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Study Guide for Semester Test 1 Chapter 1 Preparing for a lab investigation should begin the day before the lab. The facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations is data. A factor that can change in an experiment is called a variable. A person who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems is called a(n) engineer. In an experiment, the one variable that is purposely changed to test a hypothesis is called the manipulated variable. Skepticism is an attitude of doubt. Operational definition describes how to measure a particular variable or define a particular term. You are inferring when you explain or interpret the things you observe. A possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question is a hypothesis. Life science is also known as biology. Chapter 2 Movement is NOT a characteristic that all living things share A change in an organisms surroundings that causes it to react is called a stimulus All living things need water to survive Homeostasis refers to an organism’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions A taxonomic key is used to identify an organism Scientists hypothesize that the first life forms on Earth did not need oxygen to survive To survive on Earth, the first cells needed the ability to use chemical in their surroundings for energy The scientific study of how living things are classified is called taxonomy Organisms are easier to study when they are classified into groups An organism’s scientific name consists of its genus name and its species name Domain is the broadest classification level The more classification levels that two organisms share, the more characteristics they have in common One characteristic used to place organisms into kingdoms is their ability to make food The animals group of organisms includes only multicellular heterotrophs Water is the most abundant chemical found in living cells The experiment of Redi and Pasteur helped to demonstrate that living things do not arise from nonliving material A plant grows toward the light. The plant’s action is an example of a response Spontaneous generation is a mistaken idea because living things are produced only by living things The source of energy for most autotrophs is the sun Bacteria and Archaea domain(s) include(s) only prokaryotes Being an autotroph is a characteristic that all plants share Fungi and protists kingdoms include both unicellular and multicellular organisms An organism that makes its own food is called a(n) autotroph Chapter 3 Proteins are made up of smaller units called amino acids Water is an organic compound Diffusion is the main method by which small molecules move across the cell membrane Plants use sunlight to make food in a process called photosynthesis The first stage of respiration takes place in the cytoplasm One product of fermentation in yeast cells is alcohol DNA replication occurs during interphase The final stage of the cell cycle is called cytokinesis During DNA replication, adenine pairs only with thymine The cell grows to its mature size during interphase Chapter 4 The cytoplasm is the part of the cell in which proteins are made A mutation that causes antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an mutation that helps the bacteria The process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells is meiosis In the first step of protein synthesis, messenger RNA is made using DNA as the pattern Gregor Mendel’s work was the foundation for understanding why offspring have traits similar to those of their parents In the genetic code, a group of three nitrogen bases codes for a specific amino acid For codominant traits, heterozygous organisms have a phenotype that shows both alleles During meiosis, sex cells form when chromosome pairs are separated An organism’s phenotype is its physical appearance An allele whose trait always shows up in an organism when the allele is present is a dominant allele Chapter 5 An example of a human trait that is controlled by more than one gene is skin color A person who has one recessive and one dominant allele for a trait is called a carrier A genetic disorder in which a person’s blood clots very slowly if at all is hemophilia The crossing of two individuals that have similar characteristics is referred to as inbreeding The transfer of genes from one organism to another is called genetic engineering A chart that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait is called a pedigree The sex chromosomes determine if a person is a male or female In a pedigree, a square is used to represent a male An abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes is a genetic disorder People with an extra copy of chromosome 21 have a disorder called Down syndrome A genome is all the DNA in one cell of an organism Professionals who help couples understand their chances of having a child with a particular genetic disorder are called genetic counselor In hybridization, breeders cross two genetically different individuals A clone is an organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced Inserting working copies of a gene directly into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder is referred to as gene therapy Three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait are called multiple alleles Sex-linked recessive traits are more common in males Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in which the body produces abnormally thick mucus The process of selecting few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation is called selective breeding In DNA fingerprinting, a person’s DNA is cut into fragments, which are separated to form a pattern Chapter 6 Evolution is considered a scientific theory. A fossil made of hardened minerals in the shape of the original organism or one of its parts is called a cast. On the Beagle, Charles Darwin’s job was to learn about the living things he saw on the voyage. The order of amino acids in a protein is a type of evidence used by scientists to determine evolutionary relationships. The technique that allows scientists to determine the actual age of a fossil is called radioactive dating. An adaptation is any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce. Most fossils form when they become buried in sediment. One of the main ways by which new species form is through geographic isolation. A species is a group of similar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring. Radioactive dating of fossils depends on the decay of radioactive elements. A diagram that shows how different groups of organisms are related is called a branching tree. The half-life of a radioactive element is the time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay. Evolution occurs by means of a process called natural selection. The author of The Origin of Species was Charles Darwin. A species is extinct if no members of that species are still alive. Chapter 7 Conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction To survive in unfavorable conditions, some bacteria form endospores Using energy to grow is not a characteristic of an active virus Eukaryotes is a characteristic of all protists Making its own food is not a characteristic of fungi Unlike other algae, eugleniods can be heterotrophs under certain conditions Funguslike protists are able to move at some point in their lives A type of unicellular plantlike protest with glasslike cell walls is a diatom Chapter 8 Know the difference between vascular and non-vascular plants Describe the two different stages of a plant’s life cycle One the lower surface of mature fronds, many ferns have structures that contain spores. What advantage for the fern might there be for the structures to be located there. Know the difference between monocot & dicot What is the purpose of petals on a flower Know the difference between angiosperm & gymnosperm Know why it’s important for seeds to be dispersed by pods that burst open rather than just dropping to the ground Know when a long-day plant produces flowers Know the parts of the flower located on page 277 in your book For plants to survive on land, they need ways to retain water, ways to transport food, and ways to support their bodies The vascular tissue through which food travels from the leaves to the stems and roots is called phloem The process by which plants lose water through their leaves is transpiration The function of a rhizoid is to absorb water and nutrients from the soil A fern is a vascular plant Ferns can be classified as seedless vascular plants In the sporophyte stage, plants produce spores Sepals protect developing flowers An example of positive phototropism is flowers growing to face the sun A plant that has a two-year life cycle is called a(n) biennial All seed plants have roots, stems, and leaves A waxy, waterproof layer called a(n) cuticle covers the leaves of most plants Pollen is produced by male cones Plants that produce seeds enclosed in a fruit are called angiosperms The leaves of a fern are called fronds All seed plants have vascular tissue and produce seeds Stomata open and close to control the flow of gases A conifer is a kind of gymnosperm Stamens are the male reproductive parts of flowers Auxin controls a plant’s response to light by speeding up the rate at which some cells grow Structure of the Flower