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8 The Endocrine System Lesson 8.1: Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Lesson 8.2: Major Endocrine Organs Lesson 8.3: Endocrine Disorders and Diseases Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.1 Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Anatomy of the Endocrine System • Endocrine glands – Hormones – Secrete directly into bloodstream • Exocrine glands – Secrete through a duct © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones • Steroid hormones – lipid-based • Amino acid hormones – protein-based • Hormone receptors – Upregulated – increased – Downregulated – decreased © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormone Secretion Control • Neural control – Sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate adrenal medulla • Ex: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine • Hormonal control – Stimulated by the hypothalamus to AP or PP • Ex: Thyroxin, PTH, Oxytocin • Humoral control – Based on blood levels • Ex: Glucagon, Calcitonin © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormone Secretion Control © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones and Homeostasis • Negative Feedback Mechanism – Reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range to restore homeostasis © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Homeostasis of Hypothalamus • Helps regulates body temperature © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.2 Major Endocrine Organs Major Endocrine Organs © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Hypothalamus • Helps regulate… – – – – – Metabolism Heart rate Energy level Body temperature Thirst © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary • Prolactin (PRO) – Growth of mammary glands – Milk production in a nursing mother • Growth Hormone (GH) – Growth of bone and muscles © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary • Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH) – Release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) – Release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) – Females • Estrogen production • Egg production – Males • Sperm production • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – Females • Ovulation – Males • Testosterone © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary • Antidiuretic Hormone – Acts on kidney, decreases urine output – • Oxytocin – Acts on uterus, causes contractions – Acts on breast, causes secretion of milk © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Major Endocrine Glands • Thyroid gland – Thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3 • Controls rate of metabolism – Calcitonin • Removes calcium from blood, puts into bones • Parathyroid gland – Parathyroid hormone • Removes calcium from bones, puts into blood © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Major Endocrine Glands • Thymus gland – Thymosin • Development of immune system • Pineal gland – Melatonin • Produces sleepiness © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Adrenal Glands • Adrenal Medulla – Epinephrine and norepinephrine • Adrenaline rush • Adrenal Cortex – Mineralocorticoids • Aldosterone • Sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys – Glucocorticoids • Cortisone and cortisol • Promote gluconeogenesis – Sex hormones • Estrogen and androgens • Maintains sexual characteristics © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Adrenal Glands © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pancreas • Islets of Langerhans – Alpha cells • Glucagon • Increase blood glucose level – Beta cells • Insulin • Decrease blood glucose level © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Gonads • Testes – Testosterone • Sperm production • Ovaries – Estrogen • Secondary sexual characteristics • Progesterone • Menstrual cycle © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.3 Endocrine Disorders and Diseases Endocrine Disorders and Diseases • • • • • • pituitary disorders thyroid disorders disorders of the parathyroid gland adrenal medulla disorders disorders of the adrenal cortex the pancreas and diabetes mellitus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pituitary Disorders • hyperfunction – acromegaly, or gigantism • hypofunction – dwarfism – diabetes insipidus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Thyroid Disorders • hyperthyroidism – goiter – Graves disease • hypothyroidism – myxedema – neonatal hypothyroidism © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Endocrine Disorders and Diseases • disorders of the parathyroid gland – hypercalcemia – hypocalcemia • adrenal medulla disorders – pheochromcytoma © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex • Cushing syndrome – hypersecretion of cortisol • Addison’s disease – hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus • symptoms of diabetes mellitus – polyuria • excessive urination – polydipsia • excessive thirst – polyphagia • increased hunger © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus • type I diabetes mellitus – juvenile-onset • type II diabetes mellitus – adult-onset – insulin resistance – hyperglycemia © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: dwarfism, Cushing syndrome, goiter, polyuria. 1. a result of pituitary hypofunction 2. excessive urination 3. hypersecretion of cortisol 4. a result of hyperthyroidism © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.