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TRANSPORT Featuring •Blood and Circulation •The Lymphatic System •The Immune System • Transport – The absorption and circulation of materials within an organism This involves both Absorption – the movement of materials across the cell membrane and Circulation – the movement of materials within a cell or between parts of an organism HUMANS (Homo sapiens)- have a CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The human CIRCULATORY SYSTEM consists of two sub-systems which are the Cardiovascular System & the Lymphatic System. (arranged in order blood flows within them) CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM BLOOD VESSELS: 1. Arteries- thick elastic walled -Blood under tremendous pressure moving away from the heart -arterioles are small arteries that branch off and lead towards the capillaries 2. Capillaries-smallest vessels -walls are one cell thick -only allow one blood cell to pass through at a time for exchange of materials between blood & body, - INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF): a fluid that helps move material between the capillaries & the body cells -precapillary sphincters are rings of muscle that control the opening & closing of passage to the capillaries 3. Veins- thick walled less elastic than arteries -Blood not under pressure carrying blood toward heart -veins have valves to prevent back flow of blood venules are small veins that receive blood from the capillaries merge to form veins HEART made of cardiac muscle (striated, involuntary muscle) surrounded by pericardium (protective membrane) 4 chambers: 2 atria (receive blood) upper chambers of heart & 2 ventricles (pump blood out) lower chambers Septum- separates left & right sides of the heart Because of the septum, the heart functions as a double pump: right side sends oxygen poor (deoxygenated) blood to the lungs; left side sends oxygen rich (oxygenated) blood to body Valves- in the heart prevent back flow of blood cause "lub dup" sound which can be heard with a stethoscope CIRCULATION OF BLOOD THROUGH THE BODY: 1. Pulmonary Circulationthis pathway in the body carries blood between the heart & lungs 2. Systemic Circulationa pathway that carries blood between the heart & the rest of the body, excluding lungs Types of Systemic Circulation Coronary Circulation- Blood flows from the heart to the heart. THE HEARTBEAT CYCLE: Diastole- (relaxation) is period of relaxation, atria are filling with the blood Systole- (contraction) is period of contraction, ventricle pumps blood out LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Lymphatic System is a system of vessels that returns excess fluid & proteins from the intercellular spaces to the blood. Intercellular Fluid- is the fluid between cells & tissues, medium for exchange of materials. Plasma the fluid portion of the blood which carries dissolved nutrients within the blood and 'leaks' out of the capillaries into the intercellular space Lymph is the fluid inside vessels of lymphatic system. It is formed from the plasma that diffuses out of the capillaries and into the the lymphatic vessels Lymph Nodes (glands)filter foreign matter from lymph, prevent cancer cells, bacteria, etc. from entering the blood -Also make white blood cells Spleen is an organ near the stomach made of lymphoid tissue that filters out bacteria & worn out red blood cells. Some Malfunctions of the Transport System 1. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES- are malfunctions involving the heart and blood vessels. a. High Blood Pressure- High blood pressure is the most common form of cardiovascular disease characterized by increased arterial pressure. This can be caused by a number of variables including stress, dietary factors, heredity, cigarette smoking, and aging. High blood pressure can lead to damage to the lining of arteries and a weakening of the heart muscle. I. BloodA.(is a fluid tissue that has 3 functions) Transport, Regulation, and Protection -The average adult contains approximately 6 liters of blood, if a liter is lost it considered to be life threatening B. COMPOSITION of BLOOD 55% plasma 45% red blood cells, white blood cells & platelets 1. Plasmais clear, straw colored liquid a. plasma composition: 90% water, 7% proteins (albumins, fibrinogen, globulins), & 3% other (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, wastes) 2. Red Blood Cells (RBC's)also called Erythrocytes a. Disked shaped b. contain iron filled pigments called hemoglobin which transports oxygen c. these cells do NOT have a nucleus (this characteris enables blood to be transfused to other people) d. made in bone marrow of ribs, sternum, skull, pelvic bone, vertebrae & long bones of limbs e. RBC's are stored in the spleen which aids the liver in destroying old RBC's f. Anemia is a condition when a person has too few RBC's or insufficient amount of hemoglobin 3. White Blood Cells (WBC's)also called Leukocytes a. Larger than RBC's and protect the body from disease causing organisms such as bacteria & viruses b. contain one or more nuclei c. made in the same places as the RBC's and also in the lymph nodes d. Leukemia is a blood cancer which involves the over production of WBC's 2 basic types WBC's: 1. Phagocytic WBC's = engulf antigens with pseudopods 2. Lymphocytes = make antibodies to destroy antigens antigens- foreign bodies that cause an immune response; mostly made of proteins such as bacteria or viruses D. CLOTTING PROBLEMS 1. Platelet and vitamin K deficiency both reduce the body's ability to clot. 2. Hemophilia is a hereditary disease that lacks one of the steps of clotting. (see steps above) 3. Thrombus is a clot that is attached to a vessel wall. 4. Embolus is a traveling clot (traveling thrombus) 5. Blockage of the coronary artery will lead to a myocardial infarction. 6. Blockage of the artery that leads to the brain will lead to a stroke. BLOOD TYPING There are 4 main blood types. Each blood type is determined by a particular antigen (that is not the same disease causing antigen) called agglutinogens of the surface of red blood cells. The plasma of human blood contains antibodies called agglutinins. Knowing your blood type is very important when it comes to blood transfusions. For example, a person who is Blood Type A, can not receive blood from someone who is Blood Type B, because the B blood contains antibodies that attack A antigens which are found in the person containing Blood Type A. If this were to happen, the blood would begin to clump together which is called agglutination and the end result would be death. BLOOD TYPES BLOODTYPE ANTIGENS ANTIBODIES CAN GET BLOOD FROM: A A Anti B A, O A, AB B B Anti A B, O B, AB AB A and B none A, B, AB, O AB none Anti A & Anti B O A, B, AB, O O CAN GIVE BLOOD TO: DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE 1. Skin 2. Acidic Stomach 3. Immunity The ability of the body to resist a particular disease In 1796, Edward Jenner developed a vaccine for smallpox. He used a vaccine which consisted of a weakened or dead bacteria or virus. In each case, the organism or poison can still act as an antigen, but because it is weakened or modified, it can no longer cause disease. Bodies of Immunity, lie in the body's ability to distinguish between itself & nonself Pathogens - bacteria, viruses & other microorganisms that cause disease Lymphocytes - (a type of white blood cell) are the cells of the immune system that recognize specific antigens & either produce antibodies or kill foreign cells directly. There are 2 types of lymphocytes; B-lymphocytes, or B cells, and T lymphocytes, or T cells. T cells derive their name from the site at which they are made, the thymus gland. B cells derive their name from the site at which they are made, the marrow of bones. Immune Response - the reaction of the immune system to the presence of foreign cells TYPES of IMMUNITY 1. Inborn immunities - are present at birth, some pathogens humans are naturally immune to 2. Acquired immunity - immunity develops over a person's lifetime a. Active immunity - body produces antibodies either as result of or exposure to a disease [ex. measles or vaccination] b. Passive immunity - "borrowed immunity" a person is given antibodies from another person or animal (temporary) Specific portions of antigens that bind to the antibodies. Several antibodies can bind to antigen Mechanism of how antibodies work Immune System Disorders AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Acquired means people pick up the disease from other people. Immune deficiency means a breakdown of the body's immune system. Syndrome means a group of symptoms that indicate disease. HIVHuman immunodeficiency virus attacks the helper T cells in the immune system. This is the virus that leads to AIDS Allergies are an overreaction to an antigen that is NOT harmful to our bodies, but our immune system doesn't see it that way. Pollen is a typical example which causes symptoms of runny nose, swollen eyes, sneezing, coughing or a rash. These symptoms are caused by the body's release of histamine. Histamine induces an inflammatory response, and to defend this overreaction of the body a person will take antihistamines to stop the release of histamines. b. Heart Attack- Myocardial-infarction (heart attacks), as they are called, include: 1. Coronary Thrombus: Coronary Thrombus is a blockage in the coronary artery or its branches resulting in oxygen deprivation in the heart muscle. The deprived muscle usually becomes damaged. 2. Angina Pectoris: Angina Pectoris is a narrowing of the coronary arteries causing an inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle. Often, an intense pain radiating from the chest to shoulder and arms is felt. c. Heart Murmur- occurs when there is a hole in the septum or any of the heart valves are damaged. 2. BLOOD CONDITIONS- Blood conditions are abnormalities in the circulatory fluid. a. Anemia: Anemia is the impaired ability of the blood to transport sufficient amounts of oxygen. This can be due to reduced amounts of hemoglobin and/or red blood cells. b. Leukemia: Leukemia is a disease of the bone marrow characterized by uncontrolled production of nonfunctional white blood cells Biology Trivia 1. Is the blood in your veins blue? Deoxygenated blood found in your veins is NOT blue. IT IS A MYTH that your blood turns blue when it comes in contact with oxygen. The blood (oxygenated) located in your arteries is bright in color, and blood (deoxygenated) found in your veins is dark red in color. The pigment of the veins gives these vessels a bluish appearance 2.Why doesn't blood usually clot in your blood vessels? Clotting normally doesn’t occur because the lining of your vessels is smooth and anticoagulants in the blood inhibit platelets to form clots. 3. What was the name of the bacteria that was responsible for the death of approximately 25 million people in late 1320's? Yersinia pestis was responsible for the Bubonic Plague 4. How did the bubonic plague get its name & why was it nicknamed Black Death. Bubonic Plague caused symptoms such as the swelling of the lymph nodes which mainly occurred in the neck, groin, and underarm. The swollen lymph nodes are known as buboes, which is where the bubonic plague gort its name. The skin on the plague victims appears to be a ghastly purple color from dried blood under the skin. This blood eventually turned black which is where the bubonic plague was nicknamed black death