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Anatomy and Physiology
The skeleton
Chapter 1 Glossary of terms
Abduction
Acetabulum
Adduction
Anterior
Articular cartilage
Articulate
Atlas
Axis
Ball-and-socket joint
Blood cells
Bone
Bone marrow
Calcaneus
Calcium
Cancellous bone
Cartilage
Cartilaginous joints
Circumduction
Collagen
Compact bone
Condyle
Condyloid joint
Contralateral
(together with a few useful ones that were not mentioned)
moving a limb away from the midline of the body, the opposite of adduction
rounded cavity on the external surface of the hipbone that receives the head of the femur
moving a limb towards the midline of the body, the opposite of abduction
nearer to the front of the body
a layer of smooth, fibrous cartilage covering freely moveable joints and acting to prevent
the bones rubbing against each other, and to absorb shocks
form a joint
the top vertebra of the spinal column
the second to top vertebra of the spinal column
a joint that permits free movement in all directions, consisting of a ball-shaped bone
fitting into a concave socket
also called corpuscles, these microscopic units transport oxygen from the lungs to the
body cells (red blood cells) or fight bacteria (white blood cells)
rigid connective tissue that supports the body’s soft tissues. Bones protect vital organs,
enable locomotion, are the source of the body’s red and white blood cells and blood
platelets, and play a vital role in keeping the calcium balance in the body. Bone exists in
either dense form (known as compact bone) or spongy form (known as cancellous bone)
(also known as myeloid tissue.) A network of soft tissue found at the centre of many
bones. Yellow bone marrow is mainly fat; red bone marrow provides the body with red
and white blood cells and blood platelets
the bone forming the heel of the foot
a soft grey metallic element occurring naturally in limestone, marble, chalk and so on.
Calcium is essential for normal growth in living organisms, and is a constituent of bones
bone tissue that consists of an irregular latticework of thin plates of bone called
trabeculae
a firm flexible connective tissue consisting of a dense network of collagen fibres and
elastic fibres
slightly moveable joints held together by elastic cartilage
the circular or cone-like movement of a body segment, as in arm-circling, a combination of
flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
a protein found in connective tissue that produces gelatin on boiling. Collagen makes up
bone, skin, tendons, and cartilage, is the most abundant protein found in the body
same as cortical bone
arounded prominence found at the end of some bones, helping to form an articulation with
another bone in a condyloid joint
a joint in which an oval-shaped head (condyle) of one bone fits into a shallow cavity in the
another bone – like a shallow ball-and-socket joint. Examples are the joints of the
metacarpals and phalanges of the hand (but not the thumb)
on the opposite side of the body
Cortical bone
Cranium
Depression
Diarthroses
Distal
Dorsi flexion
Downward rotation
Elevation
Eversion
Extension
Fascia sheet
Flexion
Force arm
Freely moveable joint
Fulcrum
Gelatin
Gliding joint
Haemopoietic
Haversian canals
Hinge joint
Horizontal extension
Horizontal
flexion
Humerus
Hyoid
Hyperextension
Immoveable joint
Inferior
Inorganic
Intervertebral disc
Inversion
Ipsilateral
very dense and strong bone material that forms an outer layer (beneath the peristeum) and
in long bones is thickest in the middle of the shaft. (‘Cortical’ is the adjective from the noun
‘cortex’, which means ‘outer layer’)
the skull
dropping of the shoulder girdle
freely moveable joint
located away from the centre or point of attachment. The distal end of a bone is the foot of
the bone. See proxima.
the pointing of the toes upwards towards the knee. The opposite of plantar flexion.
the scapula in the shoulder girdle can be rotated downwards
lifting up of the shoulder girdle
turning the sole outwards
increasing the angle between bones at a joint – the opposite of flexion
a thin sheath of fibrous tissue
decreasing the angle between bones at a joint. The opposite to extension
the distance from the fulcrum to the line of the applied effort in a lever
joint in which the articulating bones are free to move to the extent allowed by the
ligaments, muscles and so on
the point on which a lever turns or is supported
a transparent water-soluble protein that is almost colourless, and can be derived from
collagen
a type of joint found between various bones in the wrist and ankle, in which the surfaces
of the bones move a short distance over each other. Gliding surfaces are almost flat, with
perhaps one surface being slightly convex and the other slightly concave
producing blood cells and platelets
bone constituents containing nerve tissues and blood vessels, that provide the bone with
organic nourishment
a joint that allows the articulating bones to move only in one plane, as in the elbow and
knee
extension of a body segment through the horizontal plane
flexion of a body segment through the horizontal plane
the long bone of the upper arm
a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue
extension of a body segment beyond its normal extended position
joints that consist of fibrous cartilage or intergrowing bone, so that the articulating bones
are effectively fused together. Immoveable joints cannot be moved by muscular action
towards the lower part of the structure
of a chemical: not containing carbon
a thick, fibrous disc of cartilage between the vertebrae, functioning primarily as a shock
absorber
turning the sole inwards
on the same side of the body
Joint
Kyphoscoliosis
Kyphosis
Lateral
Lateral flexion
Lever
Ligament
Ligamentous joint
Load arm
Lordosis
Lower extremities
Marrow cavities
Marrow
Mechanical ratio
Medial
Metatarsal arch
Metatarsal bones
Muscle
Nervous system
Neural canal
Organic
Ossification
Osteoarthritis
Patella
Pelvis
Periosteum
Phalange
Phosphorus
Pivot joint
Plantar arch
Plantar flexion
Platelets
Posterior
a point at which two or more bones meet, or articulate
a combination in one person of scoliosis and kyphosis
increased outward curvature of the spine in the thoracic region
farther from the midline
bending sideways
a bar resting on a pivot (at the fulcrum), used to help lift a heavy weight or firmly fixed
object
a short band of tough flexible fibrous connective tissue linking bones together
a slightly moveable joint, such as those attaching the ribs to vertebrae, in which the
articulating bones are held together by ligaments, so that only a very small amount of
movement is possible
the perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the load in a lever
increased normal curvature of the spine in the lumbar region
the legs and feet
spaces in bone filled with marrow
see bone marrow
the ratio of the force arm to the load arm in a lever
nearer to the midline
the arch spanning the ball of the foot
the set of bones in the part of the foot between the ankle and the toes
a fibrous tissue with the ability to contract, producing movement in, or maintaining the
position of, the body
the body’s network of specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses between various
parts of the body. (The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system)
the set of circular openings in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes
of a chemical: containing carbon
the natural process of bone formation
degeneration of cartilage in a joint
the knee cap
a basin-shaped cavity at the lower end of the torso, formed from the two hip bones, sacrum
and coccyx
a tough, fibrous sheath or membrane surrounding each bone.
a bone of the finger or toe
a non-metallic chemical element occurring naturally in various phosphate rocks, and a
constituent of bones
a joint that permits only rotation in one plane. This type of joint is comprised of a ringshaped bony structure that rotates around a bony prominence or process
the main arch of the foot, running from the heel (the calcaneus) to the metatarsals,
normally touching the ground only at each end
the pointing of the toes downwards towards the floor. The opposite of dorsi flexion
a constituent of blood, involved in clotting, consisting of a small colourless disc of
protoplasm
nearer to the back of the body
Process
Pronation
Protraction
Proximal
Red bone marrow
Retraction
Rotation
Sacrum
Saddle joints
Scapula
Scoliosis
Slightly moveable joint
Sprain
Standard anatomical
position
Sternum
Superior
Supination
Symphyses
Synarthroses
Synovial fluid
Synovial membranes
Tarsal bones
Tendons
Tone
Tuberosities
Ulna
Upper extremities
Upward rotation
Vertebrae
Yellow bone marrow
a natural appendage or outgrowth on an organism. The term is often applied to a bony
prominence, such as that found in a pivot joint
the ‘palm down’ rotation of the hand and forearm. The opposite of supination
movement of a body part forward on a plane parallel to the ground
located towards the centre or point of attachment. The proximal end of a bone is the top of
the bone. See distal
see bone marrow
movement of a body part backwards on a plane
parallel to the ground
rotating about the longitudinal axis, as with the twisting of the spine
a triangular bone formed from fused vertebrae and situated between the two hip-bones of
the pelvis
joint in which both articulating bones have concave surfaces, allowing movement in all
directions but with limited rotation. An example is carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb (the
point where the thumb attaches to the hand)
the shoulder blade
lateral curvature of the spine, to the left or right
joint in which the articulating bones are only able to be moved a small amount
a wrench of a joint with stretching or tearing of ligaments, usually caused by sudden or
violent movement
the skeleton in the standard anatomical position is in the erect position with the palms
forward
the breastbone
towards the upper part of the structure
the ‘palm up’ rotation of the hand and forearm. The opposite of pronation
slightly moveable joints
immoveable joints
(also called synovia.) A viscous fluid lubricating joints and tendon sheaths
a dense membrane of connective tissue secreting synovial fluid
bones in the ankle
cords or strands of strong tissue by which bones are attached to muscles.
in regard to muscles, a proper firmness and shape
the protrusions at the ends of long bones to which ligaments and tendons are attached.
bone in the forearm, on the side opposite to the thumb, and thinner and longer than the
radius
the arms and hands
the scapula in the shoulder girdle can be rotated upwards
bones of the spinal column
see bone marrow.