Download The Endocrine System

8
The Endocrine
System
Lesson 8.1: Functions and Control of
the Endocrine System
Lesson 8.2: Major Endocrine Organs
Lesson 8.3: Endocrine Disorders and
Diseases
Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.1
Functions and Control of
the Endocrine System
Anatomy of the Endocrine System
• Endocrine glands
– Hormones
– Secrete directly into bloodstream
• Exocrine glands
– Secrete through a duct
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Hormones
• Steroid hormones – lipid-based
• Amino acid hormones – protein-based
• Hormone receptors
– Upregulated – increased
– Downregulated – decreased
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Hormone Secretion Control
• Neural control
– Sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate adrenal medulla
• Ex: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
• Hormonal control
– Stimulated by the hypothalamus to AP or PP
• Ex: Thyroxin, PTH, Oxytocin
• Humoral control
– Based on blood levels
• Ex: Glucagon, Calcitonin
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Hormone Secretion Control
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Hormones and Homeostasis
• Negative Feedback Mechanism
– Reverses a condition that has
exceeded the normal homeostatic
range to restore homeostasis
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Homeostasis of Hypothalamus
• Helps regulates body temperature
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Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.2
Major Endocrine Organs
Major Endocrine Organs
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The Hypothalamus
• Helps regulate…
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Metabolism
Heart rate
Energy level
Body temperature
Thirst
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
• Prolactin (PRO)
– Growth of mammary glands
– Milk production in a nursing mother
• Growth Hormone (GH)
– Growth of bone and muscles
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
• Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH)
– Release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex
• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
– Release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland
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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
– Females
• Estrogen production
• Egg production
– Males
• Sperm production
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
– Females
• Ovulation
– Males
• Testosterone
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Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary
• Antidiuretic Hormone
– Acts on kidney, decreases
urine output
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• Oxytocin
– Acts on uterus, causes
contractions
– Acts on breast, causes
secretion of milk
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Major Endocrine Glands
• Thyroid gland
– Thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3
• Controls rate of metabolism
– Calcitonin
• Removes calcium from blood, puts into bones
• Parathyroid gland
– Parathyroid hormone
• Removes calcium from bones, puts into blood
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Major Endocrine Glands
• Thymus gland
– Thymosin
• Development of immune system
• Pineal gland
– Melatonin
• Produces sleepiness
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Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
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Adrenal Glands
• Adrenal Medulla
– Epinephrine and norepinephrine
• Adrenaline rush
• Adrenal Cortex
– Mineralocorticoids
• Aldosterone
• Sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys
– Glucocorticoids
• Cortisone and cortisol
• Promote gluconeogenesis
– Sex hormones
• Estrogen and androgens
• Maintains sexual characteristics
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Adrenal Glands
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Pancreas
• Islets of Langerhans
– Alpha cells
• Glucagon
• Increase blood glucose level
– Beta cells
• Insulin
• Decrease blood glucose level
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Gonads
• Testes
– Testosterone
• Sperm production
• Ovaries
– Estrogen
• Secondary sexual characteristics
• Progesterone
• Menstrual cycle
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Chapter 8: The Endocrine System
Lesson 8.3
Endocrine Disorders
and Diseases
Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
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pituitary disorders
thyroid disorders
disorders of the parathyroid gland
adrenal medulla disorders
disorders of the adrenal cortex
the pancreas and diabetes mellitus
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Pituitary Disorders
• hyperfunction
– acromegaly, or gigantism
• hypofunction
– dwarfism
– diabetes insipidus
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Thyroid Disorders
• hyperthyroidism
– goiter
– Graves disease
• hypothyroidism
– myxedema
– neonatal hypothyroidism
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Endocrine Disorders and Diseases
• disorders of the parathyroid gland
– hypercalcemia
– hypocalcemia
• adrenal medulla disorders
– pheochromcytoma
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Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
• Cushing syndrome
– hypersecretion of cortisol
• Addison’s disease
– hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones
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The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus
• symptoms of diabetes mellitus
– polyuria
• excessive urination
– polydipsia
• excessive thirst
– polyphagia
• increased hunger
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The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus
• type I diabetes mellitus
– juvenile-onset
• type II diabetes mellitus
– adult-onset
– insulin resistance
– hyperglycemia
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: dwarfism,
Cushing syndrome, goiter, polyuria.
1. a result of pituitary hypofunction
2. excessive urination
3. hypersecretion of cortisol
4. a result of hyperthyroidism
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