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CHAPTER 4 LECTURE OUTLINE
Greece and Iran
I.
Ancient Iran, 1000–500 B.C.E.
A. Geography and Resources
1. Bounded by mountains, deserts, and the Persian Gulf
Open to attack from Central Asian nomads
Topographical features included:
High mountains on the edges
Salt deserts in the interior
Sloping plateau crossed by mountain streams
2. Limited natural resources
Water was relatively scarce
Environment could only support a limited population
Irrigation networks had to use underground tunnels
Maintenance of underground irrigation networks was labor-intensive
Mineral resources (copper, tin, iron, gold, and silver)
B. The Rise of the Persian Empire
1. Medians (from NW Iran) helped to destroy the Assyrian Empire
Persian Achaemenid dynasty was related to the Median court by marriage
In 550 B.C.E., Cyrus overthrew the Median king and built a larger Persian empire
Included Medes and Persians
2. Persian Empire built up by three kings: Cyrus, Cambyses, and Darius I
Cyrus
Conquered the Lydians in 546 B.C.E.
Brought all of Anatolia under his control
Took Mesopotamia (539 B.C.E.).
Cambyses
Defeated Egypt
Sent expeditions to Nubia and Libya
Darius I
Medes declined
Persians asserted greater dominance
Extended the empire to the Indus Valley and west to European Thrace
C. Imperial Organization
1. After Darius the empire was divided into twenty provinces
Satrap administered each province
Satraps typically had some connection to the court
Satrap duties tended to become hereditary
Satraps had considerable autonomy
2. Provinces were required to pay annual tribute
Central government tended to hoard gold and silver
Metals became scarce and more expensive
System of well-maintained roads
Roads converged on the capital city of Susa
Garrisons were placed at key locations
3. Persian style of kingship
Held aloof and majestic
Masters of all their subjects and nobles
Owned and administered vast tracts of “king’s land”
Kings acted as lawgivers
D.
II.
Allowed each subject peoples to follow their own traditions
Managed a central administration at the capital of Susa
Ideology and Religion
1. Major religion was Zoroastrianism
Origins are unclear
Tradition credits the Gathas (the hymns of Zoroastrianism)
2. Zoroastrianism believed in:
Existence of a dualistic universe
Epic Struggle between good and evil
God of good, Ahuramazda
God of evil, Angra Mainyu
May have had an influence on Judaism
3. Darius merged Zoroastrianism with political ideology
Claimed that forming an empire his divine mission
The Rise of the Greeks, 1000–500 B.C.E.
A. Geography and Resources
1. Mediterranean ecological zone
Highly conducive to migration
Significant transfer of crops, technology, and consumer goods
Greek cultural zone includes:
Greek mainland
Aegean islands
Western Anatolia
2. Greek agriculture relied entirely on rainfall
Insufficient water resources for irrigation
Limited arable soil
Could not support large populations
Few metal resources or timber
Good harbors
B. The Emergence of the Polis
1. Post-Mycenaean “Dark Age” (1150–800 B.C.E.)
Ended when trade contact with other groups resumed
Phoenicians provided an alphabetic writing system
Start of the Archaic period (800–480 B.C.E.).
2. Population growth
Shift from a pastoral to an agricultural economy
Importation of foods and raw materials
Urbanization, specialization, and evolution of the polis
3. Characteristic features of the polis
Urban center and surrounding lands
Acropolis
Agora
Fortified walls
Public buildings
4. Frequent wars between the city-states
Style of warfare used hoplites
Close formation of heavily armored infantry
Soldiers were mostly farmer-citizens
5. Greek colonization
Sent excess population to colonize other areas
Mediterranean and Black Sea
C.
D.
Closer contact with other peoples
6. Colonization introduced new ideas
Coined money (from the Lydians)
Sharpened sense of Greek identity
7. Rule of the Tyrants
Increasing prosperity
Growth of a middle class
Emergence of one-man rule by tyrants
Reduced the power of traditional elites
Tyrants were eventually rejected
Governments gravitated toward oligarchy or democracy
8. Greek religion
Polytheistic
Anthropomorphic sky gods
Represented forces of nature
Worshiped at state ceremonies
Sacrifice was a central part of religious practice
Sought advice from oracles
New Intellectual Currents
1. Develop the concepts of individualism and humanism
2. Pre-Socratic philosophers began to question traditional Greek religion
Tried to explain rationally:
Why the world was created
What it is made of
Why it changes
3. Ionia “logographers” began to gather information
Peoples of the Mediterranean
Founding of important cities
Background of important Greek families
Method of research was adopted by Herodotus
4. Herodotus
Went beyond the simple collection of information
Offered explanations for key events
Invented the modern discipline of “history”
Athens and Sparta
1. Sparta
Located in the Pelopponese in southern Greece
Sparta took over the more fertile land of Messenia
Enslaved the Messenians
Fear of a slave uprising
Spartans to create a highly militarized society
Spartan males trained for the army
Devoted their lives to the needs of the state
2. Athens
Unusually large hinterland (Attica)
Supported a population of about 300,000
Ruled by tyrants during the sixth century B.C.E..
3. Athens ejected the tyrants
Developed a democracy
Pericles completed the transition to democracy in the 460s to 450s
Mechanisms of government:
Assembly
Council of 500
People’s Courts
III.
Struggle with Persia, 546–323 B.C.E.
A. Early Encounters
1. Anatolian city states, aided by Athens, staged revolt against Persian rule
Led to the Persian Wars
Two Persian attacks on Greece
First Persian War
Generals of Darius I captured Eretrea
Attacked Athens (490 B.C.E.)
Persians defeated at Marathon
Second Persian War
Xerxes led a large army and a fleet against the Greeks
Many Greek city-states submitted
Sparta organized the Hellenic League
Athens organized the Delian League
Went on the offensive
Drove the Persians out of the eastern Mediterranean
B. The Height of Athenian Power
1. Classical period in Greek history, 480–323 B.C.E..
Marked by the dominant role of Athens
Subordinated the other states of the Delian League
Became an imperial power
Power was based on the Athenian navy
2. Strength of the Athenian navy
Technological innovation
Use of lower-class men as rowers
Trireme
Fast and maneuverable oar boat
About 170 feet long
Lower-class rowers further democratized Athenian society
Rowers demanded the full citizenship
3. Athens used its power
Profitable trade
Extract annual tribute from subject states
Constructed impressive public works
Supported development of the arts and sciences
4. Philosophers of the Classical period
Socrates
Focus on ethics
Probed the precise meaning of words
Created the Socratic Method
Tried on charges of corrupting the youth and abandoning the gods
Sentenced to death
Plato
Wrote dialogs exploring concepts
Justice
Excellence
Wisdom
Believed the world was a pale reflection of an ideal reality
Transition from oral to written culture
C.
D.
Plato read and wrote books
Founded a school called the Academy
Inequality in Classical Greece
1. Athenian democracy was limited in scope
Free adult males participated in Athenian democracy
Accounted for about 10 or 15 percent of the population
Women, children, slaves, and foreigners did not have citizen rights
2. Slaves
Mostly foreign
Accounted for one-third of the population
Regarded as property
Most Athenian families owned one or more slaves
Treated like domestic servants
Women and slaves provided male citizens with leisure time
Used leisure time for political activity
3. Variable status of women in Greek communities
Sparta
Relatively free and outspoken
Athens
More confined and oppressed
Marriages were unequal
Arranged unions of younger women to older men
Duties of a wife
Raise children (especially sons)
Weave cloth
Cook and clean
4. Personal relationships
No meaningful relations between men and women
Men sought intellectual and emotional companionship with other men
Gave rise to a common pattern of bisexuality
Older men engaged in extended social, intellectual, and sexual
relationships with younger men
Failure of the City-State and Triumph of the Macedonians
1. Athens aroused the resentment of other Greek city-states
Pelopponesian war
Conflict between Athens and Sparta
Sparta developed a navy paid for by the Persians
Defeated Athens in 404 B.C.E.
2. Sparta’s arrogance inspired the opposition of the other Greek city-states
Internal conflict among the Greeks
Persia recovers lands in western Asia
3. Macedonia developed into a great military power
King Philip of Macedonia strengthened his army
Equipped his soldiers with longer spears
Used both cavalry and infantry forces
Developing new siege equipment including catapults
4. Alexander (the Great)
Invaded Persia in 336 B.C.E.
Defeated the forces of the Persian Empire
Conquered as far away as Pakistan
Built his own empire
Maintained the administrative apparatus of the Persian Empire
Used multinational officials
Began to present himself as the Persian king
IV.
The Hellenistic Synthesis, 323–30 B.C.E
A. The Hellenistic Kingdoms
1. Alexander died
Empire broke up into three kingdoms
Each ruled by a Macedonian dynasty
Called the Hellenistic Age (323–30 B.C.E.).
2. The Seleucids
Core area of Mesopotamia, Syria, parts of Anatolia
Peripheral areas were entirely lost by the second century B.C.E.
Seleucids maintained a Persian-style administrative system
Continued Alexander’s policy of establishing new Greek-style cities
3. The Ptolemies
Ruled Egypt and sometimes Palestine
Continued centralized Egyptian administrative and taxation systems
Made Alexandria their capital
Encouraged Greek immigration
Did not build other Greek-style cities
Lifestyle and language Egyptian population did not change
Native Egyptians resented Greek rule
Uprisings were increasingly common
4. The Antigonids
Ruled Macedonia and Greece
The Spartans resisted Macedonian rule
Athens remained neutral
5. Alexandria was the greatest city of the Hellenistic age
Population of nearly half a million
Mausoleum of Alexander
The Great Library
Museum
Political center
Center of learning
Major trading city
6. Life in Alexandria
Residents enjoyed citizenship
Took part in the institutions of government (the Assembly and the Council)
Public baths
Theatres
Gymnasiums offered residents all the amenities of Greek life
Significant Jewish population