Download Mood Disorders

Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders
Mood changes that seem inappropriate for
or inconsistent with the situations to
which they are responding.
2 Categories:
1. Major depression – Feelings of
hopelessness, helplessness, worthlessness,
guilt and great sadness
2. Bipolar disorder – Cycle of mood changes
from depression to wild elation
Depression
Major Depression
A mood disorder characterized by extreme and
persistent feelings of despondency,
worthlessness and hopelessness
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Prolonged, very severe symptoms
Passes without remission for at least 2 weeks
Global negativity and pessimism
Very low self-esteem
Symptoms of Major Depression
Must Exhibit for 2 Weeks or Longer
• Emotional—sadness, hopelessness, guilt, turning
away from others
• Behavioral—tearfulness, dejected facial expression,
loss of interest in normal activities, slowed
movements and gestures, withdrawal from social
activities
• Cognitive—difficulty thinking and concentrating,
global negativity, preoccupation with death/suicide
• Physical—appetite and weight changes, excess or
diminished sleep, loss of energy, global anxiety,
restlessness
Prevalence and Course
of Major Depression
• Most common of psychological disorders. It
affects about 100 million people worldwide
and 12 million Americans annually.
• 8 to 18% of general population will
experience depression sometime in their
lifetime.
• Women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed
with major depression
• Untreated episodes can become recurring and
more serious
• 15% of severely depressed people commit suicide.
Self-Rating Depression Scale
Scoring Your Self-Rating Depression Scale
• Reverse Your responses (1=5, 2=4, 3=3, 4=2, 5=1)
to items: 2, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20
• Now add up all your numbers (including the new
reversed scores) to find you total score.
• Range of total scores will be 20 to 80.
• Scores of 50-59 suggest mild to moderate depression
• Scores of 60-69 indicate moderate to severe
depression
• Scores 70 and above indicate severe depression.
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
(Manic Depression)
• A mood disorder in which the person
alternates between the hopelessness of
depression and the overexcited and
unreasonably optimistic state of mania
• Used to be called manic-depressive
disorder
• Many times will follow a cyclical pattern
Mania
• Period of abnormally high emotion and activity
– Supreme self-confidence - delusional
– Grandiose ideas and movements – too many goals in too
little time
– Flight of ideas – rapid and loosely shifting thoughts that
jump from topic to topic.
– Hallucinations – hearing or seeing things not there.
Depression
• Extended period of feeling sad, listless, and
drained of energy
Mania and Depression
• Play “Mood Disorders: Mania and
Depression” (7:34) Segment #31 from
The Mind: Psychology Teaching
Modules (2nd edition).
• Shows person with BiPolar, Major
Depression and group therapy.
Prevalence and Course of Bipolar
Disorder
•Onset usually in young adulthood (early twenties)
•Mood changes more abrupt than in major depression
•No sex differences in rate of bipolar disorder
•Affects about 2 million Americans annually.
•Commonly recurs every few years
•A small percentage of people with the disorder
display rapid cycling, experiencing four or more
manic or depressive episodes every year.
•Can often be controlled by medication (lithium)
Causes of
Mood Disorders
Psychological Views
• Psychoanalytic – Depressed people suffer
from a real or imagined loss during
childhood which makes the person angry.
– They internalize this anger onto themselves.
• Learning – Learned Helplessness –
depressed person has learned through
experience that events in their lives are out
of their control.
– They expect that future events will be bad and
there is nothing they can do about it.
Cognitive Factors
• Depressed individuals attribute events using
the following characteristics:
– Stable: the bad situation will last for a
long time
– Internal: they are at fault
– Global: all of life is bad
Cognitive Bases for Depression
• Hopelessness theory
– depression results from a pattern of thinking
– person loses hope that life will get better
– negative experiences are due to stable, global
reasons
• e.g., “I didn’t get the job because I’m stupid
and inept” vs. “I didn’t get the job because the
interview didn’t go well”
Attributions
Attributions
Attributions
Attributions
Negative Automatic Thoughts
Finding Your Score
• Add up your total score.
• Scores will fall from 30 (no depression) to 150 (maximum
depression).
• Mean (average) score is 79.6 for depressed people and 48.6
for nondepressed people.
• This “test” looks for specific measures of depression:
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Personal dissatisfaction & desire for change (items 14 & 20)
Negative Expectations (items 3 & 24)
Low Self-Esteem (items 17 & 18)
Helplessness (items 29 & 30)
Biological Factors
• Mood disorders have a hereditary
nature to them. 20-25% had a close
relative affected with the disorder.
• Depressed individuals tend to have
depressed brains.
– PET scans indicate less activity
during periods of depression.
Ups & Downs of Bipolar Disorder
PET scans show that brain energy consumption
rises and falls with the patient's emotional
switches. Red areas are where the brain rapidly
consumes glucose. Blue areas are low areas of
activity.
Biological Explanations
• Neurotransmitter theories – Person doesn’t have
enough of…
– Noradrenaline
– Serotonin
• Antidepressants increase the availability of
noradrenaline and serotonin.
• They relieve the symptoms of major depression in
about 80% of the people who take them
• Lithium has been used to treat bipolar disorder and to
prevent its recurrence. It appears to regulate the
availability of the neurotransmitter glutamate.
• Genetic component
– more closely related people show similar histories of
mood disorders
Biological & Psychological
Factors
• Depression may be a variation of learned
helplessness.
• Helplessness seems to lower the level of
noradrenaline which makes depression
worse.
Bio-Psycho-Social Model of Depression
Seriously depressed moods result from a combination of factors,
which affect each other. Altering any one component can alter the
others.
Depression’s Vicious Cycle