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Egypt Early Egypt • To the west of Mesopotamia, there was another civilization that established their city-states along another river. • As early as 6000 BC people began to farm near the Nile River in northeastern Africa • Climate was much wetter in those days, desert was grassland • As the climate dried out people were forced to move closer to the river, cities begin to emerge The Nile River • The Nile River flows over 4,100 miles long. • It is the longest river in the world • Begins at Lake Victoria in the East African highlands • Flowed north, ending in the Nile Delta, 100 miles before the river meets the Mediterranean Sea. • It’s broad marshy, triangular, area of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of the river. • Has 6 shallow areas called cataracts that are difficult to navigate for boats Delta First Cataract: Border between Upper and Lower kingdoms Farmers of the Nile • Egyptians settled directly next to the river. • Black Land and Red Land • Late in the summer, rains and melting snow from the African mountains caused the Nile to rise and spill over the banks. • When the river receded, it left behind silt The Nile River, lush green in the foreground and desert in the background • Farmers would use this nutrient-rich soil to plant their crops • All fall and winter they watered their crops from a network of irrigation ditches. Irrigation ditch The Unification of Egypt • Prior to 3000 BC, two separate Egyptian Kingdoms lived along the Nile. • Lower Egypt to the north • Upper Egypt to the south • The King of Lower Egypt wore a red crown • The King of Upper Egypt wore a tall white crown • Around 3000 BC evidence shows that a king named Narmer unified the two kingdoms through conquest. • Moved the capitol to more central location in Memphis • The first Egyptian dynasty and empire was under Narmer. The Narmer Palette • A carved piece of slate celebrates Narmer’s victory • Narmer created a double crown from the red and white crowns • This symbolized a united kingdom • This first unification created the first of many dynasties Egyptian Kings • In Egypt, kings were gods or god-kings called Pharaohs. • Pharaohs were thought to be almost splendid and powerful as the gods of the heavens. • Theocracy is a government in which rule is based on religious authority. • It was the pharaoh who caused the sun to rise, the Nile to flood, and the crops to grow. Rameses II Statue of the god Horus Egyptian Queen Nefertiti Pyramids • Egyptians believed that their king ruled even after his death. • Pyramids were used as “resurrection machines” to usher them into the afterlife. • Kings would be buried with vast amounts of treasure to aid them on their journey to the afterlife. • Egypt’s enduring symbol of wealth and power Were cased in white limestone to reflect sunlight Some pyramids contain over 2 million blocks Over 130 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt. Would be capped with a golden summit to reflect the sunlight Great Pyramid of Giza: Only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing. An early version of the pyramid is know as a “step pyramid” Hieroglyphics • Hieros Gluph: “Sacred Writing” In Greek • Ancient form of writing using pictograms to convey meaning. • Used in Egypt, other forms have been found elsewhere around the world. • Predecessor to the alphabet where each letter makes a particular sound. Finished Project Write your name R E M E M B E R W R I T E U P & D O W N Papyrus • Marshy grass found in the Nile delta. • Transformed into paper. The Rosetta Stone • A slab of rock on which is written a decree from 196 B.C. • Three different scripts appear on its face: • Egyptian hieroglyphics • Demotic script • Ancient Greek • Found in 1799 • Provided the key to modern understanding of ancient Egypt Mind-Bending Pyramid Fact… The centers of the four sides are indented with an extraordinary degree of precision forming the only 8 sided pyramid; this effect is not visible from the ground or from a distance but only from the air, and then only under the proper lighting conditions. This phenomenon is only detectable from the air at dawn and sunset on the spring and autumn equinoxes, when the sun casts shadows on the pyramid.