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Ministry of Agriculture
Disease challenges facing the livestock industry
in Europe
IFAH-Europe Conference
Brussels, 11 June, 2015
Ministry of Agriculture
EU health conception and strategy
• One Health conception: human and animal health are inextricably linked,
therefore One Health is dedicated to improving the lives of all species –
human and animal.
• EU animal health strategy: „Prevention is better than cure”
• Main goals:
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ensure a high level of public health and food safety
support farming and rural economy
improve economic growth/competitiveness
promote farming practises and animal welfare to minimize environmental
impacts
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Ministry of Agriculture
Threats compromising the main goals
• Emerging diseases (new diseases whose incidence truly
increases in a given population at a given time)
• caused by:
• new pathogens that arise from existing pathogens (H1N1 pandemic
influenza in carnivores),
• known pathogens that spread to new geographic areas or populations
(bluetongue),
• previously unrecognized pathogens (Schmallenberg)
• Re-emerging diseases (diseases that already emerged and
disappeared in a given population and whose incidence truly
increases in this population at a given time (rabies, FMD))
• Bioterrorism
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Ministry of Agriculture
Prevention
• Inhibition of the contact of infectious agents and susceptible
animals
• Estimating dynamics of emerging diseases:
– Surveillance
– Epidemiological intelligence with web resources (governmental
and international agency web sites and databases) – virtual
surveillance
• Vaccination for reducing the number of susceptible animals
• Biosecurity measures against introduction of infectious agents
to uninfected holdings
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Ministry of Agriculture
Prevention
• Biosecurity measures:
• Movement restriction (live animals, carcasses, meat and animal
products, vehicles, persons)
• Preventive culling/slaughtering on dangerous contact
holdings
• Trade/movement control:
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tests carried out before dispatch of import live animal consignments,
quarantine,
tests carried out during isolation,
control of imported possibly contaminated objects (animal products
and by-products, feed, vehicles, etc.)
• Preventive treatment of suscptible animals (insecticides, repellents
– vector-borne diseases)
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Ministry of Agriculture
Prevention
• Biosecurity measures:
• Disinfection:
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Means at entrance and exit of holdings
Ground, floor, ramps, walls
Carcasses
Vehicles
Persons
Manure and bedding
• Processing:
– Meat and products
– Carcasses
– Waste and feeding stuffs
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Ministry of Agriculture
Emerging diseases
• Zoonotic and vector borne diseases
– West Nile fever,
– Rift Valley fever
• Zoonotic diseases
– Avian influenza
– Henipavirus infections: Nipah and Hendra
• Non-zoonotic diseases
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CSF
ASF,
pest de petits ruminants,
bluetongue,
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Ministry of Agriculture
Vector-borne zoonotic diseases: West Nile fever
(WNF)
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Flaviviridae, Flavivirus
Distribution: Africa, Asia, Middle East, America
(United States), Europe (Romania, Hungary)
Susceptible species: human, horse, birds
Reservoir hosts: birds
Transmission: mosquitos (Culex), transfusion
Symptoms:
– horse: asymptomatic or neurological symptoms
– human: flu-like symptoms, meningoencephalitis
Lesions: rarely meningitis, meningoencephalitis,
haemorrhages
Sampling: blood, brain, spinal cord
Confirmation: ELISA, PCR, virus isolation
Treatment: symptomatic
Prevention: annual vaccination, mosquito control
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Ministry of Agriculture
Vaccines against WNF
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No vaccines available for humans
Vaccines for horses are available in the EU
Centrally authorised products
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Inactivated, conventional vaccine
Live, recombinant canarypox virus vaccine (the virus does not multiply in the horse, but expresses the
protective antigen)
Inactivated chimeric flavivirus vaccine
Duration of immunity: 12 months
There are attempts to vaccinate birds (geese)
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Ministry of Agriculture
Vector-borne zoonotic diseases: Rift Valley fever
(RVF)
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Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus
Distribution: Africa, Saudi Arabia, Jemen
Susceptible species: cattle, sheep, goats, camels, human
Reservoir hosts: midges (virus survives the dry periods in
eggs, cumulation in wet season)
Transmission: contact, blood, meat, midges (Aedes, Culex)
Symptoms:
– ruminants: fever, diarrhoea, jaundice, abortion (!)
– human: flu-like symptoms, haemorrhagic syndrome
Lesions: congested liver wit necrosis, edema and
haemorrhages of gallbladder
Sampling: blood, tissues of fetus
Confirmation: ELISA, PCR, VN, HAG, virus isolation
Treatment: symptomatic
Prevention: vaccination, mosquito control
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Ministry of Agriculture
Vaccines against RVF
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Live, attenuated vaccines (not suitable for vaccination of pregnant animals)
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Inactivated vaccines
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Duration of immunity: life long
Duration of immunity: 12 months
Inactivated vaccines are available for humans
New generation vaccines are under development
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Zoonotic diseases: Avian influenza
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Orthomyxoviridae, Influenzavirus A
Distribution: worldwide
Susceptible species: birds, mammals, human
Reservoir hosts: wild birds
Transmission: waterfowl, ingestion, inhalation,
contaminated objects (vehicles, clothes, needles)
Symptoms: LPAI: sneezing, coughing,
nasal discharge, swollen sinuses
HPAI: cyanosis, edema, greenish diarrhoea, CNS symptoms
Lesions: conjunctivitis, sinusitis, bronchopneumonia,
haemorrhages, edema
Sampling: oropharyngeal/cloacal swabs, internal organs, blood,
Confirmation: virus isolation, RT-PCR, AGID, ELISA
Treatment: no treatment
Prevention and control: rapid diagnosis, slaughter, disposal of carcasses and animal
byproducts, movement restriction, vaccination
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Ministry of Agriculture
Vaccines against Avian Influenza
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Inactivated, conventional vaccines: H5N2, H5N6, H7N1
Recombinant, inactivated vaccine: H5N3
Now only one, conventional vaccine (H5N2) has a valid central authorisation in the EU
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Only for chickens
USA: avian pox vector vaccines
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Ministry of Agriculture
Zoonotic diseases: Henipavirus infections
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Paramyxoviridae, Henipavirus
Distribution:
– Nipah: South-east and SouthAsia
– Hendra: Australia
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Susceptible species:
– Nipah: pig, human
– Hendra: horse, human
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Reservoir hosts: fruit bats
Transmission: contact, bat urine, half-eaten fruits,
fruit juice !
Symptoms:
– Nipah: fever, cough (one mile cough, barking pigs),
neurological symptoms
– Hendra: suddenly occuring fever and death, respiratorical
or neurological symptoms
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Ministry of Agriculture
Zoonotic diseases: Henipavirus infections
• Lesions:
– Nipah: pneumonia, encephalitis
– Hendra: hyperaemia and oedema in lungs, foamy exudate in the air passages,
haemorrhages
• Sampling:
– Nipah: blood and tissues (risk of human contamination)
– Hendra: blood, lung, kidney, liver, lymph nodes ( svere risk of human contamination!
only blood and nasal/oral swab if the human protection isn't appropriate)
• Confirmation:
– Nipah: ELISA, VN, PCR, virus isolation
– Hendra: VN, virus isolation, histology
• Treatment: symptomatic
• Prevention: keep away from bats (consumption of fruits and fruit juice!)
• No vaccines available
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Non-zoonotic diseases: Classical swine fever (CSF)
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Flaviviridae, Pestivirus
Distribution: endemic in Central and South America, Asia
free areas: USA, Canada, NZ, Australia, Western Europe
Susceptible species: pigs, wild boars
Reservoir hosts: pigs, wild boars
Transmission: contact, meat (waste food, part. freezed),
contaminated objects (vehicles, clothes, needles)
Symptoms: fever (42 C), ataxia, constipation followed
by diarrhoea, bleeding (abdomen, ears, legs, diarrhoea)
Lesions: haemorrhages (lymph nodes, kidneys, bladder),
spleen infarctions, buttons, encephalomyelitis
Sampling: blood, lymph nodes, tonsil, spleen, kidney
Confirmation: ELISA, PCR, virus isolation
Treatment: no treatment
Prevention and control: rapid diagnosis, slaughter, disposal of carcasses and animal
byproducts, movement restriction, waste food control!, vaccination
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Ministry of Agriculture
Vaccines against CSF
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Live, attenuated, conventional vaccines
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New generation vaccines already authorised in the EU
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Good efficacy and safety
No DIVA features
E2 subunit vaccine in baculovirus system
Recombinant vaccine
Oral immunisation of wild boars (is it necessary?)
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Ministry of Agriculture
Non-zoonotic diseases: African swine fever (ASF)
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Asfaviridae
Distribution: Sub-Saharan Africa, Sardinia,
Caucasus, Russia, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia
Susceptible species: pigs, wild boars
Natural reservoir: warthog
Transmission: contact, meat, body fluids, soft ticks
Symptoms: fever (42 C), bleeding (abdomen, ears, legs,
diarrhoea)
Lesions: haemorrhages (lymph nodes, kidneys, heart)
Sampling: blood, lymph nodes, tonsil, spleen
Confirmation: ELISA, PCR, virus isolation
Treatment: no treatment
Prevention and control: rapid diagnosis, slaughter, disposal of carcasses and animal
byproducts, movement restriction, waste food control!, no vaccines available
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Ministry of Agriculture
Non-zoonotic diseases: Peste de petite ruminants
(PPR)
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Paramyxoviridae, Morbillivirus
Distribution: Africa, Middle East (Turkey), India
Susceptible species: sheeps, goats
Reservoir host: goats, sheeps
Transmission: contact
Symptoms: fever, nasal discharge, diarrhoea, necrosis
in mouth cave
Lesions: stomatitis, conjunctivitis, necrotic lesions
Sampling: unclotted blood, spleen, tonsil, lymph nodes,
whole lung
Confirmation: ELISA, PCR, IF, VN,virus isolation
Treatment: symptomatic
Prevention and control: surveillance, slaughter, disposal of carcasses and animal byproducts,
movement restriction, vaccination
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Ministry of Agriculture
Vaccines against PPR
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At the very beginning rinderpest vaccines were used for immunisation
Attenuated, live vaccine (safe and efficacious)
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Ministry of Agriculture
Non-zoonotic diseases: Bluetongue (BT)
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Reoviridae, Orbivirus
Distribution: from 35o S to 40-50 (!)o N
Susceptible species: ruminants (cattle, sheep, goat,
buffalo, antelope, camel)
Reservoir host: cattle
Transmission: Culicoides midges
Symptoms: fever, oedema and hyperaemia on face
(tongue), lameness, dyspnoe
Lesions: haemorrhages and necrosis in mouth, hydrothorax, pericarditis,
pneumonia, laminitis
Sampling: blood, lymph nodes, spleen
Confirmation: ELISA, PCR, virus isolation
Treatment: symptomatic (prohibited in Hungary)
Prevention and control: slaughter, movement restrictions, vaccination, mosquito
control
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Ministry of Agriculture
Vaccines against BT
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Protection is generally serotype specific, but there is limited cross-protection
Live, attenuated vaccines
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Efficacious, but safety problems, not suitable for pregnant animals
EU: Inactivated vaccines
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Mono- and bivalent vaccines
Mainly against serotypes 1, 2, 4, 8.
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Ministry of Agriculture
Reemerging disease: foot and mouth disease (FMD)
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Picornaviridae, Aphtovirus (A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, Asia1 strains)
Distribution: endemic in Middle East (Turkey),
Africa, India, Southeast Asia,
free areas: Australia, NZ, Indonesia, Central and North
America, Western Europe (2001 UK, 2013 Bulgaria)
Susceptible species: all cloven-hoofed animals
(capybaras, hedgehogs)
Reservoir host: usually cattle
Transmission: contact, contaminated objects, meat,
milk, insemination, inhalation (airborne 60 km over
land, 300 km over sea)
Humans can harbour FMDV in respiratory tract
for 24-48 hrs
Carriers: recovered or vaccinated and exposed animals in which
FMDV persists in oropharynx for about 6 months (cattle 3 years, buffalo
5 years) and rarely can transmit infection by close contact
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Ministry of Agriculture
Reemerging disease: foot and mouth disease (FMD)
Symptoms: fever, inappetence, milk yield drop, vesicles then erosions
on buccal and nasal mucous membranes and/or between claws
and coronary band (teeth grinding, drooling, lameness)
• Lesions: vesicles, erosions, myocarditis
• Sampling: vesicular epithelium or fluid (transported cool,
on 7,4 pH, in double leak-proof containers)
• Confirmation: ELISA, virus isolation, PCR, rapid test kits
• Treatment: no treatment
• Prevention and control: early detection (!!), slaughter (infected, recovered and contact animals), strict movement
restrictions, disinfection of premises and all infected
materials (vehicles, clothes), disposal of carcasses,
vaccination
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Ministry of Agriculture
Vaccines against FMD
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Long story of vaccines since 1926
Inactivated , conventional vaccines
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Usually mono-, bi- or trivalent vaccines
Marker vaccines (based on the immuno response agains non-structural proteins)
Limited crossprotection
Short duration of immunity (~6 months)
1 centrally authosised product in the EU: umbrella dossier” containing a pool of authorised
Master Seeds from which the manufacturer can select a number of antigens
New generation vaccines under development
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Ministry of Agriculture
Outbreak management
• Stages of an outbreak:
– detection (until confirmation standstill of suspected farm)
– confirmation
– eradication:
• culling/watching for new cases
• disposal of carcasses/materials
• cleansing, disinfection, empty period
• restoking
• First high risk period:
– between the introduction into a country and the first detection
– the length depends of the efficacy and efficiency of surveillance
• Second high risk period:
– between the first animal has been detected as infected and the establishment of measures
to prevent virus spreading
– depends on outbreak management
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Ministry of Agriculture
Detection
• The earlier the better
• Surveillance programmes (systematic collection and analysis of datas and
distribution of information to those who need to know):
– passive (detection and reporting of disease signs – at a late stage, underreported, not
sensitive) or active (systematic sampling of blood, mosquitoes, etc.)
– risk based (risk assessment applied together with original methods to assure an
appropriate and cost-effective data collection)
– syndromic (monitoring syndroms of indicators instead of the disease –e.g. paracetamol
consumption and school non-attendance in case of human influenza)
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geographic coverage,
awareness of field veterinarians and farmers,
economic incentives (possible consequences of reporting)
time lag (incomplete and late reporting)
data analysis
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Ministry of Agriculture
Confirmation
• Via laboratory tests
• OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals
• Methods:
– examination of the whole population
– sampling (information obtained more rapidly and for a lesser cost but: wrong sampling
method  wrong result!  role of accuracy, precisity, sensitivity and specificity)
• Role of reference laboratories:
– national (disease surveillance and monitoring, transport of animals),
– EU (harmonized diagnosis and referee in case of disputes between member states),
– OIE (promotes and disseminates diagnostic methods, recommend the OIE standards,
provides scientific and technical advice and training)
• Tests:
– direct: identification of pathogen, antigen or genomic sequence (virus isolation, antigen
capturing ELISA, PCR)
– indirect: identification of an immune response, anibodies (ELISA, IF)
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Ministry of Agriculture
Eradication
• Reduce the spread of infection until each infected farm produces less than 1
new infected farm
• Usable methods:
– prevention (reduce the number of susceptible hosts),
– direct and indirect measures (reduce agent capacity to spread or number of susceptible
hosts) ,
– treatment (increase recovery)
• Prevention: vaccination
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is it possible?
is it feasible?
vaccination to kill or vaccination to live
DIVA
emergency vaccination
• in case of high risk of uncontrollable spreading like airborne infections,
• requires a good surveillance to detect spreading fast,
• in association with measures which ones slow spreading
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Ministry of Agriculture
Eradication
• Direct and indirect measures:
– for reducing agent capacity to spread:
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official surveillance
establishing of control areas/zones
movement restrictions (animals, products, carcasses, persons, vehicles)
culling/slaughtering of infected animals
disposal of carcasses
cleaning and disinfection
– for reducing the number of susceptible hosts
• culling/slaughtering healthy susceptible animals in contact holdings
• Treatment:
– Is it possible?
– Is it allowed?
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Ministry of Agriculture
Communication
• Importance:
– avoid panic,
– avoid internal drop of consumption and market restrictions,
– better and peaceful management of emergency
• Build, maintain or restore trust between the public and outbreak managers
(care, honesty and competence of managers):
– announcing early – prevents misinformation and frightening
– transparency – timely and complete information of risk and its management
– listening and understanding the public’s risk perceptions and views
• External (people directly involved in the outbreak, other farmers, the public
in general)
• Internal (minister, CVO, head office, local office, press office)
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Ministry of Agriculture
Bioterrorism
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Intentional release of biological agents (bacteria, viruses, toxins)
– less predictable origin and extent
– multiple introduction
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Potentional methods of introduction via:
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Characteristics of selected agents:
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cultures of pathogenic agents
live animals
animal products
wildlife as vectors
easily obtained and dispersed
highly pathogenic
low level of immunity in target population
extremly negative bilogical and economic effects
Nipah, rabies, WNF, anthrax, tularaemia
Health Security Comittee (initiative of EU, set up in 2001): representatives from
every national administration, SANCO, ECDC, EMA
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Ministry of Agriculture
Vaccines against emerging and reemerging diseases
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Marketing authorisation can be special
Article 8 of Directive 2001/82 /EC as amended by Directive 2004/28/EC:
provisionally allows the use of vaccines without an authorisation.
But! Do we really need to vaccinate?
These vaccines are special:
– Lack of incentive for pre-epizootic investment
– Different data requirements at national level combined with different risk management
decisions for the same product
• A paradox was identified
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While these diseases represent a high risk
Safety and efficay requirements are lower
Higher tolerance of risk and uncertainty
Quick decision possible at national level
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Ministry of Agriculture
Vaccine availability
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West Nile fever
African swine fever
Rift Valley fever
Henipavirus infection
Avian influenza
Classical swine fever
Peste de petite ruminants
Bluetongue
Foot and mouth disease
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Ministry of Agriculture
Thank you for your attention!
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