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW and supported by six Ministries. CZMC provides a platform for cooperation and transfer of information on the sustainable management of coastal resources and has been set up in response the 1992 UN conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) call for exchange of know-how and technology to enhance implementation of ICZM Programmes by nations around the world Further information of relevance - - participation Projects in which CZMC is involved: http://www.netcoast.nl/projects1/projec ts.htm Coastal Adaptation Strategies http://www.netcoast.nl/news/coastal _adaptation_strategies.pdf 79 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) St. Vincent and the Grenadines: SPAW Ms. Pamela Browne, Permanent Secretary Mr. Brian Johnson, Director of Forestry Suriname: SPAW The Hon. Clifford P. Marica , Minister http://www.nimos.org/ NIMOS is the focal point for environment-related conventions to which the Republic of Suriname is a party (e.g. the Convention on Biological Diversity and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) and international or regional environmental organizations or other bodies Trinidad & Tobago: SPAW Dr. Dave McIntosh , Chief Executive Officer http://www.ema.co.tt/ Turks and Caicos Islands: SPAW Mrs. Judith Garland-Campbell United Kingdom Contact information Mr. Leslie Straker, Fisheries Officer, Ministry of Agriculture Forestry & Fisheries AND Environmental Unit, Ministry of Health and Environment Kingstown Tel: (784) 457-8502 / 456-1111 ext. 304, 306 Fax: (784) 457-1688 [email protected] S. Ang, National Institute for Environment and Development of Suriname Tamaridelaan #2, Paramaribo Tel: (597) 520-045 Fax: (597) 520-042 E-Mail: [email protected] Mr. Kishan Kumarsingh, Environmental Management Authority (EMA), Ministry of Public Utilities & Environment (copy), 8 Elizabeth Street St. Clair, Port of Spain Tel: 1-868 628-8042 ext. 257 Fax: 1-868 628-9122 [email protected] ; [email protected] Director of Environment and Department of Environment & Coastal, c/o National Environment Centre Providenciales Tel: 649 941-5122 / 946-2801 Fax: (649) 946-4793 [email protected] / [email protected] Ms. Annabelle Malins, Technologist & Training Specialist, National Resources Institute, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, King Charles Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance National Council for the Environment (NMR) is an innovative and promising structure for environmental management, based on regional structures and national consultations. The executive and research arm of NMR is the National Institute for Environment and Development in Suriname (NIMOS). - advise the government of Suriname on the implementation of environmental policies - realize national environmental legislation - prepare and realize regulations regarding environmental protection - coordinate and monitor compliance with those rules and regulations A General Director heads NIMOS. There are eight specific offices: - Administration - Environmental and Social Assessment - Environmental Monitoring and Enforcement - Environmental Legal Services - Environmental Planning and Information - Environmental Public Education and Outreach - Environmental Funding and Investments - Environmental Research. 80 Name of organization, relevance and website (where available) USA: SPAW Vice Admiral Conrad Lautenbacher, Jr. , http://www.nos.noaa.gov http://www.noaa.gov/research.html Venezuela: SPAW Dr. Jésus Ramos Oropeza, Director General de Diversidad [email protected] Attention: Director de Gestion Internacional Contact information Street, London, SW1 2AH Tel: 44 207-2703485 Fax: 44 207-2703731 Mr. Thomas L. Laughlin Director, Office of International Affairs Mr. Arthur Paterson International Programme Officer, NOAA/NOS National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency U.S. Department of Commerce Main Comm. Bldg-Room 5811 14th & Constitution Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20230 Tel: **301-713-3078 ext. 112 / *202-482-5118 Fax: **30-713-4263; *202-4824307 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Sra. Jacquelin Mendoza , Directora General de Gestión Oficina Nacional de Diversidad Biológica, Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales (MARNR) Torre Sur, Piso 9, Centro Simon Bolivar, A.A. 6623 Caracas 1010 Tel: 58-212 408-1501/2; 4755 Fax: 58-212 408-1503; 4276 [email protected] Projects / Activities of relevance to MIS / BW Further information of relevance Vision “An informed society that uses a comprehensive understanding of the role of the oceans, coasts and atmosphere in the global ecosystem to make the best social and economic decisions” Mission “To understand and predict changes in the Earth’s environment and conserve and manage coastal and marine resources to meet our nation’s economic, social and environmental needs” NOAA Sites OAR: http://www.coral.noaa.gov/oar/ NESDIS National Ocean Service: http://www.nos.noaa.gov/ National Marine Fisheries Services: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/ NODC CoRIS Coral Reef Online Marine Protected Areas NOAA's Coral Reef Conservation Homepage NOAA's Coral Reef Information System Objective: to facilitate and support the rational use of natural resources and enhancing the life and quality of the environment by exercising caution, supervision and control against overutilization and deterioration of the resources. The various divisions fo the Ministry have relevant competencies to undertake their tasks in complementarity with the objectives NOAA is a federal agency focused on the condition of the oceans and the atmosphere. It plays several distinct roles within the Department of Commerce: supply environmental information products pertaining to the state of the oceans and atmosphere provide environmental stewardship services, coordinating with federal, state, local and international authorities towards management of these environments, regulating fisheries and marine sanctuaries as well as threatened and endangered marine species. A leader in applied scientific research in ecosystems, climate, weather and water and commerce and transportation. Capacity building and Technical Assistance from Cuba for an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Action Plan in the states of Miranda, Falcón, Nueva Esparta, Sucre, Vargas and Zulia. Action plans developed to set up pilot sites in each state (April to Nov 2005) 81 Appendix 1 Scientific Cooperative Agreements between the STRI and countries of the WCR STRI - Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama WCR - Wider Caribbean Region Country Institution Objective Brasil Universidad Estadual de Campinas Scientific /cooperation agreement in the fields of biology/ecology Colombia STRI/ INVEMAR ( Instituto de Investigations Marinas y Costeras, José Benito Vives de Andreis) General agreement for scientific cooperation for development of technology, science, training and education. Colombia STRI/ University of Bogotá – Jorge T. Lozano Collaborative agreement to reinforce training among investigators in the Foundation (Sea Museum) field of limnology and marine science. Colombia Instituto Humboldt Scientific long term collaboration for ecology studies Costa Rica STRI/ CIMAR Scientific research and collaboration with the Costa Rica University , Research Center for Limnology an Marine Science University of Costa Rica Cuba STRI / National Museum of Natural History Cuba SI / Washington / Cuba Academy of Sciences MOU - for technical and scientific cooperation Cuba Institute of Ecology Ecuador STRI/PUCE (Catholic Pontifician University of Cooperation agreement for the development of scientific research Ecuador) projects in the Yasuni. Mexico STRI / The Veracruz Aquarium Agreement for cooperation for exchange of information related to conservation, education of marine habitats, technical information, etc. Panama Bahia Honda Scientific cooperation agreement to participate along with STRI in the operation of a Field Station in Sona, Prov. of Veraguas (Fundación Ecológica Isla Canales de Tierra) Panama Scientific agreement for interchange, cooperation, and development of projects. (Inter-american Tropical Tuna Commission) Non-exclusive scientific cooperation agreement intended to facilitate access to the IATTC Achotines Lab research facilities by STRI researchers and students. USA STRI / ICBG / NOVARTIS MOU for material transfer, patent, and licensing agreement USA STRI / ICBG / Oregon State University (OSU) MOU for material transfer, collection, export and use of biological material STRI / Yale School of Forestry & MOU for cooperation in the field of tropical forest restoration Environmental Studies USA Venezuela IATTC Cooperative agreements for the interchange and development of scientific projects. STRI / Simon Bolivar University MOU to promote scientific cooperation, education with special emphasis on marine coastal environments 82 Appendix 2: Mandate of BEST BEST - The Bahamas Environment, Science and Technology (BEST) Commission: a. serve as national focal point for environment, science and technology (EST); b. coordinate matters on international environment-related treaties, conventions, protocols and agreements to which The Bahamas is, or will become, party or signatory; c. to coordinate the national effort to: i. protect, conserve & responsibly manage environmental resources of The Bahamas; ii. develop national environmental strategies and related action plans; iii. identify suitable scientific & technological advances to contribute to national development iv. propose legislation to enforce provisions of national environmental plans & policies v. To identify & apply for technical assistance and financial grants to meet national obligations under international environment-related conventions, treaties, protocols & agreements d. to represent the Government in discussions and negotiations with representatives of regional / international organizations and foreign governments on EST matters as appropriate; e. to serve as a forum for encouraging open dialogue, facilitating information exchange and improved communication among Government agencies and private sector in matters of EST; f. to process administrative arrangements for Bahamas' representation in training seminars / international meetings in EST; g. to keep Government informed of the progress of the Commission's work and the outcome of its deliberations with international organisations; h. to explain and publicize policies and activities of The Bahamas Government in EST; i. to advise Government in a timely fashion on environmental impact of various development proposals submitted for BEST's review; j. to prepare papers on various issues to assist in national policy formation. k. To conduct site visits for projects under environmental impact assessment (EIA) review. 83 Annex V. Project / programmes on, or with potential relevance to, MIS and Ballast Waters management Title and details (where available) Implementing agency(s) Executing agency(s) Objectives and further information of relevance to MIS Global: Building partnerships to assist developing countries to reduce the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms in ship’s ballast water (GloBallast Partnerships) GEF – PDF B; not yet approved UNDP and IMO GEF – PDF A: 2000-2004; Evaluation completed in 2005 UNDP and IMO http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=2261 The overall objective: promote the development of regional partnerships that will implement coordinated long-term measures to minimize the adverse impacts of aquatic invasive species transferred through ships’ BW on coastal and marine ecosystems, economy, human health and well-being in accordance with the relevant IMO international Convention. Two related development objectives: ·promote regional partnerships, based on existing regional structures and programmes, for the effective implementation of the International Convention for the Control and Management of ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, building on the experience and through the expertise accumulated in the Pilot Countries. ·To integrate regional BW programmes with other marine and coastal environmental management strategies. Barriers to be overcome, as identified in the PDF-B project phase, include those of an educational, informational, technical, institutional, financial, political, cultural, and legal nature. There are six (6) major project objectives. The objectives address the need for effective project management and coordination, stakeholder and public awareness and educational activities, barrier removal efforts in targeted countries, monitoring activities, regional involvement and identification of opportunities for self-financing and the recruitment of additional donors to ensure long-term sustainability UNEP / GEF; approved September 2005 World Fish Center, Indonesia The objectives should be a logical expansion of the pilot phase (PDF A – Globallast – see below), with a greater regional focus and more emphasis on integrated management. The project is designed to build on the regional approach established during the pilot phase and is based on the principle of integrated implementation. Global: Removal of Barriers to the Effective Implementation of Ballast Water Control and Management Measures in Developing Countries (Globallast) Long-term objective: assist developing countries in reducing transfer of harmful organisms from ship BW. The project increased the extent to which ships calling on developing country ports adhered to the voluntary international Guidelines of the IMO. Further, assistance was provided in the development of programs necessary to implement the expected IMO international regulatory framework. Effective, country based Pilot Demonstration Projects within six developing nations, representative of each global development region, were supported: Brazil/port of Sepetiba, China/port of Dalian, India/ port of Mumbai (Bombay), Iran/Kharg Island, South Africa/port of Soldanha, Ukraine/port of Odessa. Regional Involvement was effected through Regional Task Forces. Global: Knowledge Base for Lessons Learned and Best Practices in the Management of Coral Reefs http://tinyurl.com/oo7v4 The overall goal of the project is enhanced capacity within country institutions to learn from previous experiences of other projects and develop and implement coral reef projects which deliver key outcomes effectively and efficiently 84 Title and details (where available) Implementing agency(s) Executing agency(s) Objectives and further information of relevance to MIS Global: International Coral Reefs Initiative (ICRI) http://www.icriforum.org/ Objectives: - Governments & international organizations to strengthen commitment to and implementation of programs at the local, national, regional & international levels to conserve, restore and promote sustainable use of coral reefs and associated environments (CRAE); - each country / region to incorporate into existing local, regional, and national development plans, management provisions for protection, restoration, and sustainable use of the structure, processes and biodiversity of CRAE; - strengthen capacity: research; management; monitoring of CRAE; policy development and implementation - establish & maintain coordination of international, regional & national research & monitoring programs incl Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN), in association with the Global Ocean Observing System, for efficient use of resources and information flow relevant to CRAE Global: IUCN Global Marine Programme http://www.iucn.org/en/projects/chile_invasives.htm Governments Small, temporary Secretariat ICRI is a voluntary partnership among governments, international organizations, and NGOs, formed during the first CoP of CBD. It strives to preserve coral reefs and related ecosystems by implementing Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and other relevant international conventions and agreements. http://www.icriforum.org/router.cfm?show=secretariat/sec_home.html &Item=1 Coordination of Secretariat funded by the government of one country, but often with assistance of others. Global: Reefcheck http://www.reefcheck.org Reef Check is a volunteer, ocean conservation organization designed to save coral reefs globally and temperate reefs in California. Reef Check is active in over 82 countries and territories throughout the world, including most countries in the WCR Global: Score Card to Assess Progress in Achieving Management Effectiveness Goals for MPAs IUCN Collaboration: Worldfish Center (Reefbase www.reefbase.org), University of Rhode Island & University of Southern California WB / WWF – completed 2004 http://www.icriforum.org/mpa/SC2_eng_nocover.pdf Available in Spanish and French Regional: The Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Program is an international collaboration of scientists and mangers aimed at determining the regional condition of reefs in the Western Atlantic and Gulf of http://www.agrra.org /sponsors.html IUCN Partners: - Total Foundation - Government of Chile - Under-Secretariat for Fisheries - New Zealand Biosecurity Department Ministry of Fisheries Projects relevant to Wider Caribbean Region (WCR): GCRMN - partnership of existing monitoring programs including Reef Check, a global program and CARICOMP in the WCR. http://www.gcrmn.org/ International Coral Reef Action Network: 1. reef management, 2. global coral reef monitoring and assessment, and 3. communications and knowledge dissemination. UNEP, through its Regional Seas Programmes, co-ordinates the reef management component of ICRAN in WCR. http://www.icran.org/ ICRI News, Events and discussion forums Reduce the threats posed by IAS in aquaculture systems by providing methodologies to assess the risk of invasions, and to control and manage invasive species when they occur, and by raising awareness within the aquaculture community about the threats posed by IAS on native biodiversity, but also on socio-economic activities Reefcheck database: WRAS is an online application to input, view, and analyse Reef Check survey data. Calculates indicators of how good or bad a shape a particular reef is in, and what the underlying causes may be, based on Reef Check surveys. Reefcheck GIS: Survey results on interactive maps Score Card purpose: help MPA managers and local stakeholders determine their progress along management continuum: a short, straightforward self-assessment tool to help managers identify where they are succeeding and where they need to address gaps. Intended to be completed by MPA staff and other stakeholders - a useful team building exercise. Revised August 2003 publication. Major changes sections on outputs and outcomes. Preliminary findings have provided valuable baseline data for scientists and government officials responsible for selecting and maintaining MPAs. Over 100 scientists / resource managers have joined AGRRA to conduct capacity training workshops, field 85 Title and details (where available) Implementing agency(s) Executing agency(s) Mexico. http://www.agrra.org/ The first and only program to develop an extensive regional database on Caribbean coral reef condition. Using an innovative regional approach to examine the condition of reef-building corals, algae and fishes, reef scientists teams have assessed some 400 reef areas at 25 sites throughout the region Regional: Caribbean coastal marine productivity program (CARICOMP): sustaining coastal biodiversity benefits and ecosystem services. (Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bonaire, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saba, Trinidad & Tobago, USA, Venezuela.) Regional: The CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Program (CFRAMP): sustainable development initiative of CARICOM States. A series of national consultations, workshops and working group activities were expected to lead to a seamless transition from CFRAMP to the a Regional Fisheries Mechanism (see below) Regional: The Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM): http://www.caricom-fisheries.com/ An output of CFRAMP, CRFM is the core of a complex interactive network of a wide variety of stakeholders in fisheries. Three bodies together make up CRFM. 1) the Ministerial Body; 2) the Caribbean Fisheries Forum; and 3) the Caribbean Fisheries Technical Unit (CFTU) or Secretariat Regional: Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef (MBRF) http://www.mbrs.org.bz/english/en_index.htm Regional (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico) Standardizing ecosystem monitoring for development of a regional information system Regional: Coral Health and Monitoring Program (CHAMP). http://www.coral.noaa.gov/ Mission: to provide services and information sources for researchers and the public in order to help improve and sustain coral reef health throughout the world. Coral List Serve with >2000 members worldwide. Seakeys data and Integrated Monitoring Network Database http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/ Regional: Integrating Watershed and Coastal Area Management (IWCAM) in the Small Island Developing In partnership with GCRMN Center for Marine Sciences, University of the West Indies Mona, Kingston 6, Jamaica Tel: 876-927-1609 Fax: 876-977-1037 CIDA / CARICOM, Phase I : 1991-1998 Phase II: 1999-2003 assessments, data analysis and prepare results for publication and press releases Project Goals: Complete the regional assessment of the health of coral reefs throughout the Western Atlantic; Analyze the results and develop a database so as to establish a practical scale of comparative reef condition; and Promote transfer of information to government officials, policy makers resource managers, tourist operators, students & general public. Enhancing coastal and fisheries resource management through stakeholder participation, local knowledge and environmental education, Arcadins Coast, Haiti E-mail: [email protected] CFRM Agreement: http://www.intfish.net/treaties/crfm.htm CARICOM Governments, Ongoing Caribbean Fisheries Technical Unit (=Secretariat) IBRD - The World Bank / GEF - Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo (CCAD) Sistema de Integracion CentroAmericano (SICA) NOAA UNEP/UNDP / GEF Objectives and further information of relevance to MIS The Secretariat of the Cartagena http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=837 Enhance protection of the unique and vulnerable marine ecosystems comprising MBRS, and to assist with strengthening and coordination of regional policies, regulations, and institutional arrangements for the conservation and sustainable use of this global public good NOAA/OAR's CHAMP is in the process of installing Coral Reef Early Warning System (CREWS) http://www.coral.noaa.gov/crews/index.shtml monitoring stations at all major US coral reef areas, as recommended by the Coral Reef Task Force http://www.coralreef.gov/. These stations, along with SEAKEYS Network http://www.coral.noaa.gov/seakeys/index.shtml, provide near real-time data and information products. CREWS is part of a NOAA partnership called Coral Reef Watch http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=1254 Long-term sustainable management of (watershed and coastal) 86 Title and details (where available) States of the Caribbean Regional (Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago) Regional: OECS Protected Areas and Associated Sustainable Livelihoods Regional (Antigua And Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts And Nevis, St. Vincent and Grenadines, St. Lucia) Implementing agency(s) IBRD - The World Bank / GEF – PDF B Regional: UNEP-CEP Assessment and Management of Environmental Pollution (AMEP) http://www.cep.unep.org/operationalcomponents/amep/plonearticle.2005-10-03.0339023324 or http://tinyurl.com/gu63q Nations and territories in the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR) Regional: UNEP-CEP Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW) Programme Nations and territories in the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR) http://www.cep.unep.org/operationalcomponents/plonearticlemultipage.2005-1003.4690343384/plonearticle.2005-10-03.4390688397 or http://tinyurl.com/n7egs National: Belize: Sustainable Development and Management of Biologically Diverse Coastal Resources Comprehensive planning of coastal resource management to preserve globally-significant and economically-vital marine ecosystem. This innovative project includes training, laying groundwork for zoning plans, and assistance with developing permanent statutory authority charged with preserving and managing littoral zone nationwide http://tinyurl.com/m224s National - Belize: Conservation And Sustainable Use of the Barrier Reef Complex This Full-size project which builds on the achievements of the GEF-funded pilot phase project seeks to operationalize the recently passed Coastal Zone Management Act. This Executing agency(s) Objectives and further information of relevance to MIS Convention; The Caribbean Environmental Health Institute biological resources and ecosystems, while mitigating or eliminating regional transboundary threats to those resources and ecosystems. Environment and Sustainable Development Unit (ESDU): Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). UNEP-CAR/RCU – AMEP subprogramme RAC CIMAB, RAC IMA and RAC REMPETEIC as LBS and Oil Spills RACs UNEP-CAR/RCU SPAW subprogramme http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=1204 Improving institutional capacity to manage Protected Areas in the region UNDP / GEF Completed Belize Coastal Zone Management Plan UNDP / GEF Completed Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Cooperatives Coastal Zone Management Authority Relevant sections of AMEP subprogramme workplan for 2006-2007 - Management of oil spills, strengthening of maritime organizations in Central America and the management of ballast waters from ships in collaboration with RAC REMPEITC - Development of a Regional Strategy for the Management of Marine Litter Relevant sections of SPAW subprogramme workplan for 2006-07 Strengthen Protected Areas in the Wider Caribbean Region Support invasive species management in MPAs Develop Guidelines for Protected Areas & Species Management Develop criteria and guidelines to prevent species from becoming threatened or endangered Conservation of Threatened and Endangered Species Control of alien and invasive species (in collaboration with GISP, UNEP, CBD, IMO) Conservation and Sustainable Use of Coastal & Marine Ecosystems ICRAN-USAID/UNF International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN) MAR Project; Support to the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) Some activities, extending across several time periods, are accomplished by SPAW Programme in coordination with other CEP sub-programmes or national/regional/international organisations http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=358 Project completed. Final evaluation conducted in June 1998, document available The final draft Strategy document, entitled National Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategy for Belize, has been completed and formally submitted to the Ministry for endorsement. The work of the CZM Institute continues with programmes in water quality and coral reef monitoring, manatee research, and coastal planning. The 87 Title and details (where available) Act provides the institutional framework for the implementation of targeted interventions for biodiversity protection. Belize's coastal zone is made up of globally significant diversity of ecosystems and organisms, including the longest barrier reef (220 km long) in the Western Hemisphere. Five of the marine protected areas (MPAs) targeted in this project are World Heritage Sites http://www.gefweb.org/wprogram/Oct98/UNDP/belize.pdf http://www.gefweb.org/wprogram/Oct98/UNDP/belize2.pdf National - Colombia: Caribbean Archipelago Biosphere Reserve: Regional Marine Protected Area System The Medium-sized project supports conservation of critical habitats in the Archipelago as a means to protect and restore species diversity, sustainable marine and coastal resource use, and equitable benefit distribution to local populations. Achievement of these objectives is vital to the survival of the native culture, both socially and economically. http://tinyurl.com/f8w2y National - Cuba: Protecting Biodiversity and Establishing Sustainable Development of the in Sabana-Camaguey Region Project enhances current surveys of biodiversity by providing equipment and resources and assisting with rapid ecological inventories. Includes facilitating creation of GIS, ongoing monitoring and analysis, and translation of data into procedures and guidelines for eco-tourism development http://tinyurl.com/gfnqa National - Cuba: Priority Actions to Consolidate Biodiversity Protection in the Sabana-Camaguey Ecosystem The project is aimed at supporting the incorporation of biodiversity concerns into integrated coastal zone management. This consolidation phase project focuses on the northern archipelago of the Sabana-Camaguey Ecosystem (SCE) in central Cuba, which harbors marine and terrestrial biodiversity of global significance. http://www.gefweb.org/wprogram/Oct98/UNDP/cubamain.p df http://www.gefweb.org/wprogram/Oct98/UNDP/cuba1.pdf http://www.gefweb.org/wprogram/Oct98/UNDP/cubannx.pdf National - Cuba: Mainstreaming and Sustaining Biodiversity Conservation in three Productive Sectors of the Sabana Camaguey Ecosystem Pipeline entry for the current Concept to complete the sequentially phased intervention, in recognition of the critical role that GEF support and technical assistance from Implementing agency(s) Executing agency(s) IBRD - The World Bank / GEF Approved in 2000; implementation underway Corporation for the Sustainable Development of the Archipelago of San Andres, Old Providence, and Santa Catalina (CORALINA) UNDP / GEF 19931997 Academy of Sciences, Government of Cuba UNDP / GEF Implementation commenced in 2000 Ministry of Science Environment and Technology, Government of Cuba Objectives and further information of relevance to MIS Project is actively supporting the concept of co-management and assisting in arrangements for NGOs and CBOs to be involved in the day-to-day management of the marine protected areas. The demonstration project is located on the island of Caye Caulker, with a community located in the buffer zone of a marine protected area. Many community meetings have been held and public awareness campaigns carried out, and a good rapport has developed between the community and the project Final evaluation first draft (2005): http://tinyurl.com/muzf5 http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=773 MPAs are being established as part of a comprehensive system that includes representative strategic marine and coastal ecosystems of the region: a variety of coral formations, seagrass beds, mangroves, beaches and deep water areas. Thus, the widest goals of biodiversity conservation and recovery can be met as habitats that support both coastal and marine plants (mangroves, ferns, epiphytes, seagrass, seaweed, algae) and endemic, resident & migrant animals (fishes, reptiles, birds, invertebrates, fungi, micro-organisms) are included in protected areas. Particular attention to community involvement and both formal and informal training in multiple-use MPA management http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=363 http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=591 The diversity is threatened principally by conventional tourism development, and more locally and to a much lesser extent, from over-fishing and agro-industrial pollution. The successfully completed of the first stage of the GEF-funded project (1993-1997) established the scientific and institutional foundations for biodiversity conservation through integrated management of the entire3 SCE Current status not clear UNDP / GEF PDF B, not yet approved Ministry of Science Environment and Technology, Government of Cuba http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=2633 The proposed FSP would promote operational changes within the tourism, fisheries and agriculture sectors to ensure biodiversity conservation across the sea and landscape that make up 80% of the archipelago 88 Title and details (where available) UNDP can provide in enabling them to advance these sectoral reforms. http://tinyurl.com/ov6ch National - Dominican Republic: Integrated Management of the Coastal and Marine Zone of the Samana Region Objective: to establish a socially, economically, and ecologically viable operational framework for integrated planning and management of coastal and marine ecosystems in the Samaná region. National - Biodiversity Conservation and Management in the Coastal Zone of the Dominican Republic The project assisted in protecting two important coastal regions through addressing regional landshed issues and developing buffering strategy. Activities including training, public awareness raising, data collection into a GIS for assessment of priority protection areas, monitoring of environmental change, and assessment of socio-economic impact on environmental policy. National - Panama: Second Rural Poverty, Natural Resources Management and Consolidation of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor Project The global objective of the proposed project supports the efforts of the Government of Panama to integrate environmental and social sustainability into development and poverty reduction strategies in the Pacific and Atlantic municipalities. It will do so through the following objectives: (a) enable decentralization of environmental management by strengthening local governments; (b) strengthen and train local government authorities in environmental management; and (c) support poor communities to adopt biodiversity friendly income generating activities. http://tinyurl.com/qxotb National - Venezuela: Strengthening Capacities for Mainstreaming Biodiversity Conservation into Integrated Coastal Zone Management http://tinyurl.com/pw8wp Implementing agency(s) Executing agency(s) Objectives and further information of relevance to MIS GEF and others Pending PDF B approval IADB http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=2790 UNDP / GEF CEBSE, Grupo Jaragua and Other NGOs http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=195 1994-1997 (technical evaluation 1998) IBRD – The World Bank / GEF Approved June 2005 Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente (ANAM) -National Environmental Authority UNDP / GEF Pipeline entry, not yet approved Ministry of Infrastructure (National Institute of Aquatic Spaces INEA) Proposal: http://www.gefonline.org/ProjectDocs/Biodiversity/Dominican%20Rep %20-%20Coastal%20Zone%20Mngmt/Dominican%20Rep%20%20Coastal%20Zone%20Mngnt%20Proj%20Doc.pdf Technical evaluation: http://www.gefonline.org/M&E/TER/1998/UNDP%20BD/Dominican%2 0Rep-Coastal%20Management%20Biodiv..doc http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetails.cfm?projID=2102 Building on pilot activities to be carried out in the Gulf of Paria, capacities of national institutions will be strengthened, permitting the effective mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use principles into planning frameworks and decision-making processes in marine and coastal areas of Venezuela 89 Annex VI: Additional / relevant information from responses to questionnaires National questionnaires Anguilla (U.K) While there is awareness of MIS, there is currently no capacity in MIS management or any management programmes. There are no laboratory facilities, however other infrastructure, including communication networks, is in place. Antigua Human resource and capacity needs include: (1) Risk Assessment Training (2) In-service Training on the type(s) species that might be at risk (3) Establishment of Management Strategies/ Development of Management Plans. The need for infrastructural capacity building, in particular laboratory facilities and necessary equipment, is also recognized. Antigua and Barbuda is guided by international / local laws including: Regulations related to IMO, MARPOL, etc Various International Health Regulations Antigua and Barbuda Waste Management Act 2005 Antigua and Barbuda Litter Amendment Act 2005 The Bahamas It is difficult to quantify current levels of expertise. However, there is scope for improvement. Likewise, existing infrastructure can be improved. While The Bahamas has not participated in any MIS programmes, it is hoping to become involved with the GloBallast programme in 2006. Barbados Overall, knowledge on MIS / BW in the various national agencies is ‘cursory’. One staff member of the Coastal Zone Management Unit has attended BW Meetings for 2 years and has some information gleaned from that group. While there is interest in attending relevant training courses, lack of availability of capacity building programmes on MIS / BW is acknowledged. Basic physical infrastructure is available, however more information is necessary on specific requirements to deal with MIS / BW in order to devise appropriate capacity building plans. Bermuda (U.K) Please note that although there are processes in place to reduce the potential of invasive species introduction there are only two documented case of marine invasive species arriving at Bermuda and both of these almost definitely arrived via ocean currents. These are: lionfish and the pathogen that wiped out much of the Diadema. The Diadema pathogen was not isolated nor could it be controlled. Lionfish continue to proliferate but their impact remains unquantified. Another potential invasive species was never conclusively demonstrated to have been a new arrival to Bermuda was Cladophora prolifera which formed huge mats over much of the inshore waters in the 70’s and 80’s. Current policy prohibits the discharge of ballast waters from visiting ships while in Bermuda’s territorial waters. Yes – Steps are being taken to formally adopt the IMO recommendations and to institute appropriate monitoring to ensure compliance Cayman Islands (U.K): Human resource and infrastructural capacities are considered adequate to deal with current problems; however it is necessary to obtain training and education on new threats and technology. Several trained (first or higher university degrees) scientists with many years experience in marine biology and related fields are available to deal with issues arising. Since all shipping was local to the Caribbean, it is generally felt that ‘any species introduced are equally likely to be introduced through natural transport as well’. Regulations for the control of ballast water discharge in Cayman waters have been written and are awaiting adoption. Colombia Since the two agencies – INVEMAR and DIMAR – each responded to two completely separate issues – research and BW – respectively, the responses were collated separately. INVEMAR: There is evidently limited awareness of MIS / BW issues, as a result of which these are not as yet a priority at both research and / or policy levels. With regard to human capacity, there is dispersed information 90 and scientific research being undertaken by different institutions in several geographical areas, but there is no real collaboration or dialogue among the various institutions. There is no expertise to deal with potential MIS / BW problems, per se, although significant human capacities are available at INVEMAR and two universities (7 marine scientists with 3-6 years of experience and University-level education - B.Sc.-Ph.D.). There is a general lack of equipment as well as institutional cooperation, which makes it difficult to provide an effective, collaborative response. DIMAR response: Colombia is the only country in the WCR that benefited through participation in the pilot Globallast programme (in Brazil) via attendance at seminars and training workshops as observers. Training thus received in some techniques on ship monitoring, sampling and other relevant topics is, however, not adequate. An update on new techniques and methodologies used for monitoring and information management of BW and sediments is necessary. This would result in the use of established and more current management procedures and techniques for component monitoring (biological, physico-chemical and microbiological). The aim of such standardization is (1) to determine with maximum accuracy those species that are possibly invasive and (2) to be able to compare data at local, regional and even global levels. The infrastructure at the ports lacks storage / treatment systems for BW and sediments. Since adequate legislation is also lacking, BW is currently discharged offshore. From 2002 to date, international vessels entering in four docks and six reference stations in the Cartagena / Colombia Bay have been monitored. Based on information collected, several new species are reported and baseline data established in terms of biological (phyto-, zoo-plankton), microbiological and physico-chemical parameters. In addition, work is carried out to develop a risk map for the Cartagena Bay identifying the most critical areas for the prevention of water in-take. On the Pacific coast, international vessels arriving in the port of Tumaco were monitored via the Centro Control Contaminación del Pacìfico (CCCP) in 2004. Physico-chemical and biological parameters were determined with the aim of establishing if pathogen species were introduced to these waters. The establishment of base-line data for this port is ongoing via continued monitoring and analysis of BW. Coordination with universities and other institutions of the Colombia Caribbean coast is also being undertaken, in order to replicate the Cartagena and other port experiences, expand the study area and seek integrated solutions for management of MIS / BW, together with an imminent regulatory proposal. As usual, economic resources are a limiting factor. Curaçao (The Netherlands) While there is little awareness of MIS / BW issues at most levels in Curaçao, a number of related activities have been undertaken over the years. These include: • studies undertaken in Curaçao on the population biology of Chthamalus proteus the Intertidal Barnacle (invasive in Hawai’i) (Zabin, 2005) • a review of freshwater fishes of Curaçao (with comments on Aruba and Bonaire spp.), which discusses among others, the invasive Tilapia mossambica (Debrot, A. O. 2003) • an article on sea urchin (Meoma ventricosa) die-off associated with a pathogenic bacterium, related to effluent from the harbor, potentially linked to shipping (Nagelkerken et al., 1999) • a symposium paper (Bak, 1985) on the mass mortality in sea urchins – the die-off originating at polluted shipping harbor, believed spread BW • two publications: one on the invasive coral Tubastrea rosea (Boschma,1953) and the other on the shallowwater stony corals of Netherlands Antilles, including T. rosea (Roos, 1971) Dominican Republic Current levels of human resource and infrastructural capacity are neither sufficient nor adequate. Thus, training / capacity building for MIS / BW is necessary and it is recommended that specifically-targetted activities should be undertaken towards this end. Guyana There is little or no awareness of MIS / BW issues. Both human and infrastructural capacity is lacking and there are no immediate plans for relevant capacity building at the national level. There has been no participation in any programmes in MIS / BW management. Haiti Staff has some training in Marine issues: the Ministry of Environment (vigilance and search), Maritime and Navigation Division (vigilance), National Marine Laboratory (sampling and analysis), National Association of Fishermen (observation) and Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (observation). Projects on MIS / BW, including capacity building are under consideration. 91 Jamaica: As a result of awareness among various relevant agencies, a proposal for BW management has been prepared by The Institute of Jamaica in collaboration with the University of the West Indies and submitted for funding. There is only one scientist who has some training in MIS research and limited infrastructure. Thus, current human resource and infrastructural capacities are insufficient to deal with imminent MIS / BW problems. Mexico The entity responsible for ships and BW is Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes has initiated the task of ensuring Mexico’s active participation in IMO’s Globallast project. In this regard the Dirección General de Marina Mercante in undertaking necessary steps for Mexico’s adherence to the 2004 International Convention for the management of BW and sediments. There is need for an environment and education campaign on this theme, directed at the general public, which is not aware of the risks and effects that MIS can inflict on the natural resources of the country. There is currently no experience in dealing with MIS, per se; however, by acceding to the BW Convention it will be necessary to implement programmes for the management of BW and undertake preventative measures against potential invasions. Likewise, it will also be necessary to put in place appropriate support services, for instance certified laboratories for sample analysis, and verifying entities with the necessary training. No capacity building activities on MIS, but a training course was held in the use of HACCP for the management of risks from invasive species. This was organized by the Departamento de Zoología of the Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), the ecophysiology group of the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) and the Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO). It took place at the facilities of the Instituto de Biológía of UNAM, Mexico City, 22-23 February 2006 and was provided by staff of the US Fish and Wildlife Services (Bob Pitman, Aquatic Invasive Species Coordinator, Southwest Region, USFWS; http://haccp.nrm.org ) St. Kitts and Nevis There is awareness among the national agencies on the issues related to MIS / BW. However, there is a lack of both human and infrastructural capacity to deal with any imminent problems. It is hoped that St. Kitts will participate in the global ballast water management programme being implemented by IMO in association with other organizations St. Lucia There is no appointed / established focal point for MIS / BW issues. The role and responsibilities of agencies likely to be involved (Division of Maritime Affairs, Department of Fisheries, Research Division – Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and possibly Ministry of Health) needs to be officially established, and appropriate human resource and capacity development for dealing with MIS / BW undertaken. Although most agencies / units have adequate facilities to fulfill their current roles, none has been specifically set aside for MIS / BW issues. Thus new and enhanced facilities, equipment and materials would be needed. Existing laboratory facilities the Caribbean Environmental Health Institute (CEHI) and the Gros Islet Polyclinic require payment for sample assessment. There is scope for the improvement of existing communication networks, with Port State Control mechanism possibly incorporating MIS / BW protocols into their system. Most importantly, policy level decisions and actions are needed to provide an enabling environment for the national agencies to carry out their responsibilities. St. Lucia needs to consider acceding to the BW Convention. Suriname The level of awareness among various stakeholders is not known to the National Institute for Environment and Development in Suriname (NIMOS), which responded to the national questionnaire. Likewise, the status of plans for capacity building in MIS / BW is also not known. Suriname recently concluded its National Biodiversity Strategy, which is expected to lead to the formulation of a Biodiversity Action Plan in the second half of 2006. Therefore, NIMOS has strongly and urgently recommended ‘increasing the awareness among both government and private organizations on the issues of MIS and BW’ so that these can be considered under the umbrella of the National Biodiversity Action Plan. 92 United States of America (USA) There is a lot of awareness of MIS / BW issues. A number of relevant agencies (state-, national- and universitylevel) are represented on two main task forces, which have specific roles and responsibilities (Table 5). One task force deals with planning and policy development for IAS in general, while other deals exclusively with Nuisance Aquatic Species at national / state levels. The latter has responsibility in several areas, including prevention, monitoring (databases), and control; research and education; BW management, technology, policy and regulation; risk analysis and assessment. It is difficult to estimate the actual number of persons involved or trained in MIS / BW management. ‘To some extent aquatic invasive issues began as peripheral issues to other responsibilities. The number of people devoted exclusively to MIS is quite small although a large number have been involved with specific issues. A large number of academics are working on various issues. Federal and State agencies are engaged. As in any discipline, there is room for improvement, however. The current level of expertise on BW issues is quite good. In other areas dealing with MIS, the science is immature and basic issues remain in invasion biology. It is very difficult to predict what species will become invasive if introduced. Management tools are extremely limited. Progress is being made in such areas, however. The infrastructure for dealing with aquatic invasives is quite good. In addition to the U.S. Federal Government, individual State governments play a key role in many areas. Many resources in coastal waters are under State jurisdiction. The States have been in the lead on control efforts. They are also a key portion of monitoring efforts. A number of States have passed their own BW management regulations, and at least a couple are sponsoring research into methods of managing BW. Venezuela There currently exists a recently-formed technical advisory committee to formulate ‘A Plan of Action for BW and Sediments’ in Venezuela, coordinated by the Instituto Nacional de los Espacios Acuáticos e Insulares (INEA), of which the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Health and Social Development are participants, together with other public and private agencies in the country. In February 2006, a Caribbean regional consultation workshop was held on BW. Venezuela, through INEA, expressed interest in becoming the hub for a pilot site under the GloBallast Partnerships programme. Regional Questionnaires: Biscayne National Park, Florida In resource management we are aware of the threat of invasive species and are doing our best to be on the look out for invasives. However, our park is 30 miles long and 15 miles wide and we have a very limited staff to monitor resources and that is why we feel organizations like this can provide a mechanism for a heads up on threats headed our way. We do have access to several local Universities that have high levels of expertise in marine issues including marine invasives. The University of Miami in particular has one researcher that has published several books on marine invasives. No, but the organization has the capability of developing the needed network to document and treat a potential problem, depending of the level of threat. Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies, Barbados: CERMES is part of the University of the West Indies (UWI), Cave Hill, Barbados. Currently, there are no specific plans in CERMES for MIS / BW work. Although current expertise within the Centre is not in the area of MIS per se, it is expected that this can be acquired with relatively minor briefing and exposure to issues and approaches. There are, however, no specific plans for MIS BW work. While current physical infrastructure can be considered adequate, ‘CERMES is a small heavily committed group that is more into management than science and which has to be very careful about moving into new areas. Taking on new responsibilities can only be considered if adequate human resources can be provided’. Virgin Is. (VI) National Park / VI Coral Reef National Monument Please note that at this time we have no indication that we are experiencing any marine invasive species problems or ballast water issues. The only marine exotic that we know of in our waters is the small coral Tubastrea but it does not appear to be a problem. BW management is not an issue we have to deal with at the park level. Continuous monitoring of marine resources should detect any MIS issues which will be dealt with as appropriate. If assistance is necessary will draw upon others with the experience. 93 Annex VII: Additional resources List of references (from US National Questionnaire response): http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/mso/bwm.htm http://www.slc.ca.gov/Division_Pages/MFD/MFD_Programs/Ballast_Water/Ballast_Water_Default.htm http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/ http://nis.gsmfc.org/ http://www.northeastans.org http://www.serc.si.edu/labs/marine_invasionsdatabases/index.jsp http://sgnis.org http://aquaticinvaders.org Relevant Links on MIS / BW as well as Aquatic Invasives from the US Department of State – Bureau of Oceans, International Environment and Scientific Affairs (BOIESA) http://www.state.gov/g/oes/ Environment and Conservation Division – Invasive Species http://www.state.gov/g/oes/ocns/inv/c7523.htm • • • • • • • • • • • • • Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force http://www.anstaskforce.gov/default.php Exotic Species and Their Effects on the Great Lakes http://www.great-lakes.org/exotics.html Global Ballast Water Management Programme http://globallast.imo.org/ Global Invasive Species Programme http://www.gisp.org Invasive Species In The Great Lakes Region http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/florafauna/invasive/invasive.html IUCN Species Survival Commission Invasive Species Specialist Group http://www.issg.org/ National Invasive Species Council http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/council/main.shtml Nature Conservancy: Invasives on the Web http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/index.html Non-Native Invasive Aquatic and Wetland Plants in the United States http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/seagrant/invlists.html Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Marine Invasions Center http://www.serc.si.edu/labs/marine_invasions/ U.S. Coast Guard Ballast Water Management http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/mso/estandards.htm U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Information Resource http://nas.er.usgs.gov/ Internet search results on ‘Aquatic invasive species’ (downloaded: 23 February 2006) of relevance to the Wider Caribbean: • Aquatic Invasions Research Directory - Searchable database of people all over the world conducting research in the field of aquatic invasions. The database provides authors' contact details and descriptions of research projects undertaken since 1990 • Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force (ANSTF) - An intergovernmental organization dedicated to preventing and controlling aquatic nuisance species, and implementing the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 • Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant Information Retrieval System - Information about the plants which are most often the subjects of interest to users of APIRS. From the University of Florida • Coastal Research and Extension Center-Aquatic Nuisance Species - Study of the impact made by non-native aquatic species • Database on Introduction of Aquatic species (DIAS) - The database includes records of species introduced or transferred from one country to another and does not consider movements of species inside the same country 94 • • • • • • • Exotic Aquatics on The Move - Discusses the problem of invasive species, with details for a representative sample of species, including descriptions, distribution, effects on native species, possible control methods, and references National Invasive Species Act of 1996 - Text of the U.S. statute intended to reduce the spread of zebra mussel and other invasive aquatic species Nonindigenous Aquatic Species - A central repository for spatially referenced biogeographic accounts of nonindigenous aquatic species in the USA Sea Grant National Aquatic Nuisance Species Clearinghouse - Library of publications related to the biology, spread, impact, and control of zebra mussels and other important aquatic nuisance, non-indigenous, and invasive species Sea Grant Non-indigenous Species Site - Comprehensive collection of research publications and education materials on zebra mussels, sea lampreys, purple loosestrife, and other aquatic nuisance species in the U.S. All materials have either appeared in professional science journals or have been through a rigorous scientific review 11th International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species - A comprehensive international forum for the presentation and review of scientific knowledge related to marine and freshwater aquatic invasive species. Oct 1-4, 2001 What are Aquatic Nuisance Species and their Impacts? - A study of non-indigenous species that occur in inland, estuarine and marine waters and that presently or potentially threaten ecological processes or natural resources Useful Links to Ballast Water Information http://www.epa.gov/owow/invasive_species/bal_links.html International • • • • Global Ballast Water Management Plan (GloBallast) http://globallast.imo.org/ International Maritime Organization (IMO) Homepage http://www.imo.org/home.asp IMO Meeting Documents http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/mso/imomepc.htm International Treaty on Ballast Water Management (Not in Force) February 2004 http://www.epa.gov/owow/invasive_species/BWM-Treaty_36.pdf United States • • • • • • • • • Coast Guard Aquatic Nuisance Species Homepage http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/mso/ans.htm Coast Guard Rulemaking Dockets Search Page http://dms.dot.gov/ National Ballast Water Information Clearinghouse http://invasions.si.edu/nbic/ National Academies Press: Stemming the Tide http://www.nap.edu/books/0309055377/html/index.html Congressional Research Service April 2004 Report on Ballast Water Management http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRS/abstract.cfm?NLEid=53245 MARAD Ballast Water Management Information Center http://www.marad.dot.gov/programs/ballastwater/index.html US Comm'n on Ocean Policy -- Final Report Chptr 17 (invasive species) http://www.oceancommission.gov/documents/prepub_report/chapter17.pdf US Geological Survey Ballast Water Links Page http://www.ansc.purdue.edu/sgnis/update/ballast.htm Clean Water Act Rulemaking Petition Related to Ballast Water http://www.epa.gov/owow/invasive_species/ballast_water.html 95 Annex VIII. Definitions CABI’s IAS Concepts, Terms and Context (http://www.cabi.org/ias_ctc.asp?Heading=Terms) has been used in sourcing the following definitions from relevant documents (cited in footnotes) Term Definitions Alien (=non-native) … with respect to a particular ecosystem, any species, including its seeds, eggs, spores, or other biological material capable of propagating that species, that is not native to that ecosystem 42 … a nonindigenous species that threatens the diversity or abundance of native species or the ecological stability of infested waters, or commercial, agricultural, 43 aquacultural or recreational activities dependent on such waters … any water and associated sediments used to manipulate the trim and stability of 43 a vessel Advantages or profits derived as a result of an action (e.g. social or economic 44 benefits from a proposed introduction) The use of living organisms to suppress the population density or impact of a specific pest organism, making it less abundant or less damaging than it would 45 otherwise be … the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of 46 ecosystems … includes genetic resources, organisms or parts thereof, populations, or any other 47 biotic component of ecosystems with actual or potential use or value for humanity Specimens of a species in any life stage from which a first or subsequent generation/growth may be produced for possible introduction to the environment 48 The intentional introduction of an exotic, usually co-evolved, biological control agent 47 for permanent establishment and long-term pest control A formalised code of best practice to address (in the context of this report) existing or potential problems from the introduction of non-native species (Such codes should Aquatic nuisance species Ballast Water Benefits Biological Control Biological Diversity or Biodiversity Biological Resources Broodstock Classical Biological Control Code of Conduct be formally established by agreement with the various sectors and interests concerned with invasive non-native species, and be underpinned by appropriate legislation or agreements to 49 ensure compliance) Control Current Commercial practice Cyrptogenic species Reduction of population density and abundance, in order to keep damage at an 50 acceptable level Established and ongoing cultivation, rearing, or placement of an introduced or transferred species in the environment for economic or recreational purposes, which 47 has been ongoing for a number of years … a species that is not demonstrably native or introduced ({from} (crypt-, Greek, 51 kryptos, secret; -genic, New Latin, genic, origin) USA (1999) Executive Order 13112 of February 3, 1999: Invasive Species. Federal Register 64(25), 6183-6186 USA (1990, 1996) Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act. Public Law 101-646, Nov. 29, 1990, as amended in National Invasive Species Act, Public Law 104-332, Oct. 26, 1996. 44 Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (2003) National Code on Introductions and Transfers of Aquatic Organisms. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, Canada. COPYRIGHT: Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada 45 Eilenberg, J., Hajek, A. & Lomer, C. (2001) Suggestions for unifying the terminology in biological control. BioControl 46, 387-400. 46 World Conservation Union (2000) IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss caused by Alien Invasive Species. Prepared by the SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group. Approved by the 51st Meeting of the IUCN Council, Gland Switzerland, February 2000. IUCN, Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland 47 Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations Environment Programme, Montreal, Canada 48 ICES (2005) ICES Code of Practice on the Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms 2005. ICES, Copenhagen, Denmark. COPYRIGHT: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea 49 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2003) Review of Non-native Species Policy: Report of the working group. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, UK. COPYRIGHT: Crown copyright 50 Genovesi, P. (2001) Guidelines for Eradication of Terrestrial Vertebrates: A European Contribution to the Invasive Alien Species Issue. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats Standing Committee. T-PVS (2000) 65 revised 2. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France 42 43 96 Diffusion dispersal Donor locations Ecosystem Endemic Environment Environmentally sound Eradication Established alien Establishment Exotic species Facility Fellow traveller Feral Genetic diversity Genetic resources Habitat Harmonization Hazard Hitch-hikers Hybrid Import Indigenous species 51 … short-distance dispersal … considered to be primarily between adjacent, or nearly adjacent, environments 52 48 Specific localities in a country or zone from which the import or transfer originates 42 … the complex of a community of organisms and its environment {Used of} A species, race or other taxon that is restricted to a particular country or 53 region … Key components of aquatic ecosystem necessary for fish survival and reproduction 44 … methods, efforts, actions or programs to prevent introductions or control infestations of aquatic nuisance species that minimize adverse impacts to the structure and function of an ecosystem and adverse effects on non-target organisms and ecosystems and emphasize integrated pest management 43 techniques and nonchemical measures The extirpation of the entire population of an alien species in a managed area; eliminating the IAS {invasive alien species} completely.54 An alien that is reproducing in the wild and has established a durable population 55 outside its native range … the process of an alien species in a new habitat successfully producing viable 56 offspring with the likelihood of continued survival 44 (= introduced species) (Porter 1992) In the context of fish, all locations holding fish or from which come cultured or wild 44 fish or eggs from wild or cultured fish Organism which inadvertently accompanies the shipment of the species intended 44 for introduction/transfer An organism which has been kept in domestication, captivity (animals) or cultivation (plants) but which, after escape or release, now lives in the wild state. This also 53 applies to descendants of such released or escaped organisms All of the genetic variation in an individual population, or species 50 49 … genetic material of actual or potential value 49 … the place or type of site where an organism or population naturally occurs The establishment, recognition and application of common sanitary and 57 phytosanitary measures by different Members A thing or action that can cause adverse effects (APHRAN 1998) 44 Organisms that disperse in association with other species, for example, through 49 being attached to the outside of plants or animals 44 Offspring of two animals or plants that are of different species 44 Movement of aquatic organisms across national or interprovincial boundaries A species or lower taxon living within its natural range (past or present) including the area which it can reach and occupy using its natural dispersal systems (modified 48 after CBD, GISP) Carlton, J.T. (1996) Biological invasions and cryptogenic species. Ecology 77, 1653-1655. COPYRIGHT: Ecological Society of America 52 Davis, M.A. and Thompson, K. (2000) Eight ways to be a colonizer; two ways to be an invader: a proposed nomenclature scheme for invasion ecology. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 81, 226-230. COPYRIGHT: Ecological Society of America 53 Bullock, J.M., Hodder, K.H., Manchester, S.J. and Stevenson, M.J. (1996) Review of Information, Policy and Legislation on Species Translocation. A report commissioned by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee as a background for future policy formulation. JNCC Report No. 261. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Species Conservation Branch, Peterborough, UK. 54 McNeely, J.A., Mooney, H.A., Neville, L.E., Schei, P.J. and Waage, J.K. (eds) (2001) Global Strategy on Invasive Alien Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK 55 Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A. and Galil, B.S. (2004) A uniform terminology on bioinvasions: a chimera or an operative tool? Marine Pollution Bulletin 49, 688-694 56 Convention on Biological Diversity (2002) COP 6 - Sixth Ordinary Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Hague, Netherlands (7 - 19 April 2002). Decision VI/23. Alien species that threaten ecosystems, habitats or species. Annex. Guiding Principles for the Prevention, Introduction and Mitigation of Impacts of Alien Species that Threaten Ecosystems, Habitats or Species 57 World Trade Organization (1995) The WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). World Trade Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. COPYRIGHT: World Trade Organization 97 Intentional introduction Introduced alien Introduced species Introduction Invasive alien species (=invasive non-native 49 species) Live fish for the food trade Locally native Marine species Minimal impact or risk Native organism Native range Native species Native transplant Natural ecosystem Naturalized Naturalized exotic Naturalized species New introduction Niche Nonindigenous species Non-target species Noxious alien Organism Plankton 58 The deliberate transfer of alien organisms ... (Note: may be combined with a vector, i.e. intentional mariculture introduction) 55 An alien occurring outside its native range as a consequence of intentional or 55 unintentional human action Any species transported intentionally or accidentally by a human-mediated vector into aquatic habitats outside its native range. (Note: Secondary introductions can be 48 transported by human-mediated or natural vectors) … the movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range (past or present). (Note: This movement can be either within a 56 country or between countries or areas beyond national jurisdiction) … an alien species whose introduction and/or spread threaten biological diversity (For the purposes of the present guiding principles, the term "invasive alien species" shall be deemed the same as "alien invasive species" in decision V/8 of the 56 Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity.) Fish destined strictly for consumption. Imported live fish are held in containment facilities or containment units such as those in restaurants or fish stores 44 53 Native in a particular region within a country or state, e.g. a county, vice-county 48 Any aquatic species that does not spend its entire life cycle in fresh water A change in an environmental attribute that will have, or is predicted to have, little or 44 no consequence to the environment An organism occurring within its known or consensual range (as documented in 55 scientific publications) Natural limits of geographical distribution of a species (modified after Zaitsev and 48 Ozturk, 2001) … a species, subspecies, or lower taxon, occurring within its natural range (past or present) and dispersal potential (i.e. within the range it occupies naturally or could 46 occupy without direct or indirect introduction or care by humans) …species native (to North America) that have been introduced to drainages outside 58 their native ranges within the country 46 … an ecosystem not perceptibly altered by humans A non-native species or race which, after escape or release, has become 53 established in the wild in self-maintained populations Introduced species that have become established and have formed self-sustaining 44 populations (Anon. 1991) Alien species that reproduce consistently (cf. casual alien species) and sustain populations over more than one life cycle without direct intervention by humans (or in spite of human intervention); they often reproduce freely, and do not necessarily invade natural, semi-natural or human-made ecosystems 54 The human-mediated movement of a species outside its present distribution 48 The attribute of an organism which defines the boundaries within which it can carry out its life processes. …(Notes: … … The potential niche of an organism is constrained by the physical environment and interactions with other species producing a realized niche in a particular ecosystem (based on Hutchinson 1957)) 44 … any species or other viable biological material that enters an ecosystem beyond its historic range, including any such organism transferred from one country into 43 another Any species inadvertently accompanying in, on, or with the species intended for 48 introduction or transfer 55 An alien that poses a risk to the well-being of humans A single living individual of any of the five kingdoms – Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista or Monera – in any life-stage (i.e. including seeds, spores, fertilised eggs, etc. and gametes) 50 The aggregate of small plant and animal organisms that float or drift in great http://nas.er.usgs.gov/about/faq.asp 98 Permanent establishment Pest Population Precautionary approach Precautionary principle / approach Presumed natural area Progeny Protected area Quarantine Race Range extension Regional economic integration organization Release Restocking Risk Risk analysis Risk communication Risk management 59 numbers in fresh or salt water; Small organisms that inhabit aquatic communities that mostly lie suspended in the water 59 The formation of a self-sustaining population of the translocated species, race or GMO, i.e. some of the organisms survive to produce offspring "Any species, strain or bio-type of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to 4 plants or plant products" (IPPC) 5 A group of organisms, all of one species, within a particular geographical area 53 Measures to implement the Precautionary Principle. A set of agreed cost-effective measures and actions, including future courses of action, which ensures prudent foresight, reduces or avoids risk to the resources, the environment, and the people, to the extent possible, taking explicitly into account existing uncertainties and the consequences of being wrong (FAO 1995, 1996). Adapted from Garcia 1996 44 A formal recognition of the act of being cautionary when making decisions. ...(Note: The precautionary approach is described in the preamble to the CBD and in Article 15 of the Rio Declaration) … 49 The geographical range a species or race is thought to have occupied in historical times. ... (Note: ... Although 'historical' is vague, this phrase generally corresponds with the native range) 53 Next generation(s) of an organism. … (… Also included are new stages/fragments of seaweeds, protists, and clonal organisms) 48 … a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to 47 achieve specific conservation objectives The facility and/or process by which live organisms and any of their associated organisms can be held/or reared in complete isolation from the surrounding environment. 48 One or more populations of a species showing genetic differentiation from other populations of that species. ...(Note: Race is a broad term and we use it to encompass any taxonomic or genetic unit below a species; i.e. it is an infraspecific taxon. Thus, it incorporates sub-species …, ecotype …, variety …, cultivar …, and strain …) 53 The enlargement of a geographic area that is occupied by a species, usually through intentional human action (Note: the extension is usually incremental (Anon. 44 1991), over short distances and contiguous) … an organization constituted by sovereign States of a given region, to which its member States have transferred competence in respect of matters governed by this Convention and which has been duly authorized, in accordance with its internal 47 procedures, to sign, ratify, accept, approve or accede to it Voluntary or accidental dissemination of an organism, or its gametes, outside its controlled area of confinement 43 A distinct form of supplementation that is undertaken for amenity purposes e.g. restocking of fish by angling groups or of wildfowl for shooting. .. (Notes: ... Interbreeding of translocated and resident organisms does not necessarily occur)53 The probability of a negative or undesirable event occurring; the likelihood of the occurrence and the magnitude of the consequences of an adverse event; a 44 measure of the probability of harm and the severity of impact of a hazard The process that includes risk identification, risk assessment, risk management and 44 risk communication The open exchange of information and opinion, leading to a better understanding of risk and related decisions; the processes by which the results of the risk assessment and proposed risk management measures are communicated to the 44 Decision-Making Authority and interested parties The process of selection and implementation of options to reduce, to an acceptably low level, the risk of negative impact of introductions or transfers of aquatic http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/plankton 99 Saltation dispersal Sanitary and phytosanitary measure Secondary introduction Significant impact Species Spreading alien Stage 0 Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IVa Stage IVb Stage V Stock Strain Suppression Sustainable use Temporary establishment Tetraploid 60 organisms; the process of identifying, evaluating, selecting and implementing alternative measures for reducing risk 44 … long-distance dispersal … viewed as movement typically between widely distant 52 environments, usually separated by a barrier of some sort … Any measure applied a) to protect human, animal or plant life or health (within a Member’s Territory) from the entry{,} establishment or spread of pests, diseases, disease carrying organisms; b) to prevent or limit other damage (within the 4 Member’s Territory) from the entry, establishment or spread of pests 5 The dispersal of an alien beyond its primary location of introduction; ... (Note ... 55 secondary introduction could be intentional, unintentional, or by natural means) A predicted or measured change in an environmental attribute that should be considered in project decisions, depending on the reliability and accuracy of the prediction and the magnitude of the change within specific time and space 44 boundaries (Beanlands and Duinker 1983) A group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups (ICES 1988) 44 An alien that has extended its range as a result of changing environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, current regime), or by chance events, such as the 55 attachment to drifting objects and phoresy {Stage in invasion process where} Potential invaders begin as propagules residing 60 in a donor region {Stage in invasion process where} ... some {invading propagules} are taken into the transport vector, …(Note: … usually by humans. … {Associated with term} 60 'travelling' … {Stage in invasion process where invading propagules, having survived transport and release,} … become introduced …{in a novel environment.} (Note … 60 {Associated with terms} 'casual', 'temporary', 'transient' {and} 'waif' …) {Stage in invasion process where invading propagules, having been introduced, become} … establish{ed} in a novel environment. (Note … {Populations of} a 60 nonindigenous species {are} … localized and numerically rare …) {Stage in invasion process where a nonindigenous species, having become established in a novel environment, via local or regional dispersal of individuals, becomes} … widespread but rare … (Note: … {Associated with terms} 'colonizing' {and} 'spreading' …) 60 {Stage in invasion process where a nonindigenous species, having become established in a novel environment, via local or regional dispersal of individuals, 60 becomes} … localized but dominant … {Stage in invasion process where a nonindigenous species, having become established in a novel environment, via local or regional dispersal of individuals, 60 becomes} … widespread and dominant A population of organisms which, sharing a common gene pool, is sufficiently discrete to warrant consideration as a self-perpetuating system which can be managed (ICES 1988) 44 A group of individuals with common ancestry that exhibits genetic, physiological or morphological differences from other groups of the same species as a result of 44 husbandry practices (Porter 1992) Reducing population levels of the IAS {invasive alien species} to an acceptable 54 threshold … the use of components of biological diversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations 47 {The formation of a non-self-sustaining population of a translocated species, race or GMO, i.e. some organisms survive but do not produce offspring} 53 48 An organism or cell having four haploid sets of chromosomes. Colautti, R.I. and MacIsaac, H.J. (2004) A neutral terminology to define 'invasive' species. Diversity and Distributions 10, 135-141 100 Transfer Transferred species Transgenic organisms Translocation Triploid Type 1 colonizers Type 2 colonizers Type 3 colonizers Type 4 colonizers Type 5 colonizers Type 6 colonizers Type 7 colonizers Type 8 colonizers Unestablished alien Unintentional alien Vector Vector analysis Vector interruption Vector strength Watershed Weeds Zone 61 The movement of individuals of a species or population of an aquatic organism from 44 one location to another within its present range (ICES 1988) Any species intentionally or accidentally transported and released within areas of 48 established populations, and continuing genetic flow where it occurs. Organisms bearing within their DNA, copies of novel genetic constructs introduced through recombinant DNA technology. … (Notes: … This includes novel genetic constructs within species as well as interspecies transfers. Such organisms are usually (but not always) produced by micro-injection of DNA into newly fertilized 44 eggs Deliberate and mediated movement of wild individuals or populations from one part 61 of their range to another 48 An organism or cell having three haploid sets of chromosomes. These are short-distance (diffusion) colonizers, common to the region (no range 52 expansion), with a negligible impact in the new environment. These are short-distance (diffusion) colonizers, common to the region (no range 52 expansion), with a large impact in the new environment. These are short-distance (diffusion) colonizers, novel to the region (range 52 expansion), with a negligible impact in the new environment. These are short-distance (diffusion) colonizers, novel to the region (range 52 expansion), with a large impact in the new environment. These are long-distance (saltation) colonizers, common to the region (no range 52 expansion), with a negligible impact in the new environment These are long-distance (saltation) colonizers, common to the region (no range 52 expansion), with a large impact in the new environment These are long-distance (saltation) colonizers, novel to the region (range 52 expansion), with a negligible impact in the new environment These are long-distance (saltation) colonizers, novel to the region (range expansion), with a large impact in the new environment 52 An alien lacking self-maintaining populations outside its natural range, either 55 because it were {sic} unable so far to settle, or is too newly arrived. The inadvertent or accidental transfer of alien organisms ... (Notes ... (may be combined with a vector, i.e. unintentional shipping introduction, unintentional 55 mariculture introduction) Any living or non-living carrier that transports living organisms intentionally or unintentionally 48 … describes the supply of organisms associated with particular transfer mechanisms, or vectors, including variables that may influence the supply and the characterization of the organisms themselves…. (Notes … This provides an 62 operational understanding of the transfer process … consists of management actions aimed at reducing the chance of transfers and invasions by nonnative species by particular vectors. Ruiz, G.M. and Carlton, J.T. (2003) … an assessment of the relative importance or contribution of different vectors to observed invasions (i.e., established populations). Ruiz, G.M. and Carlton, J.T. (2003) All land and water within the confines of a drainage divide; the whole gathering 44 ground of a river system (Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 1965) Plants (not necessarily alien) that grow in sites where they are not wanted and have detectable negative economic or environmental effects. ... (Notes: ... Alien weeds are invasive alien species. 54 Part of a coastal area or an estuary of one or more countries with the precise geographical delimitation that consists of a homogeneous hydrological system (modified after OIE). 48 IUCN (1995) IUCN/SSC Guidelines for Re-introductions. Prepared by the SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group. Approved by the 41st Meeting of the IUCN Council, Gland Switzerland, May 1995. IUCN, Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland 62 Ruiz, G.M. and Carlton, J.T. (2003) Invasion vectors: a conceptual framework for management. pp. 459-504, in: Ruiz, G.M. and Carlton, J.T. (eds) Invasive Species: Vectors and Management Strategies. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA. 101 Annex IX. Summary - RSP, CBD, GISP Workshop (June 2005); Meliane and Hewitt (2005). A. Workshop to Develop Joint Work Programme on Marine Invasive species – 27-29 June 2005 63 A pilot Training was held in Tanzania by the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) and UNEP, to text the Training Toolkit on the Management of Marine and Coastal Invasive Species developed by GISP and RSP. The training was attended by participants from all the contracting parties to the Nairobi Convention (East Africa), which included scientists, managers as well as representatives from ports authorities. An independent evaluator attended the course and asked the participants to evaluate all the different modules of the course, as well as the overall course. Using these evaluations, the toolkit was to be amended and finalized and then used for implementation in other regional seas regions. Workshop summary In June RSP, CBD and GISP jointly organized a workshop on the development of a joint Work Programme on Marine Invasive Species from 27-29 June 2005 in Montreal, Canada hosted by the CBD Secretariat. The workshop was be attended by representatives from four Regional Seas programmes (Pacific, Mediterranean, Caribbean and ROPME regions) and partner organizations including IUCN, WWF, TNC, RAMSAR Convention. Absent were FAO and IMO. The representatives of the Regional Seas programmes presented their past, current and future activities on MIAS. The workshop covered 4 working groups: 1. Prevention- Unintentional Introduction; 2. Prevention – Intentional Introductions (Mariculture, Fisheries and Aquaria); 3. Post-Border Management; 4. Cross cutting Issues. For each of the working groups a report was prepared including gaps and needs identified, areas of duplication and possibilities for collaboration and a plan of action to address the gaps, proposing lead agencies, funding possibilities and a possible time frame. GISP will consolidate the 4 reports into one report and workplan with clear future activities and way forward and roles of the different actors. Some concrete recommendations for RSP from the workshop are: • From the working groups the need was identified to assess the current need and capacity within the different Regional Seas programmes on MIAS. • The Regional Seas programmes were identified as possible existing platforms, both institutional and legal for assisting in implementing and coordinating activities on MIAS in the regions (on a case to case basis) • RSP was also identified to play a role in awareness raising on this issue • RSP could support GISP for the preparation of a (global) Information kit on MIAS • To include MIAS into the RSP activities on Marine Litter (ML is a vector for MIAS) • Consider supporting GISP in developing more specialized training courses on specific MIAS issues, using the general training course as starting point and to pilot these in several RSP regions • To consider the possibility of supporting (financially) some regions (such as CAR) in regional activities on MAIS, such as implementing the training course that RSP and GISP developed. B: Summary: Meliane and Hewitt (2005) Four major gaps identified were as follows: 1. Research: Taxonomy: o Accurate identification in the detection and monitoring of MIS o Taxonomy is incomplete for many groups of marine organisms, and globally, expert taxonomist numbers have dwindled. o Capacity building and strengthening in traditional taxonomy: urgent requirement. o Tools for rapid, innovative (molecular biology/biotechnology) and unambiguous identification, and to apply methods for detection and identification: important items on the research agenda. 63 http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/News/Regional_Seas_and_Invasive_Species/default.asp 102 - - - Understanding invasion patterns: o Basis for risk assessment and invasive species management o Improved prediction of invasiveness on a scientific basis: ecological traits, source and recipient environments and host distributions Prevention and treatment technologies: o BW and hull fouling. Effective treatments for BW have yet to be developed and applied at full scale. o Research on treatment efficacy, together with needs and issues on various risks posed by BW (e.g. on high seas) Rapid scientific risk assessment methodologies to be developed / fine-tuned to support informed and effective management decisions Address interactions with climate and other global change processes: o Several processes (climate change, economic globalization, overfishing and alteration of nutrient cycles) that contribute to escalating invasion rates 2. Legislation and Regulations Need for binding regulations that specifically address the transfer and introduction of alien species in the marine environment, e.g. International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (IMO, 2004), adopted by IMO members in February 2004: will require all ships to implement a BW and Sediments Management Plan to a given standard, following a phase-in period. No regulations exist for managing hull fouling. IMO through its Marine Environmental Protection Committee has yet to consider the issue. There is concern about an increase in hull-fouling linked introductions after adoption of the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, since to date there’s no equivalently efficient alternative as anti-fouling treatments. Need to address hull fouling associated with recreational vessels, for which national and regional regulatory mechanisms may be needed. In general, the National Legal and Institutional Frameworks are fragmented and even the mention to introduced or invasive species in the marine environment is nonexistent. There’s an urgent need to adopt a more holistic and strategic approach to the problem and increase levels of coordination between the different responsible agencies, or opt for one implementing agency. 3. Management Integrated marine invasive species management using the ecosystem approach: o Adoption of ecosystem approach for integrated management urgently needed. o Besides technical, need to consider social and cultural dimensions and strongly involve local communities. o Prevention - number one priority in national programmes: should comprise early-warning invasions and rapid-response systems, expanded bioinvasions research as well as an education and public awareness components. Develop incentive / economic measures to deter introductions or promote eradication and control. o Regional / sub regional programmes facilitate exchange of information /expertise. Management in Marine Protected Areas, particularly in islands: o Setting up a MPA increases risks of invasion, however, few MPAs put MIS in management plans. For instance, recreation tourism can result in activity-related non-indigenous MIS introduction. MPAs lack baseline of established biodiversity information against which monitoring the performance of the protection over time can be undertaken. Similarly, MPA regulations protect biodiversity: the ability to remove species (e.g. an incursion response), is limited or not available. o Urgent need: increase awareness of MPA managers about threats from MIS, provide guidance, methodology and recommendations on prioritising and undertaking surveillance and management regimes related to IAS. Most MPAs are around islands, thus, plans are being developed among various partners to address MIS issues in island MPAs as first step. o A new Programme of Work on Island Biodiversity under CBD is to be adopted in 2006. It is critical that the Programme of Work includes specific mention of MIS 4. Funding At this time, MIS are not a priority for many decision makers and donors. Existing national programmes on MIS lack appropriate funding for efficient implementation in most cases. Meliane and Hewitt suggested a Joint 103 Global Work Plan as an instrument that would highlight priorities to be tackled at the international, regional and national levels. Such programmes would need to consider synergies with and incorporate lessons learned from existing initiatives. 1. Preventing introductions through control of invasion pathways: 1.1. Ballast Water: encourage ratification of the Ballast Water Management Convention by all Parties develop an understanding of the current state of MIS via baseline surveys in major ports assess risks of IAS transported through BW and develop criteria for prioritizing surveys develop national and regional standards develop provisions and discharge standards for waters beyond national jurisdiction develop data sharing arrangements between nations at regional and global scales 1.2. Hull Fouling conduct risk assessments of IAS transported through hull fouling and develop criteria for prioritising surveys develop an understanding of current state of IAS through undertaking baseline surveys in major ports develop a regime/guidelines to reduce introduction of non-indigenous species via hull fouling implement public awareness programme for recreational craft 1.3. Aquaculture-Mariculture (including hitchhikers) develop useful and applicable methodologies for assessing risk in a timely fashion publish guidelines to promote responsible use of exotic species for aquaculture purposes regulate at International level to surmount transboundary issues 1.4. Aquarium trade (including hitchhikers) develop useful and applicable methodologies for assessing risk in a timely fashion share risk profiling for species develop and implement public awareness programme for aquarists 1.5. Live Seafood, Bait, packing materials develop useful and applicable methodologies for assessing risk in a timely fashion develop and implement public awareness programme for consumers 2. Developing baseline knowledge: Develop an understanding of what species are currently in a country/region through stocktakes of literature, museum collections, traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), and establishing prioritised baseline surveys Identify species associations with transport mechanisms Develop freely available regional and global data warehouses of species based information on the physiological and ecological attributes Share the mechanisms and outcomes of risk profiling activities for species and vectors 3. Incursion and management response: including surveys, eradication/control and new research Develop early warning systems and monitoring Use available tools and develop new tools for eradication Heighten understanding of priorities for action Increase understanding of societal expectations Develop guidelines and tools for incorporating into protected area management plans and budgeting processes, priority setting and the long-term management of priority and high risk invasive alien species (including control of pathways that lead to the introduction, spread and re-invasion of these species) 4. Cross-cutting issues: Training, awareness raising (at all levels) and information sharing, building distributed information systems that deliver information on risks, identification, and response strategies. IUCN welcomes the opportunity to develop a global joint work programme on marine invasive species and very much looks forward to engaging with other partners to further develop practical and/or institutional solutions to one of the major threats to the marine environment.
