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Chapters 7 & 8: Learning & Memory What the heck is Learning anyhow? How would you define learning? How does it happen? Classical Conditioning 1. Who has heard of this before? What do you know about it? 2. Psychologists consider conditioning to be one of the most basic forms of learning 3. However, Pavlov, the researcher who discovered classical conditioning was not a psychologist Pavlov & the Mutts 1. He was originally interested in the physiology of digestion 2. Started noticing that animals experienced ‘psychic salivation’ From this observation came his most famous contribution to science: classical conditioning Conditioning Simplified The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the thing that evokes the unconditioned response (UCR) Pairing the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the UCR UCS = food UCR = is the natural response the animal has to the UCS = drooling CS = tone Tone + drooling The switch of the UCR to the CR = animal drools in response to the tone More conditioning terminology 1. Acquisition 2. Extinction 3. Spontaneous recovery Generalization and Discrimination 1. Generalization 2. Discrimination Does Conditioning Work in Humans? Flu and what you last ate Cancer patients & their treatment rooms Drug use Therapy Operant Conditioning 1. What is it? B.F. Skinner is the father of operant conditioning Skinner’s Tools 1. Unlike Watson, Skinner concentrated on animal behavior in his research 2. To do his research he built chambers called operant chambers or Skinner boxes Skinner Box How did these boxes shape behavior? 1. What was used as the reward? 2. What was the punishment? 3. What was the operant behavior? Properties of Reinforcing Stimuli 1. 2. 3. Primary reinforcers Secondary reinforcers Timing of reinforcement More about timing: Schedules of Reinforcement 1. Continuous reinforcement 2. Partial reinforcement 1. 2. 3. 4. Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Variable interval Punishment 1. Punishment is an adverse consequence that reduces the likelihood that a behavior will recur 2. There are two kinds of punishment: Positive punishment 2. Negative punishment Examples? 1. Operant Conditioning and Parenting 1. Do you have any thoughts on how parents can use reinforcement and punishment to shape their kids’ behavior? 2. What are the most effective techniques? 3. You MUST use a combination of both, not just reinforcement or punishment alone Observational Learning 1. I bet you can guess what this means… 2. Watching and imitating modeling 3. Memes • what are some examples? Biological Basis of Observation 1. In the frontal lobe of the brain, you have a group of neurons called ‘mirror neurons’ 2. These neurons don’t just help us learn, they also help us feel empathy Albert Bandura 1. Bandura is the father of social learning theory 2. He says we are likely to imitate the people around us, especially those we see as either similar to ourselves or as successful/admirable 3. The famous Bobo experiment Learning Disabilities There are 4 general types of learning disabilities What are some learning disabilities that you guys know about? Memory 1. How would you define it? 2. What is it’s relationship to learning? 3. The three steps of memory Types of Memory 1. 2. 3. 4. Flashbulb memories Sensory memory Short-term/Working memory Long-term memory Types of Memory continued… 5. Explicit (declarative) memory 6. Implicit (procedural) memory Examples of each kind of Memory 1. Where were you and what were you doing when you learned about the attacks of 9-11? 2. Conversation: What did I just say?? 3. Close your eyes and remember these numbers (in order)… 4. Long-term memory – we all know what this is 5. Riding a bike Encoding 1. 2. 3. How do we get information into our brains? Automatic processing Effortful processing ‘Rules’ of Encoding 1. 2. 3. Spacing effect Serial position effect Bad at encoding right before sleep, doesn’t happen during sleep More about Encoding 1. We have an easier time encoding information that has meaning 2. We are much better at encoding and recalling images than information 3. We remember organized material more easily than unorganized info Ways we Organize 1. Mnemonics 2. Chunking 3. Hierarchies Brain Areas Important for Memory 1. Lashley & the engram 2. Cerebellum, not cortex for association/conditioning But cortex IS important for long-term memory storage The other big ‘name’ in memory is a structure in the limbic system: the hippocampus What about us? 1. We know that memory seems to occur at the synapse. 2. We call lasting changes in the synapse longterm potentiation (LTP) Retrieval 1. Recall vs. Recognition – what is the difference? 2. Exposure to one stimulus can increase the speed with which we can retrieve other information This is called priming - Let’s try an example The effect of mood 1. We have what is called mood-congruent memory Any guesses as to what this means? The effect of context 1. We often associate material that we learn with the environment where we learn it Ex. Switching seats for an exam 2. Also, you may have had the experience of being flooded with memories when going to a certain place 3. Some researchers believe context effects explain the déjà vu phenomenon Amnesia 1. Amnesia – means memory loss. There are two kinds: 2. 3. Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia Damage to the hippocampus can result in both kinds of amnesia Anterograde amnesia video The case of H.M. 1. H.M. was a patient suffering from severe epilepsy 2. His hippocampus was removed as treatment 3. His memory was severely impaired, especially bad anterograde amnesia 4. His short-term/working memory & procedural/implicit memory abilities are somewhat intact What H.M.’s Brain Looked Like Korsakoff’s Syndrome 1. This syndrome results from prolonged and severe thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency 2. 3. Usually the result of severe alcoholism Results in both kinds of amnesia, apathy, confusion Confabulation is a hallmark symptom Brain Damage from Alcoholism Alzheimer’s Disease 1. Progressive memory loss with eventual depression, hallucinations/delusions, sleeplessness and loss of appetite 2. Caused by generation of plaques and tangles in the brain Plaques are build up between cells caused by cell death Tangles are caused by degradation of structures within a cell Alzheimer's video Alzheimer’s Brains