Download Unit 7A Cells

Key Stage 3
Science
Name ________________________Tutor Group_______
Science Teacher _________________________________
Unit 9B Workbook
Fit and Healthy
My target for this unit is:
9B TME 2012
1
What level am I working at?
Aerobic Respiration
Learning Outcomes



I know the symbol equation for respiration

I can explain how oxygen and glucose are
transported to muscle cells, and how carbon
dioxide is excreted
I know the names of the organs in the
respiratory system
I can describe what happens to the diaphragm
and ribs during inhalation and exhalation
I can describe how gas exchange occurs in the
alveoli
I can explain how the lungs are adapted for
their function
I know the 4 factors that are used to measure
fitness
I know what happens to my breathing rate and
pulse during exercise
I can plan a fair investigation to test the effect of
exercise on
I can explain the changes in breathing rate and
pulse during exercise
Breathing




Fitness



Bones, Joints and Muscles




6
8
7
4
5
6
7
5
4
6
7
I know why humans have muscles and skeletons
4

I can name the major bones of the human
skeleton
5

I can describe how muscles work in antagonistic
pairs to move bones
7

I can describe how muscles and bones are
connected to each other
6

I can describe how joints allow movement
6

I can describe how joints reduce friction
between bones
I can describe some of the causes and effects of
heart disease
7
5

I know the effect of alcohol on health
5

I know the 3 main components of cigarette
smoke, and the effect they have on the body
5

I know some examples of drugs and the effects
they can have on the mind and body
6
9B TME 2012– Fit and Healthy
I have
revised
this
I can do this
5


Staying Healthy
I know that muscles release energy from food
using aerobic respiration
I know the word equation for aerobic
respiration
Level
2
9B Key Words and Phrases
aerobic respiration
Process that releases energy from food. Needs oxygen from the air. Carbon
dioxide is produced as a waste gas.
breathing
Moving muscles to make air flow into and out of the lungs.
circulatory system
System containing the heart and blood vessels.
respiratory system
Made up of the trachea, bronchi and lungs. Gets oxygen into the blood and
takes carbon dioxide out of the body.
alveoli
(Singular = alveolus)
Pockets in the lungs where oxygen comes out of the air and goes into the
blood. Carbon dioxide is also transferred from the blood to the air in alveoli.
gas exchange
Process where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses
out of the blood. It happens in the alveoli.
inhalation
Breathing in.
exhalation
Breathing out.
diaphragm
Sheet of muscle underneath the lungs. It helps to work the lungs during
breathing.
ciliated epithelial
cells
Cells in the trachea which have microscopic hairs (cilia) growing from them.
S-factors
Four factors that describe how fit you are: suppleness, strength, stamina and
speed.
speed
How quickly your body can do an activity.
stamina
How long your body can exercise for.
strength
How strong your body is.
suppleness
How easily your body can bend and twist.
pulse rate
The number of times your heart beats in one minute.
muscle
Tissue that can contract and relax to make bones move
antagonistic pair
Two muscles that work a joint by pulling in opposite directions, e.g. biceps
and triceps.
joint
the place where 2 bones meet
synovial fluid
fluid found in the cavity surrounding a joint
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ligament
Tissue connecting muscles
tendon
Tissue connecting a bone to a muscle.
cartilage
slippery substance that covers the end of bones
heart disease
Disease caused by narrowing of the arteries carrying blood to the muscles of
the heart. The heart does not receive enough oxygen and some of the cells
die.
arteriosclerosis
Thickening and hardening of artery walls. May be due to a build up of a fatty
substance inside the arteries.
obesity
Being harmfully overweight
nicotine
Poisonous, addictive drug found in cigarettes.
tar
A poisonous, black, sticky substance found in cigarette smoke.
emphysema
a smoking related disease which wears away the alveoli, so that less gas
exchange can occur
drug
Substance that affects the way your body works.
medicine
A drug that helps the body to ease the symptoms of a disease or cure the
disease.
stimulant
Drug that increases the speed at which nerves carry messages, e.g. caffeine.
stimulant
Drug that increases the speed at which nerves carry messages, e.g. caffeine.
depressant
Drug that decreases the speed at which nerves carry impulses, e.g. alcohol.
side-effect
Harmful or unpleasant effects caused by drugs.
Fit
When you eat well, get a lot of physical activity (exercise), and have a healthy
weight.
Fitness
The condition of being physically fit and healthy
Healthy
The overall condition of an organism at a given time in regard to soundness
of body or mind and freedom from disease or abnormality.
Anaerobic
respiration
Smaller amounts of energy are released when glucose is broken down in the
absence of oxygen.
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Lesson 1 Aerobic Respiration
1.
During races, athletes get energy from both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
The table shows the percentage of energy from aerobic and anaerobic respiration in races of
different length.
percentage of energy from
race
(a)
(i)
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
100 m
5
95
1 500 m
55
45
10 000 m
90
10
Marathon (42 186 m)
98
2
What percentage of energy is provided by anaerobic respiration in a 10 000 m
race?
............................................%
(1)
(ii)
In how many of the races does aerobic respiration provide a greater percentage
of energy?
...............................................
(1)
(b) Use words from the box to complete the passage.
carbon dioxide
glucose
energy
lactic acid
water
oxygen
Aerobic respiration uses ........................................................ and
........................................................... to produce a lot of energy.
The two waste products are .........................................................
and ........................................................
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
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Lesson 2 Breathing 1
Thinking Tool – Flow Chart
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Respiratory System
1
Name the parts labelled a) to j) on the diagram.
2
Which part:
a
separates the thorax from the abdomen?
b
has a good blood supply?
c
protects the lungs?
d
is supported by rings of cartilage?
e
divides to form two bronchi?
f
moves down when you breathe in?
g
moves down when you breathe out?
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Lesson 3 Breathing 2
1.
(a)
Air is a mixture of gases. The pie chart represents the percentages of different gases in
air.
On the line by each section of the pie chart, write the name of the correct gas.
Two have been done for you.
0.04% carbon dioxide
1.96% water vapour and other gases
20%
78%
not to scale
2 marks
(b) On a cold day, droplets of water form on a cold window.
Explain how these droplets form.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2 marks
(c)
The word equation below represents a process taking place in the cells of the human
body.
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
(i)
What process does this word equation represent?
.............................................................
1 mark
(ii)
As a result of this process, the proportions of oxygen and carbon dioxide in air
breathed in and air breathed out change.
Which one of the statements on the next page is true?
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Tick the correct box.
Air breathed out has less carbon dioxide
and more oxygen than air breathed in.
Air breathed out has less carbon dioxide
and less oxygen than air breathed in.
Air breathed out has more carbon
dioxide and less oxygen than air
breathed in.
Air breathed out has more carbon
dioxide and more oxygen than air
breathed in.
1 mark
maximum 6 marks
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Lesson 4 Fitness 1
How quickly do your pulse and breathing rates return to normal after exercise?
How quickly your pulse and breathing rates return to normal after exercise gives a measure of how fit
your heart and lungs are. The quicker the rates return to normal the fitter you are.
Apparatus
•
Stopclock
•
•
Datalogger (optional) •
Pulse sensor and finger probe (optional)
Breathing sensor and chest strap (optional)
Method
1
Sit still and measure your resting pulse rate (in beats per minute) and resting breathing rate (in
breaths per minute). One breath is when you breathe in and out again. You can do this by
counting or using a datalogger. Write down these rates.
2
Either run on the spot or lift a 1 kg mass and lower it continuously for 30 seconds.
3
As soon as you have finished your exercise measure your breathing rate for 1 minute whilst your
partner measures your pulse rate.
4
Continue measuring your pulse and breathing rates every other minute until they are the same as
they were before you did the exercise. Remember to record all your results.
Recording your results
Record your results below:
Resting pulse rate = __________________ beats per minute.
Resting breathing rate = __________________ breaths per minute.
Time after finishing
exercise (min)
Pulse rate (beats per
minute)
Breathing rate (breaths per
minute)
0
2
4
6
8
10
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Considering your results/conclusions
Plot a line graph for each set of results on these axes.
Pulse
against
Time
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__________
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How many minutes did it take for your pulse and breathing rates to return to normal after exercise?

Pulse rate took ___________________ minutes.

Breathing rate took ___________________ minutes.
Compare your results with others in the class.
Who do you think is the fittest person in the class? _____________________________________
Why do you think this? ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson 5 Bones, Joints & Muscles 1
You may wish to use Heinmann to help you.
1
Use the words in the box to complete the sentences on the next page.
contract
joints
9B TME 2012– Fit and Healthy
pairs
pull
relax
respiration
14
Muscles are used to move the bones at ____________________ . Muscles can only
____________________ , they cannot push and so they are often found in
____________________ . As a muscle pulls a bone, the muscle gets shorter and fatter. It is
said to ____________________ . When it gets thinner again it is said to
____________________. Muscles need energy to work. Muscle cells release energy by using
____________________ .
2
a
On the drawing below label a muscle and a bone.
b
Where in the body is this joint found? _______________________________________
c
What do tendons connect together? _________________________________________
d
Cartilage is a slippery substance found on the ends of bones in joints.
What do you think the job of cartilage is? ____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
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Lesson 6 Bones, Joints & Muscles 2
1.
(a) Diagram 1 is a simplified drawing of bones and muscles in a left leg viewed from
the outer side.
(i)
Muscle A contracts. What effect does this have on the leg?
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii)
Muscles are found in antagonistic pairs. Write the letters of the pair of muscles
which control the bending and straightening of the leg at the knee.
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(iii)
When one muscle of an antagonistic pair contracts the other muscle does not
relax completely, but maintains some tension.
What is the advantage of maintaining tension in both muscles.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
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(b)
Diagram 2 shows the elbow joint. Tissue X covers the ends of the bones at the joint.
(i)
Give the name of tissue X. ……………………………………………….
1 mark
(ii)
Osteoarthritis is a very painful condition. In the joints of people with
osteoarthritis small pieces of tissue X break off.
Suggest two effects this could have on the joint.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
2 marks
(c)
Tendons are shown in diagram 1 and ligaments are shown in diagram 2. Ligaments can
stretch much more than tendons.
(i)
Explain why ligaments at the elbow need to stretch.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
(ii)
Explain why it is necessary that tendons hardly stretch at all when a muscle
contracts.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
1 mark
Maximum 8 marks
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Case study of a sports injury
Students (in Literacy groups) discuss in pairs the role of scientists who were involved in this process, e.g. health
professionals, materials scientists, research scientists. They should draw a flowchart to show how treatment
progressed and the roles of the scientists along the way.
Derrick Williams was living out his dream, playing college football as a receiver. He had just caught a 35yard pass, and was running between the defenders, heading for the goal line. As he turned sharply to
avoid being tackled, he felt a pop in his knee and fell sharply to the ground in pain.
The team athletic trainer ran to the field to assess the situation. After deciding the injury was isolated to
the knee, Derrick was able to stand with help and be assisted from the field. After ruling out other knee
injuries, the trainer performed tests to confirm his suspicions of a tear in the anterior cruciate ligament
(ACL).
Derrick was referred to an orthopaedic surgeon. The surgeon ordered an MRI scan (magnetic
resonance imaging) on the knee to confirm the diagnosis and assess the extent of the injury.
After seeing the MRI scans, the surgeon confirmed the diagnosis and recommended surgery to
reconstruct the ACL tendon.
Derrick’s MRI scan
Normal MRI scan
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Derrick underwent physiotherapy for a month before surgery to allow the swelling to subside. The
surgeon used a graft from the patellar tendon in Derrick’s knee to replace the torn ACL ligament.
Although Derrick's surgery was a success, he still had a long road of physiotherapy in front of him. The
reconstructed ligament would take at least 6 months to regain adequate strength. Therapy consisted of
electrical muscle stimulation, ultrasound massage (massage using sound waves), and sport-specific
activities.
Treatment Flowchart
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Lesson 7 Staying Healthy 1
All of the drinks below contain 1 unit of alcohol:
½ Pint of Beer
1 Glass of Wine
1 Single Whiskey
1 Single Sherry
Drinks
Number
of units
Effect on behaviour
State 3 long term effects of alcohol consumption:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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Nick went to a party and had too much to drink. The table shows the concentration of alcohol in Nick’s
blood during and after the party.
Time
Concentration of alcohol in Nick’s blood
(mg/100 cm3 )
8 pm
0
9 pm
50
10 pm
90
11 pm
135
midnight
180
1 am
210
2 am
195
3 am
180
4 am
165
5 am
150
6 am
135
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1
Plot the data on the grid below as a line graph.
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2
Around what time did Nick stop drinking? ________________________________________
3
By how much did his blood alcohol concentration fall each hour after he stopped drinking?
________________________________________________________________________
4
Extend the line on your graph and state the time at which Nick’s alcohol concentration would be
zero again. ______________________________________________________________
5
The legal limit for driving in the UK is 80 mg/100 cm3 of blood.
Nick got up and drove to work at 8 am the following morning.
a
What would his blood alcohol concentration have been then?
____________________________________________________________________
b
Should he have driven to work? Explain your answer.
____________________________________________________________________
6
____________________________________________________________________
At what time could Nick have legally driven to work?
________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson 8 Staying Healthy 2
Smoking – why it’s bad for you.
One person in the UK is killed from a smoking-related disease every 4.5 minutes.
About half of all regular smokers will be killed by the habit.
A lot more will have bad health because of it.
Here’s why: Cut out the ‘clouds’ from the sheet and stick them in the correct place.
The NICOTINE in cigarette smoke causes:
The CARBON MONOXIDE in cigarette smoke causes:
The TAR in cigarette smoke causes:
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1.
STIMULANT
Effect on the Nervous System & User
DEPRESSANT
Effect on the Nervous System & User
The bar chart below shows how the number of cigarettes smoked is linked to the
percentage of deaths from heart disease in the total male population.
1.2
1.0
% of deaths
from heart
disease in
the total male
population
age
0.8
under 45
0.6
45 – 54
55 – 64
0.4
0.2
0
5
10
15
20
number of cigarettes
smoked each day
(a)
Use the information in the bar chart to write two conclusions about the relationship
between smoking and the number of male deaths from heart disease.
1. ....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2. ....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 marks
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(b)
Smoking can cause fat to be deposited in the arteries to the heart muscle.
Explain how this could prevent the heart muscle from working properly.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
3 marks
(c) The drawing below shows part of the lining of the airway leading into the lungs.
mucus
(i)
cilia
Describe how mucus and cilia help to keep the airway free of dust and bacteria.
mucus ...................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
cilia .......................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
2 marks
(ii)
Cigarette smoke contains tar.
What effect does tar have on the cilia?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
1 mark
maximum 8 marks
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Fit and healthy Summary
Being fit means that your body can cope with the activities that you need to do. To stay fit you should eat a balanced diet,
exercise regularly, avoid smoking and avoid alcohol and drug abuse. If you follow these rules your heart will stay healthy and
you will be less likely to suffer from high blood pressure and other circulatory problems like heart disease (when heart
muscle cells start to die).
During exercise muscle cells need more energy. This is obtained from a sugar called glucose by the process of aerobic
respiration. This is the word equation:
There are several organ systems involved to allow respiration to occur in muscle cells.
•
•
•
The respiratory (or breathing) system supplies the oxygen and removes the carbon dioxide.
The digestive system provides the glucose.
The circulatory system carries the glucose and oxygen to the muscle cells, and carries the
carbon dioxide away to the lungs.
When you exercise your breathing rate (number of breaths in one minute) and your pulse rate (number of times your
heart beats in one minute) increase. This is because your cells need more oxygen and glucose for respiration.
Breathing is carried out by two sets of muscles, the diaphragm and the rib muscles (found between the ribs). These
change the volume of the chest. Breathing ventilates (moves air into and out of) the lungs.
Breathing in (inhalation).
•
Diaphragm contracts and moves
downwards.
Rib muscles contract and lift ribs up and
outwards.
The volume of the chest increases.
Air flows into the lungs.
•
•
•
Breathing out (exhalation).
•
•
•
•
Diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards.
Rib muscles relax and move ribs down
and inwards.
The volume of the chest decreases.
Air flows out of the lungs.
Drugs are chemicals that affect how the body works. Cigarettes contain a drug called nicotine which is addictive (you feel
that you cannot do without it). The chemicals in cigarette smoke can cause diseases.
Poison in cigarette
smoke
Harm it causes
nicotine
Makes arteries narrower, causes heart disease.
tar
Clogs up the lungs and stops the cilia working, causes cancer and bronchitis.
carbon monoxide
Stops red blood cells carrying so much oxygen.
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Medicines are drugs that can help people who are suffering from diseases, e.g. antibiotics. Recreational drugs are legal
drugs that people take because they like the effect that they have on their body, e.g. caffeine in coffee and alcohol. Illegal
drugs include heroin and Ecstasy.
Drugs that slow down the nervous system are called depressants. Alcohol is a depressant. It alters behaviour and slows
reaction time. Drugs that speed up the nervous system are called stimulants, e.g. caffeine. Misuse of any drug can be
harmful especially to the liver.
A balanced diet is essential to health. It is made up of the correct amounts of the following seven food substances:
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water and fibre.
A shortage of a particular substance can cause a specific deficiency disease.
Eating too much of a particular substance can also cause problems. Too much fat can cause obesity and heart disease.
Muscles move bones at joints. Muscles cannot push and so joints need pairs of muscles (antagonistic pairs) to pull in
opposite directions. One muscle contracts and gets shorter and fatter, to pull a bone. At the same time the other muscle in
the pair relaxes and gets longer and thinner.
Exercise strengthens bones and muscles. Too
much exercise can damage muscles and joints.
The elbow joint.
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Test Yourself
1
Ayesha and her friend Jenny wanted
to improve their fitness, so they
decided to take up running. The
graph shows how Ayesha’s heart
rate changed during a run.
a
Plot Jenny’s heart rate data for
the same run and draw a
smooth curve of best fit
through the points.
[2 marks]
b
For how many minutes were they running? __________________________________
[1 mark]
c
By how much did Ayesha’s heart rate increase? __________________ beats per minute
[1 mark]
d
i
Who was the fitter, Ayesha or Jenny? _________________________________
[1 mark]
ii
Give a reason for your answer ________________________________________
[1 mark]
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Time (minutes)
Jenny’s heart rate (beats
per minute)
0
70
2
70
4
94
6
120
8
118
10
89
12
74
14
70
16
70
31
2
The diagram shows the cells that
line the windpipe.
a
Smoking cigarettes causes
the goblet cells to produce
more mucus and damages
the cilia. Explain the effects
of these changes.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
b
Cigarette smoke contains many harmful chemicals. Describe one harmful effect of each of
the following chemicals:
i
Tar
_____________________________________________________________
ii
Nicotine _________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
3
a
Alcohol is a drug. Which statement explains why alcohol is a drug?
Tick the correct box.
It is a chemical.
It dissolves in water.
It boils at 78 °C.
It affects the nervous system.
[1 mark]
b
What effect can drinking alcohol during pregnancy have on the developing baby?
____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
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4
Look at the drawing.
a
What are the parts labelled A–D?
A is _____________________________
B is _____________________________
C is _____________________________
D is _____________________________
[2 marks]
b
What mineral is needed for healthy bones and
teeth?
__________________________________
[1 mark]
c
What does part B do? _______________
_________________________________
_____________________________________
[1 mark]
d
The shape of part D changes to help someone breathe in. How does it change?
____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
e
The biceps and triceps are muscles in the upper arm. To move the lower arm up, what
happens to the muscles? Tick the two correct boxes.
The biceps contracts.
The biceps relaxes.
The triceps contracts.
The triceps relaxes.
[1 mark]
f
What are pairs of muscles like this called? ___________________________________
[1 mark]
5
Caffeine is a widely used recreational drug.
a
Give one way in which people take caffeine.
____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
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b What is meant by the term ‘recreational drug’?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
c
Give one effect that caffeine has on the body.
____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
6
The drawing shows an air sac.
a
How does oxygen get into the blood?
____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
b
How is oxygen carried by the blood? ________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
c
What are the pockets that an air sac is divided into called?
____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
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My mark
Qu. Level
Qu Total
total
My %
Traffic
light
Type
Subject Areas
(KN, AP,
NM, HSW)
Overall Grade:
Target 1
KN – Knowledge, AP –Application,
NM – Numeracy HSW – How Science Works
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Unit 9B Review
My target grade for this term is ________
My grade for this unit was ________
Which parts of this unit do you think you did very well at?
Which parts of this unit did you find difficult to understand?
Aspect


Recalling key facts
Understanding keywords
Using key words in my written work
Using correct conventions for drawing diagrams
Actively reading questions
Writing clear and concise answers
Understanding key concepts
Catching up on missed work
Reviewing my work between lessons
Actively revising
Sharing my ideas in group/pair/class work
Completing tasks in lesson time
Asking for help when I need it
Using my checklist to assess my learning
Trying my hardest with problems before asking for help
My Target for next unit:
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