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Anatomy, Physiology, &
Disease
Revised First Edition
Chapter 2
The Human Body:
Reading the Map
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Multimedia Directory
Slide 16
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 47
Slide 48
Slide 73
Slide 75
Slide 76
Fowler's Positioning Video
Lateral Positioning Video
Prone Positioning Video
Lithotomy Positioning Video
Sims Positioning Video
Supine Positioning Video
Dorsal Positioning Video
Body Cavity Terminology Exercise
Body Area Terminology Exercise
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Video
Ultrasound Video
Radiologic Technology Video
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Multimedia Directory (cont’d)
Slide 77
Surgical Team Video
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Introduction
• This chapter provides you with the major
•
external map of the human body
Future chapters get into more depth for
each particular area and begin to provide
a detailed map of interior regions
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Introduction (cont’d)
• Medical directional terms and body
•
locations will serve as a foundation upon
which to build
By the time you finish your journey through
this book you will know your own body like
“the back of your hand”
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
List and describe the various body positions
Define the body planes and associated directional
terms
Locate and describe the body cavities and their
respective organs
List and describe the anatomical divisions of the
abdominal region
Identify and locate the various body regions
Relate the various diagnostic tests to view the body
Describe situations in which body position can help
or hinder the disease process
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Importance of Mapping
• Does the statement “I have pain in my
•
•
stomach” tell you a lot about exact
location?
Location of pain can be determining factor
in diagnosis
Questions about type of pain, exact
location, and intensity of pain can help
determine etiology
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Body Positions
• The body can assume many positions and
•
•
therefore can have different orientations
To standardize orientation for the study of
anatomy, scientists developed the
anatomical position
In the anatomical position, the person is
standing erect, face forward, with feet
parallel, arms hanging at sides, and palms
facing forward
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 2-1
The anatomical position.
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Other Important Body Positions
• Supine position: laying face upward, on
•
•
your back
Prone position: laying face downward, on
your stomach
Fowler’s position: sitting in bed with head
of bed elevated 45–60 degrees
– This position often used in hospitals
– Facilitates breathing and comfort of bedridden
patient
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 2-2
Common patient positions.
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Pathology Connection
• Body positions relevant to certain clinical
•
•
scenarios
Patients with secretions at the base of the
lungs may benefit from Trendelenburg
position (which helps drain secretions)
Patients with cerebral injury or bleeding
should avoid Trendelenburg position
(because it increases blood flow to brain,
increasing intracranial pressure)
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Pathology Connection (cont’d)
• Patients to be placed in Trendelenburg
•
position are at increased risk for aspirating
vomitus, and should not eat within 2-4
hours of being placed in position
Patients with orthopnea have difficult time
breathing if they lie flat; propping them up
with pillows assists diaphragm in working
against gravity
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Pathology Connection (cont’d)
• Changing from upright to supine position can
help determine cause of distended neck
veins (jugular venous distention)
– If patient has distend neck veins due to heart
failure, lying down will decrease distention (heart
has to work less hard against gravity, causing
less “back up” of venous blood)
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Pathology Connection (cont’d)
• Dizziness when changing from seated to
standing position can indicate orthostatic
hypotension
– Symptoms develop because heart cannot
compensate for extra work against gravity
standing requires; result is deficient blood flow to
brain
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Body Planes and Directional Terms
• Sometimes it is necessary to divide body,
•
•
or even organ or tissue sample, into
specific sections to further examine it
A plane is an imaginary line drawn through
body or organ to separate into specific
sections
Transverse or horizontal plane: divides
body into superior (top) and inferior
(bottom) sections, also referred to as
cross-sectioning the body
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Directional Terms
• Used to describe areas divided by
•
•
transverse plane
Superior (cranial or cephalic) means
toward head or upper body
Inferior (caudal) means away from head or
toward lower part of body
– Any body part can be either superior or
inferior, depending upon point of reference
– Example: knee is superior to ankle and inferior
to pelvis
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2-3
Transverse plane and a cross-sectional view of the upper abdominal region.
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Median or Midsagittal Plane
• Divides body into right and left halves
– Medial refers to body parts located near
middle or midline of body
– Lateral refers to body parts located away from
midline
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 2-4
Midsagittal or median plane along with a sagittal view of the head.
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Frontal or Coronal Plane
• Divides body into front and back sections
• Anterior or ventral refers to body parts
•
towards or on front of body
Posterior or dorsal refers to body parts
towards or on back of body
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2-5
Frontal or coronal plane along with a coronal view of the chest and stomach.
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Proximal and Distal
• Proximal refers to body parts close to point
•
of reference of body
Distal refers to body parts away from point
of reference
– Using your fingers as reference point, your
wrist would be proximal and your shoulder
would be distal
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 2-6
Body location terms.
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
External and Internal
• External means on the outside
– Skin is located externally and is body’s
largest organ
• Internal means on the inside
– Most organs located internally
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Additional Directional Terms
• Superficial means toward or at body
•
•
•
surface
Deep means away from body surface
Central refers to locations around center of
body
Peripheral refers to extremities or outer
region
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Table 2-1
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Directional Terms
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Body Cavities
• Body has two large open spaces called
•
cavities that house and protect organs
Dorsal (posterior) cavity located on back of
body
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Body Cavities (cont’d)
• Larger ventral (anterior) cavity located on
front of body is divided into two smaller
cavities
– Thoracic cavity
– Abdominopelvic cavity: further divided into
abdominal and pelvic cavities
• These two smaller cavities are divided by
diaphragm
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Thoracic Cavity
• Contains
– Heart
– Lungs
– Large blood vessels
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Abdominal Cavity
• Contains digestive organs
– Stomach
– Intestines
– Liver
– Gallbladder
– Pancreas
– Spleen
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Pelvic Cavity
• Lower portion of abdominopelvic cavity
contains
– Urinary organs
– Reproductive organs
– Large part of large intestine
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Dorsal Cavity
• Located in back of body and consists of
two cavities
– Cranial cavity houses brain
– Spinal cavity contains spinal column
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2-8
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Main body cavities.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Smaller Cavities
• There are many smaller cavities that
designate specific areas
– Nasal cavity: space behind nose
– Buccal cavity: space within mouth
– Orbital cavity: houses eyes
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Body Cavity Terminology Exercise
Click here to view an interactive exercise on body cavity terminology.
Back to Directory
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Body Area Terminology Exercise
Click here to view an interactive exercise on body area terminology.
Back to Directory
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Abdominal Regions
• Houses a number of organs; is divided into
•
nine quadrants
Epigastric region (epi = above, gastric =
stomach) located superior to umbilical
region with right and left hypochondriac
regions located on either side
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Abdominal Regions (cont’d)
• Umbilical region located in center, with
•
right and left lumbar regions located
laterally
Hypogastric region lies inferior to umbilical
area, with right and left iliac or inguinal
area flanking it
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 2-9
The nine divisions of the abdominal region.
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2-10
Illustrations of inguinal and umbilical hernias.
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Abdominal Quadrants
• Simpler way to compartmentalize
•
abdominal region is to separate into
anatomical quadrants
Helpful in describing location of abdominal
pain
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2-12
The clinical division of the abdominal region into quadrants with related organs and structures.
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Abdominal Quadrants (cont’d)
• Knowing organs located in quadrant where
pain is arising can give a clue as to what
type of problem the patient has
– Right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain: appendicitis
– Right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain: liver or
gallbladder problems
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2-11
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
The spinal column.
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Additional Body Regions
• Help to further aid in locating areas or
•
structures
Examples include:
– Axillary region
– Brachial region
– Femoral region
– Pubic region
– Patellar region
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 2-13
Anterior and posterior body regions.
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Table 2-2
Examples of Body Regions and Their Locations
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 2-2 (continued)
Examples of Body Regions and Their Locations
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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X-Rays (Radiograph or Roentgenogram)
• Produced by passing X-ray radiation
through specific area of body onto
photographic film
– Exposure to X-rays causes photographic film
to darken
– Radiolucent areas of body allow X-rays to
pass through to film easily; produce dark
areas on film
– Radiopaque areas of body allow fewer X-rays
to pass through to film; produce light areas on
the film
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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X-Rays (Radiograph or Roentgenogram)
(cont’d)
• Each component of body has
characteristic density (and characteristic
appearance on X-ray)
– Air: least dense; shows up black on X-ray
– Tissue/Fat: density depends on thickness of
tissue; thicker the tissue, lighter the
appearance on X-ray
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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X-Rays (Radiograph or Roentgenogram)
(cont’d)
• Each component of body has
characteristic density (and characteristic
appearance on X-ray)
– Water (blood and edema): mid-range density;
appearance on X-ray is lighter than air, but not
as white as bone/metal
– Bone/Metal: highest density; appears white on
X-ray
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Standard X-Ray Positions
• Posteroanterior (PA)
– X-ray beam passes from patient’s back to
patient’s front and then onto film
– Standard view for chest X-ray
• Anteroposterior (AP)
– X-ray beam passes from patient’s front to
patient’s back and then onto film
– Often used in portable chest X-rays
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Standard X-Ray Positions (cont’d)
• Lateral
– X-ray beam passes from one side of patient to
other, and then onto film
– Often used as compliment to PA views, to get
better 3-D perspective
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Computerized Tomography
(CT or CAT Scan)
• Produces series of cross-sectional
•
•
“slices” through body
Generates high-resolution images with
more information about 3-D orientation of
structures
Exposes body to much higher levels of
radiation than traditional X-ray
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Uses magnetic energy to image body
• Produces cross-sectional images
• Images have much better clarity than CT
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
(cont’d)
• Cannot be used by all patients
–Patients with certain metallic components in
body (like metallic aneurysm clips or heart
valves) cannot be exposed to magnetic field of
MRI; would make metal components shift in
body
–Patients who are claustrophobic may not be
able to tolerate entering small tunnel of
traditional (closed) MRI; open MRIs are
alternative for these patients
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Figure 2-14 a
Contrasts of X-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound. a) MRI head showing large hemorrhagic lesion.
(Courtesy of Teresa Resch).
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 2-14 b
Contrasts of X-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound. b) 3D CT scan, multiple facial fractures.
(Courtesy of Teresa Resch).
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 2-14 c
Contrasts of X-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound. c) X-ray showing typical joint changes
associated with osteoarthritis. (Source: Getty Images/Stone Allstock).
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 2-14 d
Contrasts of X-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound. d) Ultrasound, left kidney, and spleen.
(Courtesy of Teresa Resch).
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Ultrasound (Sonography)
• Uses sound waves to image body
• Allow body actions to be imaged in real
•
time
Uses include:
–Observing fetal development and movement
–Observing actions of heart valves
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Snapshots from the Journey
• Body can assume many different
•
•
•
positions; to standardize, we use
anatomical position facing forward with
arms at side and palms facing forward
Other positions include prone, supine,
Trendelenburg, and Fowler’s position
Body can be divided into planes, including
transverse and median plane
Directional terms help navigate around
body
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Snapshots from the Journey (cont’d)
• Directions like right and left referenced
•
•
from patient’s perspective
Body has several cavities that house
anatomical structures, mainly organs
There are many different regions of body
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Snapshots from the Journey (cont’d)
• Directional terms, anatomical landmarks,
•
body regions, and body cavities are all
important to know so health care
professionals can communicate in specific
terms that leave no room for confusion
Detailed images of internal structures of
body can be obtained from radiologic
studies such as X-rays, CT scans, MRIs,
and ultrasound
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Case Study
• A 50-year-old female patient presents with
sternal pain radiating to the left brachial
area. Peripheral cyanosis is noted in the
digital areas, and she exhibits pedal edema.
No epigastric pain is noted
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Case Study (cont’d)
• She reports that she became dizzy and fell,
bruising the right orbital region, and she
received superficial cuts to the right patellar
region. The physician orders an IV to be
started in the left antecubital space. Please
answer the following questions in common
lay terms
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Case Study Questions
• Where would you suggest placing a
•
•
•
•
•
bandage?
Where did her pain begin?
Where does the pain move to?
Does she have stomach pain?
Where will the IV be started?
What part of her body is swollen?
Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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