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THE XIITH CONFERENCE ON TYPOLOGY AND GRAMMAR YOUNG SCHOLARS, ST-PETERSBURG, 20.11.2015 FOR TOWARDS A LEXICAL TYPOLOGY OF FALLING VERBS: EVIDENCE FROM URALIC Egor Kashkin (IRL RAS) [email protected] Daria Zhornik (MSU) [email protected] Aigul Zakirova (MSU) [email protected] Anastasia Kozhemyakina (MSU) [email protected] Polina Pleshak (MSU) [email protected] I. Introduction LEXICAL TYPOLOGY Universal patterns of how semantic domains are organized. Universal constraints on the structure of semantic domains. Colour terms [Berlin, Kay 1969], motion in water [Maisak, Rakhilina (eds.) 2007], pain [Bricyn et al. (eds.) 2009], temperature [Koptjevskaja-Tamm (ed.) 2015], etc. MOTION VERBS A prominent topic in lexical semantics, cf. [Kuznecova 1963 / 2010], [Talmy 1975, 2000], [Fillmore 1983], [Fillmore, Atkins 2000], [Maisak 2005], [Maisak, Rakhilina (eds.) 2007], [Kruglyakova 2010], [Shapiro 2013], etc. Verbs of falling RUSSIAN: упасть, выпасть, свалиться, опрокинуться, рухнуть, вылиться, осыпаться, шлепнуться, брякнуться… ENGLISH: to fall, to drop, to collapse, to plummet, to tumble, to pour, to plop… Moving downwards. Not touching a surface. Uncontrollably. An important subclass, but still on the periphery of the research. FALLING VERBS Team project (E. V. Rakhilina, T. I. Reznikova et al.). Some first findings: [Mustakimova 2014], [Rakhilina 2015], [Kashkin, Pleshak 2015], [Kuz’menko, Mustakimova 2015]. Collocational approach to data collection [Rakhilina, Reznikova 2013]. Language sample (work in progress; to be enlarged): Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian; English, German, French, Norwegian, Yiddish; Finnish, Estonian, Komi, Moksha, Mari, Beserman Udmurt, Nenets; Tatar, Chuvash, Kirghiz; Aghul; Adyghe; Indonesian. OUR TALK Four Uralic languages studied in detail: Komi-Zyrjan (Izhma dialect, Yamalo-Nenets district). Meadow Mari (primarily the town of Volzhsk). Moksha Mordvin (Central dialect). Tundra Nenets (the village of Samburg, Yamalo-Nenets district). Fieldwork + dictionaries, texts. Contribution of our data to the typology of falling verbs. Linguistically, verbs of falling are related to some other domains besides motion (sound, destruction etc.) => Uralic data on this matter. FALLING VERBS: OUTLINE OF THE SYSTEM WHAT falls WHERE FROM WHERE • Natural object • Artifact • Human • Liquid • Rain, snow … • Hard surface • Soft surface • Water • Layer (snow, mud) … • From one surface to another • From a container • From vertical position to horizontal position • Separation of an object & falling of its parts … II. Verbs of falling in Uralic: basic semantic distinctions FROM ABOVE VS. FROM VERTICAL POSITION A regular distinction in the prototypes for each verb. MOKSHA prams (above) vs. vel’ams (vertical). KOMI us’ny (above) vs. pərny (vertical). In fact: some degree of overlap in each language. MARI kamvozaš (all) vs. jörlaš (vertical). Distinctions based on animacy and on some topological properties. FROM VERTICAL POSITION: ANIMACY EFFECTS Different verbs for animate and inanimate subjects NENETS moqnas’ (animate) vs. xəwəs’ (inanimate), cf. məntas’ ‘to fall from above’ (both animate and inanimate). Animate: falling forwards or backwards. NENETS t’indas’ (forwards) vs. lasas’ (backwards). Animate: agentivity shift. MOKSHA vel’ams ‘to fall (from a vertical position, inanimate)’ & ‘to lie down (e. g. in order to have a rest, human)’ FROM VERTICAL POSITION: OBSERVER pərny Falling from vertical position (bottle, fence, boat, sledge) me gyrd’d’anam vərz’edi sul’ijase, i sul’ijays pəris ‘I touched the bottle with my elbow, and it fell’ (remained on the table; *fell from the table on the floor) Variability: pərny vs. us’ny (basic verb of falling), when the top of an object is perceived as falling on the observer. topyd təəs’ys n’ijays pəris / us’is ‘The tree fell due to the strong wind’ KOMI SUBJECT: LIQUIDS AND DRY SUBSTANCES The same lexeme for liquids and dry substances. Liquids: flow vs. drops. KOMI kis’s’yny ‘to pour’ (water & sand), vijoony ‘to drop’ (water). Liquids & dry substances → multiple subject MOKSHA pɛjɛr’əms: water & sand → apples, leaves, teeth, hair, people from a ship. Open question: possible heterogeneity within the types of multiple subjects? INITIAL POINT: CONTAINER Falling out of a container (small bird from a nest) or a dense material (nail out of a wall). Often encoded with the dominant lexeme, cf. KOMI us’ny. MARI: a special expression possible: lektən vozaš – lit. ‘to fall going out’. III. Contiguous domains RESEARCH QUESTION Interrelations between domains in the lexicon Example: form of a line vs. surface texture. RUSSIAN rovno otr’ezat’ ≈ ‘to cut sth. following a straight line (lit.: to cut evenly)’. MOKSHA vid’ə ki ‘1. a straight road (without turns); 2. a level road (without bumps)’ [Kashkin 2013]. Falling: RUSSIAN šm’aknut’s’a ‘to plop down’, groxnut’s’a ‘to crash down’ – differential marking of goal: na + NPacc (like ‘to fall’) vs. o + NPacc (like ‘to strike’) [Kashkin, Pleshak 2015]. Challenges for typology: What frames of falling are contiguous to other domains? To what domains? What are the linguistic outcomes of this contiguity? DESCENT Some cases of polysemy, animacy shifts. MOKSHA vel’ams ‘to fall (from a vertical position, inanimate)’ & ‘to lie down (e. g. in order to have a rest, human)’ NENETS xaqməs’ ‘to descend’ (human) & ‘to fall’ (leaves, snow, teeth). DROWNING A peripheral frame: falling through a layer or under a surface (e.g. falling into snow or under ice). Often described by the verbs of drowning, cf. Komi vəjny, Moksha vajams. A separate frame sometimes related to the idea of drowning: falling into a hole. MOKSHA vajams KOMI *vəjny SOUND Some verbs describe sounds associated with different frames of falling (see also [Kashkin et al. 2012] on sound verbs). Typologically: falling into water, falling of sth. heavy, size and material of subject and goal. E. g. KOMI: buzgys’ny: Noisy falling into water (cf. Russ. bultyxnut’s’a). Noisy falling of water or of dry substance. (NB!) gr’imgys’ny: noisy falling of sth. heavy. br’ingys’ny: falling of metallic objects … DESTRUCTION Special frame: falling & destruction (house, bridge, shore), see MOKSHA sradəms, MARI sümərlaš Possible distinction: natural object vs. artifact. KOMI buždyny: crash of a shore, mass of snow, ground; ??house, ??bridge (described with dominant verbs of falling or destruction). DESTRUCTION Constructional variation. MOKSHA sradəms ‘to crash down’: constructions with both Goal and Result. s’ec’ srac’ l’ɛj-t’i. bridge.DEF.SG crash.PST.3SG river-DEF.DAT ‘The bridge crashed down into the river’ s’ec’ srac’ jomla kusokə-n’ɛ-n’. bridge.DEF.SG crash.PST.3SG small piece-DIM-GEN ‘The bridge crashed into small pieces’ s’ec’ srac’ l’ɛj-t’i jomla kusokə-n’ɛ-n’. bridge.DEF.SG crash.PST.3SG river-DEF.DAT small piece-DIM-GEN Lit.: ‘The bridge crashed to the river into small pieces’ The same thing for MARI sümərlaš. PHYSICAL IMPACT: STRIKE Some Moksha verbs: both falling and strike + possibly labile (preliminary data) MOKSHA bɛc’ɛd’əms modamar’-ən’ mešok-s’ bɛc’ɛc’. potato-GEN sack-DEF.SG fall.PST.3SG ‘The sack of potatoes fell down’ vas’ɛ bɛc’ɛd’-in’ə mešok-t’ Vasja tumble-PST.3.O:1SG.S sack-DEF.SG.GEN ground-DEF.SG.DAT ‘Vasja tumbled the sack on the ground’ Vas’ɛ sɛv-s’ mandə i bɛc’ɛd’-əz’ə Vasja take-PST.3SG stick pin’ə-t’. and strike-PST.3SG.S:3SG.O dog-DEF.SG.GEN ‘Vasja took a stick and struck the dog’ Vas’ɛ b’ɛc’ɛc’ kas’ak-t’i. Vasja strike.PST.3SG moda-t’i. doorpost-DEF.SG.DAT ‘Vasja struck against the doorpost’ ROTATION Cognate pairs, see Mordvin vel’ams: MOKSHA ‘to fall (from a vertical position)’ ERZYA ‘to spin, to whirl’ (leaves, dancers). Metonymies: NENETS wabtomč ‘to turn over’ → ‘to fall, to pour out of sth. which has turned over’ Metaphors: KOMI pərny ‘to fall (from a vertical position)’ → ‘to turn into sth.’, e.g. vays pəris jie ‘Water turned into ice’. Cf. bergedčyny ‘to turn’ → fast transformation, in fairy tales. mojdas d’et’inays bergedčis t’el’ae ‘The boy turned into a young reindeer in a fairy tale’ Typology: a possible metaphoric pattern for rotation verbs [Kruglyakova 2010]. METAPHORS Entry into a state, transformation KOMI pərny MOKSHA prams onc ‘to fall asleep (lit.: to fall into a dream)’, prams r’izfs ‘to become sad (lit.: to fall into sadness)’ Start of some activity NENETS moqnas’ ‘to fall from a vertical position (animate)’ → ‘to start doing sth. with enthusiasm’, ‘to appeal to sb.’ Death + disappearance NENETS xəwəs’ ‘to fall from a vertical position (inanimate)’ → ‘to be disassembled (a tent of reindeer herders)’ Emergence (“physical” + experiential). KOMI te kytys’ us’in? ‘Where did you spring (lit.: fall) from?’ MOKSHA kul’əs’ pras’ pil’əs ‘The rumour reached everyone (lit.: The rumour fell into an ear)’ CONCLUSIONS Core verbs and oppositions vs. many contiguous domains. Falling from above vs. from a vertical position. Animacy, topological properties. Liquids, dry substances + multiple subject. Initial point: container. Contiguous classes: Other types of motion (drowning, rotation). Sound. Destruction. Physical impact: strike. Linguistic outcomes of contiguity: Polysemy. Metaphors. Constructions. Metaphors: sketch of some possible patterns. Thank you for your attention!