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CHAPTER 4 LECTURE OUTLINE Greece and Iran I. Ancient Iran, 1000–500 B.C.E. A. Geography and Resources 1. Bounded by mountains, deserts, and the Persian Gulf Open to attack from Central Asian nomads Topographical features included: High mountains on the edges Salt deserts in the interior Sloping plateau crossed by mountain streams 2. Limited natural resources Water was relatively scarce Environment could only support a limited population Irrigation networks had to use underground tunnels Maintenance of underground irrigation networks was labor-intensive Mineral resources (copper, tin, iron, gold, and silver) B. The Rise of the Persian Empire 1. Medians (from NW Iran) helped to destroy the Assyrian Empire Persian Achaemenid dynasty was related to the Median court by marriage In 550 B.C.E., Cyrus overthrew the Median king and built a larger Persian empire Included Medes and Persians 2. Persian Empire built up by three kings: Cyrus, Cambyses, and Darius I Cyrus Conquered the Lydians in 546 B.C.E. Brought all of Anatolia under his control Took Mesopotamia (539 B.C.E.). Cambyses Defeated Egypt Sent expeditions to Nubia and Libya Darius I Medes declined Persians asserted greater dominance Extended the empire to the Indus Valley and west to European Thrace C. Imperial Organization 1. After Darius the empire was divided into twenty provinces Satrap administered each province Satraps typically had some connection to the court Satrap duties tended to become hereditary Satraps had considerable autonomy 2. Provinces were required to pay annual tribute Central government tended to hoard gold and silver Metals became scarce and more expensive System of well-maintained roads Roads converged on the capital city of Susa Garrisons were placed at key locations 3. Persian style of kingship Held aloof and majestic Masters of all their subjects and nobles Owned and administered vast tracts of “king’s land” Kings acted as lawgivers D. II. Allowed each subject peoples to follow their own traditions Managed a central administration at the capital of Susa Ideology and Religion 1. Major religion was Zoroastrianism Origins are unclear Tradition credits the Gathas (the hymns of Zoroastrianism) 2. Zoroastrianism believed in: Existence of a dualistic universe Epic Struggle between good and evil God of good, Ahuramazda God of evil, Angra Mainyu May have had an influence on Judaism 3. Darius merged Zoroastrianism with political ideology Claimed that forming an empire his divine mission The Rise of the Greeks, 1000–500 B.C.E. A. Geography and Resources 1. Mediterranean ecological zone Highly conducive to migration Significant transfer of crops, technology, and consumer goods Greek cultural zone includes: Greek mainland Aegean islands Western Anatolia 2. Greek agriculture relied entirely on rainfall Insufficient water resources for irrigation Limited arable soil Could not support large populations Few metal resources or timber Good harbors B. The Emergence of the Polis 1. Post-Mycenaean “Dark Age” (1150–800 B.C.E.) Ended when trade contact with other groups resumed Phoenicians provided an alphabetic writing system Start of the Archaic period (800–480 B.C.E.). 2. Population growth Shift from a pastoral to an agricultural economy Importation of foods and raw materials Urbanization, specialization, and evolution of the polis 3. Characteristic features of the polis Urban center and surrounding lands Acropolis Agora Fortified walls Public buildings 4. Frequent wars between the city-states Style of warfare used hoplites Close formation of heavily armored infantry Soldiers were mostly farmer-citizens 5. Greek colonization Sent excess population to colonize other areas Mediterranean and Black Sea C. D. Closer contact with other peoples 6. Colonization introduced new ideas Coined money (from the Lydians) Sharpened sense of Greek identity 7. Rule of the Tyrants Increasing prosperity Growth of a middle class Emergence of one-man rule by tyrants Reduced the power of traditional elites Tyrants were eventually rejected Governments gravitated toward oligarchy or democracy 8. Greek religion Polytheistic Anthropomorphic sky gods Represented forces of nature Worshiped at state ceremonies Sacrifice was a central part of religious practice Sought advice from oracles New Intellectual Currents 1. Develop the concepts of individualism and humanism 2. Pre-Socratic philosophers began to question traditional Greek religion Tried to explain rationally: Why the world was created What it is made of Why it changes 3. Ionia “logographers” began to gather information Peoples of the Mediterranean Founding of important cities Background of important Greek families Method of research was adopted by Herodotus 4. Herodotus Went beyond the simple collection of information Offered explanations for key events Invented the modern discipline of “history” Athens and Sparta 1. Sparta Located in the Pelopponese in southern Greece Sparta took over the more fertile land of Messenia Enslaved the Messenians Fear of a slave uprising Spartans to create a highly militarized society Spartan males trained for the army Devoted their lives to the needs of the state 2. Athens Unusually large hinterland (Attica) Supported a population of about 300,000 Ruled by tyrants during the sixth century B.C.E.. 3. Athens ejected the tyrants Developed a democracy Pericles completed the transition to democracy in the 460s to 450s Mechanisms of government: Assembly Council of 500 People’s Courts III. Struggle with Persia, 546–323 B.C.E. A. Early Encounters 1. Anatolian city states, aided by Athens, staged revolt against Persian rule Led to the Persian Wars Two Persian attacks on Greece First Persian War Generals of Darius I captured Eretrea Attacked Athens (490 B.C.E.) Persians defeated at Marathon Second Persian War Xerxes led a large army and a fleet against the Greeks Many Greek city-states submitted Sparta organized the Hellenic League Athens organized the Delian League Went on the offensive Drove the Persians out of the eastern Mediterranean B. The Height of Athenian Power 1. Classical period in Greek history, 480–323 B.C.E.. Marked by the dominant role of Athens Subordinated the other states of the Delian League Became an imperial power Power was based on the Athenian navy 2. Strength of the Athenian navy Technological innovation Use of lower-class men as rowers Trireme Fast and maneuverable oar boat About 170 feet long Lower-class rowers further democratized Athenian society Rowers demanded the full citizenship 3. Athens used its power Profitable trade Extract annual tribute from subject states Constructed impressive public works Supported development of the arts and sciences 4. Philosophers of the Classical period Socrates Focus on ethics Probed the precise meaning of words Created the Socratic Method Tried on charges of corrupting the youth and abandoning the gods Sentenced to death Plato Wrote dialogs exploring concepts Justice Excellence Wisdom Believed the world was a pale reflection of an ideal reality Transition from oral to written culture C. D. Plato read and wrote books Founded a school called the Academy Inequality in Classical Greece 1. Athenian democracy was limited in scope Free adult males participated in Athenian democracy Accounted for about 10 or 15 percent of the population Women, children, slaves, and foreigners did not have citizen rights 2. Slaves Mostly foreign Accounted for one-third of the population Regarded as property Most Athenian families owned one or more slaves Treated like domestic servants Women and slaves provided male citizens with leisure time Used leisure time for political activity 3. Variable status of women in Greek communities Sparta Relatively free and outspoken Athens More confined and oppressed Marriages were unequal Arranged unions of younger women to older men Duties of a wife Raise children (especially sons) Weave cloth Cook and clean 4. Personal relationships No meaningful relations between men and women Men sought intellectual and emotional companionship with other men Gave rise to a common pattern of bisexuality Older men engaged in extended social, intellectual, and sexual relationships with younger men Failure of the City-State and Triumph of the Macedonians 1. Athens aroused the resentment of other Greek city-states Pelopponesian war Conflict between Athens and Sparta Sparta developed a navy paid for by the Persians Defeated Athens in 404 B.C.E. 2. Sparta’s arrogance inspired the opposition of the other Greek city-states Internal conflict among the Greeks Persia recovers lands in western Asia 3. Macedonia developed into a great military power King Philip of Macedonia strengthened his army Equipped his soldiers with longer spears Used both cavalry and infantry forces Developing new siege equipment including catapults 4. Alexander (the Great) Invaded Persia in 336 B.C.E. Defeated the forces of the Persian Empire Conquered as far away as Pakistan Built his own empire Maintained the administrative apparatus of the Persian Empire Used multinational officials Began to present himself as the Persian king IV. The Hellenistic Synthesis, 323–30 B.C.E A. The Hellenistic Kingdoms 1. Alexander died Empire broke up into three kingdoms Each ruled by a Macedonian dynasty Called the Hellenistic Age (323–30 B.C.E.). 2. The Seleucids Core area of Mesopotamia, Syria, parts of Anatolia Peripheral areas were entirely lost by the second century B.C.E. Seleucids maintained a Persian-style administrative system Continued Alexander’s policy of establishing new Greek-style cities 3. The Ptolemies Ruled Egypt and sometimes Palestine Continued centralized Egyptian administrative and taxation systems Made Alexandria their capital Encouraged Greek immigration Did not build other Greek-style cities Lifestyle and language Egyptian population did not change Native Egyptians resented Greek rule Uprisings were increasingly common 4. The Antigonids Ruled Macedonia and Greece The Spartans resisted Macedonian rule Athens remained neutral 5. Alexandria was the greatest city of the Hellenistic age Population of nearly half a million Mausoleum of Alexander The Great Library Museum Political center Center of learning Major trading city 6. Life in Alexandria Residents enjoyed citizenship Took part in the institutions of government (the Assembly and the Council) Public baths Theatres Gymnasiums offered residents all the amenities of Greek life Significant Jewish population