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Transcript
Recap • What is one major function of the Endocrine System? • What is a target cell (or organ)? • Explain how negative feedback works using any of the following examples: – Thirst – Home Heating System – Sweating – Or, your own example The Endocrine System Ch. 9b Glands and Organs of the Endocrine System • • • • • • • • • Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Pineal Gland Thymus Gland Pancreas Gonads Exocrine vs. Endocrine Glands • Endocrine Glands – Ductless glands that produce hormones that they release into the blood or lymph • Exocrine Glands – Release their products at the body’s surface or into body cavities through ducts Pituitary Gland • Attached to the Hypothalamus • 2 lobes – Anterior lobe (Made up of glandular tissue) – Posterior lobe (Made up of nervous tissue) Anterior Pituitary Gland • There are 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary – Growth Hormone (GH) • Responsible for the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones • Stimulates cells to grow and divide • Cause fats to be broken down and used for energy Posterior Pituitary Gland – Doesn’t make hormones, it stores hormones made by the hypothalamus – Oxytocin • Released during childbirth and in nursing women • Causes contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during nursing – Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) • A chemical that inhibits or prevents urine production • In large amounts, can increase blood pressure Pituitary – Hypothalamus Relationship • The pituitary gland is known as the “Master Endocrine Gland” • Yet, all of pituitary’s glands are controlled by the hypothalamus Thyroid Gland • Located at the base of the throat • Makes two hormones – Thyroid Hormone • Body’s major metabolic hormone • Controls the rate at which glucose is converted into body heat and energy – Calcitonin • Decreases calcium levels in the body by causing it to be deposited in bones Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland • Connected to the Thyroid • Makes one hormone – Parathyroid hormone (PTH) • Most important regulator of calcium homeostasis in the blood Quick Quiz 1 of 2 • What gland produces the Growth Hormone (GH)? • Where is the thyroid gland located? Adrenal Glands • Located on the kidneys • Produces 3 major groups of steroid hormones called corticosteroids • When stimulated by the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS), releases 2 hormones – Epinephrine (adrenaline) • Increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels – Norepinephrine Adrenal Glands Pancreas • Located close to the stomach in the abdomen • 2 important hormones – Insulin • Acts on just about all body cells and increases their ability to transport glucose • Absolutely necessary for the use of glucose in the body – Glucagon • Opposite of insulin • Stimulated by low blood sugar levels Pancreas Pineal Gland • Located in the brain • Only secretes one hormone – Melatonin • • • • Levels rise and fall during the course of the day High levels at night make us drowsy Low levels during the daylight hours Important in establishing the body’s day-night cycle Pineal Gland Thymus Gland • Located in the upper thorax (chest) • Decreases in size throughout adulthood • Produces one hormone – Thymosin • Influences immunity in children Gonads • Hormones of the Ovaries – Located in the female pelvis – Produces two groups of steroid hormones • Estrogens – Stimulates the development of the secondary sex characteristics – Helps maintain pregnancy and prepare the breasts for milk • Progesterone Gonads • Hormones of the Testes – Located outside the male pelvis – Produces the male sex hormones • Testosterone – Promotes the growth and maturation of the reproductive system organs – Causes the development of the male’s secondary sex characteristics Quick Quiz 2 of 2 • What hormone is necessary for glucose use in the body? • What is melatonin?