Download Study Guide for Semester Test 1

Study Guide for Semester Test 1
Chapter 1
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Preparing for a lab investigation should begin the day before the lab.
The facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations is data.
A factor that can change in an experiment is called a variable.
A person who is trained to use both technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems is called
a(n) engineer.
In an experiment, the one variable that is purposely changed to test a hypothesis is called the manipulated
variable.
Skepticism is an attitude of doubt.
Operational definition describes how to measure a particular variable or define a particular term.
You are inferring when you explain or interpret the things you observe.
A possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question is a hypothesis.
Life science is also known as biology.
Chapter 2
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Movement is NOT a characteristic that all living things share
A change in an organisms surroundings that causes it to react is called a stimulus
All living things need water to survive
Homeostasis refers to an organism’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions
A taxonomic key is used to identify an organism
Scientists hypothesize that the first life forms on Earth did not need oxygen to survive
To survive on Earth, the first cells needed the ability to use chemical in their surroundings for energy
The scientific study of how living things are classified is called taxonomy
Organisms are easier to study when they are classified into groups
An organism’s scientific name consists of its genus name and its species name
Domain is the broadest classification level
The more classification levels that two organisms share, the more characteristics they have in common
One characteristic used to place organisms into kingdoms is their ability to make food
The animals group of organisms includes only multicellular heterotrophs
Water is the most abundant chemical found in living cells
The experiment of Redi and Pasteur helped to demonstrate that living things do not arise from nonliving
material
A plant grows toward the light. The plant’s action is an example of a response
Spontaneous generation is a mistaken idea because living things are produced only by living things
The source of energy for most autotrophs is the sun
Bacteria and Archaea domain(s) include(s) only prokaryotes
Being an autotroph is a characteristic that all plants share
Fungi and protists kingdoms include both unicellular and multicellular organisms
An organism that makes its own food is called a(n) autotroph
Chapter 3
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Proteins are made up of smaller units called amino acids
Water is an organic compound
Diffusion is the main method by which small molecules move across the cell membrane
Plants use sunlight to make food in a process called photosynthesis
The first stage of respiration takes place in the cytoplasm
One product of fermentation in yeast cells is alcohol
DNA replication occurs during interphase
The final stage of the cell cycle is called cytokinesis
During DNA replication, adenine pairs only with thymine
The cell grows to its mature size during interphase
Chapter 4
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The cytoplasm is the part of the cell in which proteins are made
A mutation that causes antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an mutation that helps the bacteria
The process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells is meiosis
In the first step of protein synthesis, messenger RNA is made using DNA as the pattern
Gregor Mendel’s work was the foundation for understanding why offspring have traits similar to those of their
parents
In the genetic code, a group of three nitrogen bases codes for a specific amino acid
For codominant traits, heterozygous organisms have a phenotype that shows both alleles
During meiosis, sex cells form when chromosome pairs are separated
An organism’s phenotype is its physical appearance
An allele whose trait always shows up in an organism when the allele is present is a dominant allele
Chapter 5
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An example of a human trait that is controlled by more than one gene is skin color
A person who has one recessive and one dominant allele for a trait is called a carrier
A genetic disorder in which a person’s blood clots very slowly if at all is hemophilia
The crossing of two individuals that have similar characteristics is referred to as inbreeding
The transfer of genes from one organism to another is called genetic engineering
A chart that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait is called a pedigree
The sex chromosomes determine if a person is a male or female
In a pedigree, a square is used to represent a male
An abnormal condition that a person inherits through genes or chromosomes is a genetic disorder
People with an extra copy of chromosome 21 have a disorder called Down syndrome
A genome is all the DNA in one cell of an organism
Professionals who help couples understand their chances of having a child with a particular genetic disorder are
called genetic counselor
In hybridization, breeders cross two genetically different individuals
A clone is an organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced
Inserting working copies of a gene directly into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder is referred to as gene
therapy
Three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait are called multiple alleles
Sex-linked recessive traits are more common in males
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in which the body produces abnormally thick mucus
The process of selecting few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation is called
selective breeding
In DNA fingerprinting, a person’s DNA is cut into fragments, which are separated to form a pattern
Chapter 6
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Evolution is considered a scientific theory.
A fossil made of hardened minerals in the shape of the original organism or one of its parts is called a cast.
On the Beagle, Charles Darwin’s job was to learn about the living things he saw on the voyage.
The order of amino acids in a protein is a type of evidence used by scientists to determine evolutionary
relationships.
The technique that allows scientists to determine the actual age of a fossil is called radioactive dating.
An adaptation is any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce.
Most fossils form when they become buried in sediment.
One of the main ways by which new species form is through geographic isolation.
A species is a group of similar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring.
Radioactive dating of fossils depends on the decay of radioactive elements.
A diagram that shows how different groups of organisms are related is called a branching tree.
The half-life of a radioactive element is the time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay.
Evolution occurs by means of a process called natural selection.
The author of The Origin of Species was Charles Darwin.
A species is extinct if no members of that species are still alive.
Chapter 7
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Conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction
To survive in unfavorable conditions, some bacteria form endospores
Using energy to grow is not a characteristic of an active virus
Eukaryotes is a characteristic of all protists
Making its own food is not a characteristic of fungi
Unlike other algae, eugleniods can be heterotrophs under certain conditions
Funguslike protists are able to move at some point in their lives
A type of unicellular plantlike protest with glasslike cell walls is a diatom
Chapter 8
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Know the difference between vascular and non-vascular plants
Describe the two different stages of a plant’s life cycle
One the lower surface of mature fronds, many ferns have structures that contain spores. What advantage for
the fern might there be for the structures to be located there.
Know the difference between monocot & dicot
What is the purpose of petals on a flower
Know the difference between angiosperm & gymnosperm
Know why it’s important for seeds to be dispersed by pods that burst open rather than just dropping to the
ground
Know when a long-day plant produces flowers
Know the parts of the flower located on page 277 in your book
For plants to survive on land, they need ways to retain water, ways to transport food, and ways to support their
bodies
The vascular tissue through which food travels from the leaves to the stems and roots is called phloem
The process by which plants lose water through their leaves is transpiration
The function of a rhizoid is to absorb water and nutrients from the soil
A fern is a vascular plant
Ferns can be classified as seedless vascular plants
In the sporophyte stage, plants produce spores
Sepals protect developing flowers
An example of positive phototropism is flowers growing to face the sun
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A plant that has a two-year life cycle is called a(n) biennial
All seed plants have roots, stems, and leaves
A waxy, waterproof layer called a(n) cuticle covers the leaves of most plants
Pollen is produced by male cones
Plants that produce seeds enclosed in a fruit are called angiosperms
The leaves of a fern are called fronds
All seed plants have vascular tissue and produce seeds
Stomata open and close to control the flow of gases
A conifer is a kind of gymnosperm
Stamens are the male reproductive parts of flowers
Auxin controls a plant’s response to light by speeding up the rate at which some cells grow
Structure of the Flower