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EES Chapter 8 and Plate Tectonics Review Name________________________ Date_____ Vocabulary Earthquake Fault Focus Seismic waves Epicenter Elastic rebound Aftershock Primary (P) wave Secondary (S) wave Surface wave Seismograph Seismogram Moment magnitude scale Intensity Magnitude Richter Scale Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale Liquefaction Tsunami Seismic gap Crust Mantle Lithosphere Asthenosphere Oceanic crust Continental crust Outer core Inner core Moho Continental drift Pangea Tectonic plates Plate boundary Convergent plate boundary Subduction zone Divergent plate boundary Transform plate boundary Mid-ocean ridge Deep ocean trench Convection currents Match one of the vocabulary words with the descriptions below _________________________1. Earth vibration caused by rapid energy release _________________________2. Description of the energy released by an earthquake ______________________3. Area of a fault where an earthquake has not occurred for many years ______________________4. Fast moving compressional seismic waves that travel through the Earth _____________________5. Thin layer of rock on the surface of the Earth _____________________6. Region where a denser plate slides down under a less dense plate _____________________7. Region of the mantle that flows slowly like toothpaste as it is close to its melting point _____________________8. A solid layer of the Earth composed primarily of iron and nickel _____________________9. The boundary separating the crust and mantle ______________________10. A supercontinent composed of all the modern continents when they were connected ______________________11. The upward flow of hot, less dense from the lower mantle and the downward flow of cooler, denser material from the upper mantle _____________________12. Composed of the crust and rocky upper mantle _____________________13. Older scale used to measure the energy released by earthquakes _____________________14. More accurate scale used to measure the energy released by earthquakes ______________________15. Seismic waves that move through the Earth but not through the outer core _____________________16. The last seismic waves to arrive and the most destructive seismic waves ______________________17. Location in the earth where an earthquake starts ______________________18. Fracture in the Earth where movement has occurred ______________________19. Mid-ocean ridges (long chains of mountains along the ocean floor) form from this type of plate boundary ______________________20. This layer makes up most of the volume of the Earth 21. Explain how earthquakes can trigger a tsunami. 22. Compare the composition and thickness of oceanic crust and continental crust. 23. Compare the amount of shaking resulting from a magnitude 3 and a magnitude 7 earthquake. 24. Compare the energy released by a magnitude 3 and a magnitude 7 earthquake. 25. Studies of ______________________________ has provided much of our understanding of the interior of the Earth. 26. Briefly describe 3 types of evidence that supports the Theory of Plate Tectonics. a. b. c. 27. How is the magnitude of an earthquake different from its intensity? 28. Major earthquakes are often followed by smaller earthquakes called _______________. 29. Which of the following is used to determine earthquake risk? a. strain in rocks near faults; b. height of ocean waves after earthquakes; c. changes in the color of the rocks near faults; d. hydrogen gas emissions near fractures 30. Earth’s inner core is solid because ______________________________________. 31. What causes liquefaction? 32. What factors are used to calculate the moment magnitude of an earthquake. 33. What are the fastest traveling earthquake waves called? ________________ 34. How does the S-P lag time change as the distance of a seismograph from the epicenter of an earthquake increases? 35. Which of the following is an example of a transform plate boundary? a. East African Rift Valley; b. San Andreas Fault; c. Mariana Trench; d. Mid-Atlantic Ridge 36. What causes the thermal convection that drives plate motion? a. seafloor spreading; b. differences in temperature and density; c. gravity; d. subduction 37. What type of landform forms at plate boundaries where one oceanic plate descends beneath another plate? a. rift valley; b. volcanic island arc; c. mountains; d. flat plains 38. True or false. All earthquakes occur along plate boundaries. 39. Violent shaking from an earthquake can cause soil and rock to move along a slope causing: a. a tsunami; b. a sinkhole; c. a landslide; d. a fault