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SYNTAX 2 Werkcolleges Jennifer Phrasal verb Prepositional verb Phrasal – prepositional verb particle can be separated from the verb particle can’t be separated from the verb verb – particle – preposition * ‘lay down on’ isn’t because you can lay on anything/how NP inside a prepositional object = when the preceding verb + particle is a prepositional verb or an ordinary intransitive verb. NP after a phrasal verb makes it a direct object. Passive verbs the woman is being eaten by the bear. * not passive: The bear eats the woman. Transitive verbs are needed to make a passive sentence. If a sentence only has a subject complement after the verb, it can’t be made into a passive. John has become a nuisance. Transitive verb = has an object. Ditransitive = takes an direct + indirect object Intransitive verb = verb that does not take a direct object Particle = a particle is a function word that does not belong to any of the inflected grammatical word classes. Mostly used as negation, mood or case, or fillers. - prepositions, such as over in I went over the hill - adverbs and adverbial portions of phrasal verbs, such as off in we put it off too long Adverb = Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?. Adverbs are used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb Preposition = Prepositions typically come before a noun. (kastwoordjes) across, after, at, before, by, during, from, in, into, of, on, to, under, with, without Conjunction = Conjunctions are used to express a connection between words. - Coordinating conjunctions: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. - Subordination conjunctions: although, because, before, since, till, unless, whereas, whether Complement Adjunct CP IP = selected by the head = further removed from the head !! Extra bar level is needed (sister of head) (sister of bar level) = complementizer phrase, subclause (often starts with ‘that’ which is the head) = inflectional phrase, sentence (I is auxiliary, if no aux. than shows inflection) 1 Example tree (rest of the trees see syllabus): XP Specifier X’ X’ X adjunct complement NP specifiers - articles - possessives - demonstratives - numerals - indefinite pronouns AP specifiers - adverbs PP specifiers - most often complement with NP specifier does not often occur VP specifiers - specifiers are rare - however the complement is usually a direct object or copula AdvP - complements are rare Ditransitive verbs and complex transitive verbs can take two complements. in other words the tree can have three branches. Complement clause - always comes first (before adjunct) gives more info about the head (defines it) Mary is a terrible girl says something about Mary - If a NP head is followed by “of” the rest is complement. Story, message, news, question, fact prototypical nouns that have complements. Relative clause - Restrictive clause contains info which is necessary to identify the head (without commas) doesn’t contain necessary info to identify the head noun (with commas) Non restrictive clause introduced by a relative pronoun (that, which, who) relative pronoun can be substituted always adjuncts in the NP if ‘that’ can be replaced by ‘which’ Relative pronouns Human headnoun. Non human headnoun. Restric-Rel-clause Non-Restr-RC. Which x x x Who/Whom x x x That x x x 2 If you can leave the relative pronoun out, you can always use ‘that’ You can’t leave out the pronoun if it’s the subject of the clause. WH-movement & Questions just practise! Interrogative pronouns Relative pronouns = used in questions, occur in the beginning of the sentence. = occur in the beginning of a relative clause. Clauses : Every clause has 1 lexical verb, so more lexical verbs? More clauses! Finite verb always needs a subject Shows tense, person Modals are always finite Non finite verb always depedent Past participle (-ed) Present participle (-ing) Infinitive (to…) Non finite clauses Any clause which is non finite Any clause with a signpost. 3