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Unit 5: A Nation Divided and Rebuilt
Chapter 15: The Nation Breaking Apart
Section 1: Growing Tensions Between North and South
Section 2: The Crisis Deepens
Pages 457-465
Before Reading:
(1) The “Main Idea” and “Why it Matters Now” on page 462: Turmoil over slaver led to acts of _____________,
and violence can make ___________________________ more difficult.
North and South Take Different Paths – Page 457
In the early 1800’s the Northern economy began to develop more industry and commerce (trade). The Southern
economy relied more on plantation (2)_____________________________. Because of all the immigrants, the
North also had a much bigger population, Many canals and (3)_____________________ also connected the eastern
states and the Northwest Territory. The South developed differently than the North. The South made their money
and profits by using (4)____________________ , so they developed very little industry.
*(5)
Antislavery and Racism – Page 458
The issue of slavery caused (6)______________________ between the North and South. Some Northerners felt
slavery should be (7)____________________ immediately, but others were worried if slaves were freed they might
come to the North and take their jobs. Even if they opposed slavery, most Northerners were (8)________________.
Many whites refused to go to (9)__________________ with, work with, or live near African Americans. Many
slaveholders (10)_______________________ slavery by claiming white people were superior to blacks. Some said
slavery helped slaves by introducing Christianity to them, as well as giving them food, clothing, and shelter.
*(11)
Controversy over Territories – Page 459
The Compromise of 1850 – Page 460
By 1848, the nation’s leaders had begun to (12)__________________ about how to deal with slavery in the lands
gained from the war with Mexico. Adding new states threatened the (13)__________________ in Congress
between North and South. California would soon be a state, and some people even suggested dividing California in
half. When California was admitted as a free state, it began to destroy the (14)__________________________ of
power between the two section.
California could not become a state without the approval of Congress, and they were (15)____________ over the
issue. Statesmen (Congressmen, led by Henry Clay) sought a (16)_______________________. The plan was to:
Admit California as a (17)______________ state and
abolish the slave trade in
(18)________________________________
Congress would not pass laws regarding slavery in
any territories won from
(19)______________________
There would be stronger laws to recapture
(20)___________________ slaves.
They did eventually agree on this plan and called it the (21)_____________________________________.
*(22)
The Fugitive Slave Act – Page 462
The Fugitive Slave Act said runaway slaves could be held without a (23) ____________________, and had no right
to a jury trial. And, the commissioner (judge) who decided the case would make twice as much
(24)__________________ if he returned the slave to their previous owner. Southerners liked this because they
considered slaves to be (25)___________________. It also required Northerners to help recapture runaway slaves.
This also meant that there would be slave (26)_____________________ roaming the north – looking for these
runaway slaves.
*(27)
Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Page 463
Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852. The book was about a respected older slave named
“Uncle Tom”. He had three owners – two who were kind and one who was (28)_________________. This book
was very (29)____________________________ in the North. Southerners believed the book (30)_____________
criticized slavery and the South.
*(31)
The Kansas – Nebraska Act – Page 463
Bleeding Kansas – Page 464
In 1854, Stephen A. Douglas proposed that the Nebraska Territory be divided into two territories –
(32)_____________________ and ______________________. He suggested the people of each state should decide
the issue of slavery. This would also mean getting rid of the Missouri Compromise, which really angered the
opponents of (33)___________________. This new bill became known as the (34)________________
___________________________________, and it turned Kansas into a battleground over slavery.
(35) _______slavery and (36) _______ slavery settlers rushed into the Kansas Territory, just to vote. Five thousand
Missourians came in and voted (37)______________________________ and Kansas became a proslavery state.
Antislavery settlers boycotted the official government and formed their own. There ended up being several attacks
between the two sides. One extreme abolitionist (38) ____________________ attacked and killed several of his
pro-slavery neighbors. The territory soon became known as (39)______________________________.
(40) Pro means: _______________________________________________________________________
(41) Anti means: ______________________________________________________________________
*(42)
Violence in Congress – Page 465
(also known as “The Sumner / Brooks Affair”)
In May of 1856, Senator Sumner (from Massachusetts) delivered a speech (43)____________________ proslavery
forces in Kansas. He even made fun of Senator Butler from South Carolina. Butlers nephew (Preston Brooks) got
mad and (44)___________________________ Sumner with his own cane. Many Southerners cheered Brooks’
defense of the South. Northerners were shocked at the (45)____________________ that came from Southerners.
*(46)
47 and 48. Answer 1 of these 2 questions.
Why do you think people felt
so strongly about slavery?
Do you think debates can help solve issues, or do you
believe they cause people to get more angry – and why?
Unit 5: A Nation Divided and Rebuilt
Chapter 15: The Nation Breaking Apart
Section 3: Slavery Dominates Politics
Section 4: Lincoln’s Election and Southern Secession
Pages 466-475
Before Reading
(1) Main Idea – 466: Disagreements over slavery led to the formation of the _________________________ Party.
(2) Why it Matters Now – page 471: The Civil War was the only time in U.S. history that states
___________________________ from the Union.
One American’s Story – Page 466
The Republican Party Forms – Page 466
In 1854, antislavery politicians met to form a new political party and called themselves (3)____________________.
This party grew out of problems caused by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. When there was no room for a compromise
over differences in the party, the party split. These Republicans quickly gained support in the (4)_____________.
Many people blamed the violence in Kansas on the (5)________________________. Although the Republicans
lost the election, they accomplished two things. They showed they were a major force in the North, and they
showed the nation was sharply split over (6)__________________________.
*(7)
The Case of Dred Scott – Page 467
Dred Scott had been a slave in Missouri, but his owner took him to live in a territory where slavery was
(8)_______________________. After he moved back, he argued that he should be a (9)_____________ man
because he lived in an anti-slavery state. In a Supreme Court case, it was ruled he was not a U.S. citizen and could
not sue for his freedom. It was also ruled that Dred Scott getting his freedom would violate his owners
(10)_____________________________ rights (legally, slaves were property, and not people).
*(11)
Lincoln and Douglas Debate – Page 468
In 1858, Abraham (12)_____________________ was chosen by the Democrats to run against Stephen Douglas for
the U.S. Senate. Lincoln expressed the fear that Southerners wanted to expand slavery to the entire nation. The
two men ended up having a series of (13)____________________ across Illinois, where they addressed the nations
most pressing issue – slavery. Lincoln did not want to abolish slavery – he only argued that slavery should not be
(14)___________________. Douglas ended up winning, and Lincoln (despite his loss), became a (16)___________
in the Republican Party.
*(15)
John Brown Attacks Harpers Ferry – Page 469
In 1859, John Brown had a plan. He wanted to inspire slaves to (16)______________ for their freedom. Brown
and 18 followers (White and Black), captured an arsenal of weapons and tried to rally and arm local slaves. No
slaves joined the fight, Brown was captured, and was tried for (17)________________ and _________________.
He was convicted and was (18)______________. Southerners were enraged with Browns actions to try and arm
and free the slaves.
*(19)
20 and 21. Answer 1 of these 2 questions
John Brown was compared to Moses (freeing his people in the
What do you think Lincoln sounded like during his debates?
Bible). Compare someone around today to someone from the
How do you think he wanted to sound
past who did similar things.
to the people listening to him?
The Election of 1860 – Page 472
The election of 1860 turned into two different races for the presidency, one in the North and one in the South.
Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas were candidates with support in the North. Lincoln was considered to have
an extreme views on (22)___________________. He opposed the expansion of slavery into the territories. It was a
time where the nation was tired of (23)_______________________________. (24)________________ won in the
North, and John Breckinridge won many states in the South. Because the North had more people than the South,
Lincoln (25)_________ the election. Many Southerners did not trust him. Many were sure he would try to
(26)________________________ slavery. They saw this Republican victory as a threat to the Southern way of life.
*(27)
Southern States Secede – Page 473
Even before the election, many Southern states had warned that if Lincoln won, the Southern states would
(28) ___________________ from the Union. They argued that states had agreed to join the Union and if they
wanted to, they had the right to (29)___________________. By February 1861, 7 states had seceded from the
Union and called themselves the (30)_______________________________________________. They named
(31) _____________________________________ as their president. They also drew up a constitution, based on
the U.S. Constitution. Two differences were the Confederate Constitution supported states rights. It also protected
(32)__________________ in the Confederacy. Some people believed that war between the two states could not be
avoided.
(33) Secede (secession) means: ___________________________________________________________
*(34)
The Union Responds to Secession – Page 474
Northerners considered this secession to be (35)___________________________. President Buchanan argued that
states did not have the right to withdraw from the Union. Northerners complained Southerners did not want to live
by the rules of (36)___________________ and were not willing to live with election results. Southerners
complained Northerners were trying to use their majority to force the South to (37)___________________ slavery.
*(38)
Efforts to Compromise Fail – Page 475
Some people continued to seek (39)________________________. But, when the hopes for compromise faded,
Americans waited for Lincoln’s (40)_____________________________. Lincoln assured the South he had no
intention of abolishing slavery there, and he spoke against secession. Lincoln did not want to press the South. He
wanted no (41)_________________________, but he would not abandon the government’s property there,
including Ft. Sumter in South Carolina. Northerners and Southerners waited (42)_______________________ to
see what would happen next.
*(43)
44/45. Answer 1 of these 2 questions
In what ways did the beating of
If you lived in the South in the 1850’s and
Senator Charles Sumner represent
could afford some, do you think you
what was happening in the nation at that time?
would have had slaves? Why or why not?
46 And 47
The Confederacy
Abraham Lincoln
-Lost job in 1832.
-Defeated for state legislature in 1832.
-Failed in business in 1833.
-Elected to state legislature in 1834.
-Sweetheart died in 1835.
-Had nervous breakdown in 1836.
-Defeated for Speaker in 1838.
-Defeated for nomination for Congress in1843.
-Elected to Congress in 1846.
-Lost re-nomination in 1848.
-Rejected for land officer in 1849.
-Defeated for U.S. Senate in 1854.
-Defeated for nomination for Vice President in 1856.
-Again defeated for U.S. Senate in 1858.
-Elected President in 1860.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
48 and 49. Highlight Lincoln’s victories and defeats
= Victories
= Defeats
11.
Unit 5: A Nation Divided and Rebuilt
Chapter 16: The Civil War Begins
Section 1: War Erupts
Pages 478-487
Before Reading:
(1) From the picture on pages 478/479, it looks like there were times people might actually ________________
some of the battles during the civil war.
First Shots at Fort Sumter
As Southern states seceded from the Union, President Lincoln had to decide what to do about the federal
(2)_________________________ that the South had taken over. One fort the North held was
(3) _____________________________ in South Carolina, and they needed supplies. Lincoln told leaders of the
Confederacy he was going to send supplies, but they decided to (4)_____________________ the fort before the
supplies could arrive. In the fighting no one was killed, but the South’s attack on Fort Sumter was the beginning of
the (5)_____________________________.
6-8. You’re one of the people in the picture on pages 478 and 479. Tell me whether you’re from the
North or South and what you’re thinking when you see the 1861 attack on Fort Sumter.
Lincoln Calls out the Militia – Page 482
Two days after Fort Sumter, Lincoln asked for 75,000 militiamen to put down the uprising in the South. In the
upper South (sometimes called the border states), state leaders responded with (9)_______________ and said they
would supply no troops. As the Southern states seceded, volunteers rushed to (10) _______________. And, with
Virginia on its side, the Confederacy had a much better chance for (11)___________________________. Virginia
was also the home of (12) _____________________________, a talented military leader. Even though Lee
opposed slavery and secession, he said he could not fight against his birthplace, home, and children.
(13) Enlist means: ___________________________________________________________________
*(14)
Choosing Sides – Page 482
Both sides knew that (15)___________________________would play a key role in the war’s outcome (because of
their location and resources). Keeping Maryland in the Union was important because that’s where
(16)_________________________ was located. Maryland eventually stayed in the Union. Kentucky was also
important to both sides because of its rivers - which could be used for transportation and as a barrier to invasion.
After every state decided, 24 states made up the (17)_________ and 11 states made up the (18)________________.
*(19)
Abraham Lincoln – Page 482
Today, Abraham Lincoln is considered one of the (20)______________ men of all time. But, early in his
presidency he was widely criticized and (21)_________________________ (made fun of). Critics labeled him
(22)______________________________________________________________________________. He
eventually gained the respect and affection of Northerners. Even as a youth, Lincoln displayed a gift for public
(23)____________________. He is also known for his writings.
*(24)
Strengths and Weaknesses – Page 483
The Union (North)
The Confederacy (South)
- Had 22 million people
- Had (25)____________ of the nations’ factories
- Had 9 million people
- More than (26)____________ the railroad mileage of the South
- Had the best (29)_________________
- Had almost all the Naval power and (27)__________________
- Was fighting a (30)_____________ war
- Had the best leader: (28)____________________________
*(31)
The Confederate Strategy – Page 484
At first, the Confederacy took a (32)_________________________ position. It didn’t want to conquer the North –
it only wanted to be (33)_______________________________. They hoped the North would soon get tired and
accept Southern Independence. Because the South had cotton that other countries might be depending on for their
own textile mills, the South hoped to get the countries of (34)_________________ and _______________________
to help them, but they didn’t want to get involved. As the war heated up, the South moved away from its cautious
plans and began to take the (35) ________________________ and try for big victories that would wreck Northern
morale.
(36) In a war, the offensive is: ___________________________________________________________________
*(37)
The Union Strategy – Page 484
The North had a plan they called the (38) “__________________________________”, where they’d try to smother
the Southern economy. This plan called for a (39)________________________________ of the South’s coastline.
The plan also called for the Union to take control of the Mississippi River, which would split the Confederacy in
two. One of the drawbacks of this plan was that it would take time to work. Lincoln also called for an attack on
(41)_________________________ (the Confederate Capital). The Civil War did take a long time. The side that
could hold out the longest was probably going to win. Because of this, the Civil War is sometimes referred to as a
(41) ______________________________________________________________
Battle of Bull Run – Page 485
One of the first battles to try and take the city of Richmond was near Washington D.C. This battle was called The
First (42)______________________________________. At this battle, a Southern General named Thomas J.
Jackson earned the nickname (43)________________________Jackson. The (44)___________________________
won the First Battle of Bull Run, and many in the South thought the war was won. The North realized it had
(45)_____________________________ its opponent. Lincoln sent home the militia and called for a real army of
(46)____________________________ volunteers to fight for 3 years.
*(47)
48/49. Discuss with a partner: In the North, people think quite highly of Abraham Lincoln. What might some
people think of him in the South (either today or in the 1860’s)?
Unit 5: A Nation Divided and Rebuilt
Chapter 16: The Civil War Begins
Section 2: Life in the Army
Section 3: No End in Sight
Pages 488-497
Before Reading
(1) Main idea – page 488: The sides endured many _______________________ serving in the Civil War.
(2) Main idea – page 493: In the first two years of the war, ____________________side gained a decisive victory
over the other.
Those Who Fought – Page 488
The majority of soldiers in the Civil War were between 18 and 30 years old, but they both had some younger and
some older soldiers. About half the soldiers on each side came from (3)_________________, and many saw this as
a possible exciting adventure. There were also some immigrants from other countries. At the beginning of the war,
(4)____________________________________ wanted to fight, but neither side accepted them. Later on, the
(5)_____________ did accept African Americans. Native Americans served on (6)____________ sides. There
were several reasons 2 million Northerners and 1 million Southerners signed up to fight.
*(7)
Turning Civilians into Soldiers – Page 489
Volunteers were sent to camps for training. Soldiers lived in (8)____________. The soldiers training had a set
schedule, with several (9)____________________________ every day. New recruits were given uniforms:
(10)_______________ for the Union and usually (11)______________ for the Confederates. Early in the war
soldiers received clothing and shoes of very poor (12)_______________. Because they didn’t always get supplies,
they sometimes would take clothing and shoes from the dead after a battle. At first, most soldiers received plenty of
food, but later in the war and while they were in the field, many soldiers went (13)________________________.
*(14)
15 and 16. Answer 1 of these 2 questions
What would be 2 similar characteristics between
Even if they heard it was horrible at times to be a
someone wanting to fight in the Civil War and
soldier, why would so many men volunteer to fight
someone wanting to fight in a war today?
in the Civil War?
Hardships of Army Life – Page 490
Civil War camps were filthy, and so were the soldiers. They often went (17)______________ without bathing or
washing their clothes. Poor hygiene resulted in widespread (18)____________________. Most soldiers had
chronic (19)__________________________________ caused by contaminated water or food. At that time people
did not know that (20)____________ cause diseases. Doctors wouldn’t even wash their hands or their instruments.
*(21)
Changes in Military Technology – Page 491
While camp life was rough, military technology (22)_________________________. Battle tactics changed and
casualties soared. New bullets were used that could shoot further and more accurately. There were even warships
covered with iron, called (23)_________________________ that were improvements over wooden ships. Despite
this new technology, (24)_____________________ side gained a decisive victory in the first two years of the war.
*(25)
One American’s Story– Page 493
In 1861 President Lincoln gave (26)_________________________________ command of the Union Army in the
East. He restored the soldiers confidence and organized and trained an army that could (27)___________________
the Confederates. While Lincoln kept urging him to attack Richmond, McClellan kept drilling his troops. Lincoln
even said McClellan had the (28) ”__________________.”
*(29)
Union Victories in the West – Page 493
The Battle of Shiloh – Page 494
The Fall of New Orleans – Page 495
The victorious Union general in the West was (30)________________________________. He was a good general,
but in life he had failed at many things. Two of the more famous battles in the first half of the Civil War were
(31)____________________________________________ and (32)______________________________________.
The Battle of New Orleans was important because the Northern victory cut the South into two parts.
*(33)
Lee Claims Victories in the East – Page 496
Lee Invades the North – Page 496
McClellan finally decided to invade Richmond in 1862 and would face the Confederate leader: General Robert
(34)_________________________. The two sides fought for a week, in what became known as the Seven Days’
Battles. The Confederates would then win another battle at Bull Run and the Union troops (35)________________
back to Washington D.C.
Robert E. Lee then decided to (36)_______________________ the Union. Lee hope this invasion would show that
the Confederacy could win the war, which might convince Europe to side with the (37)_____________. They were
impressed by the South’s and Lee’s military (38)_________________________.
*(39)
Bloody Antietam – Page 496
Lee then drew up a plan to invade more of the North. A copy of the plans was left at a campsite and a Union soldier
stumbled on the plans, which gave them a chance to (40)___________ Lee and his army. McClellan’s army ended
up fighting Lee’s army at (41)_______________________________ creek near Maryland. During this battle, one
of the days stood out as the (42)__________________day in American history. At the end of the day about 25,000
men were dead or wounded. Lee lost as much as (43)_________________ of his fighting force. McClellan did not
follow and finish them off, and Lincoln was so fed up with McClellan that he (44)________________ him.
*(45)
46 and 47. Answer 1 of these 2 questions
If you’re in charge during a war, what would be
If you were in a war, would you rather fight
one thing of yours you’d want to make sure
with a defensive strategy, or would you rather
you protected - and what would be one thing
be an aggressor and invade the other side?
of the enemies you’d really wanted to go after
And of course – why?
Unit 5: A Nation Divided and Rebuilt
Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns
Section 1: The Emancipation Proclamation
Section 2: War Affects Society
Pages 500-511
Before Reading
(1) Why it matters now / page 503: The Emancipation Proclamation was an important step in ending
_______________________ in the United States.
(2) Why it matters now / page 507: Some changes affected Americans ____________ ___________ the end of the
Civil War.
One Americans Story – Page 503
During the Civil War, abolitionists continued their fight against slavery and urged Lincoln to (3) _______________
the slaves. For both (4)_____________________ and ________________ reasons, people said Lincoln should free
the slaves.
(5) Emancipate means: _______________________________________________________________
Calls for Emancipation – Page 503.
Abolitionists had been urging Lincoln to emancipate enslaved persons. Many people even criticized him for not
freeing them. Lincoln did not believe he had the power to abolish slavery and he did not want to (6)_____________
the four slave states that remained in the Union. He also knew that some people in the North (7)________________
emancipation. Although Lincoln disliked slavery his first priority was to (8)____________________ the Union.
By 1862 however, Lincoln had decided in favor of emancipation, but waited for a moment when he was in a
position of (9)_____________________.
*(10)
The Emancipation Proclamation – Page 504
On January 1st, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which (11)_____________________
_________________________ in Confederate territory. Although it had a tremendous impact on the public, it freed
(12)_______________________ slaves. Most of the slaves he intended to liberate lived too far away to
(13)_______________________ his proclamation. Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not free many
enslaved people at the time it was issued, it was important as a (14)___________________ measure.
*(15)
African-American Soldiers – Page 505
The 54th Massachusetts – Page 506
The Emancipation Proclamation also declared that all men willing to fight would be allowed to fight in the Union
army. Before the proclamation, the Union government had discouraged this, but after emancipation, African
Americans (16)________________ to join the army. By the war’s end, about 180,000 black soldiers fought for the
Union (the North). They were organized in (17) all-____________________ regiments, usually led by
(18)__________________ officers. They were often given the worst jobs and were even paid less than white
soldiers. Despite these obstacles, they showed great (19)_______________________ on the battlefield and wore
their uniforms with (20)_______________. One unit insisted on fighting (21)_______________________ pay.
The 54th Massachusetts Regiment soon was one of the most (22)___________________ of the Civil War. These
African American Regiments faced grave danger if captured because they were often shot or were returned home to
be (23)_____________________.
*(24)
Colonel Robert Gould Shaw
and the 54th Massachusetts
Disagreement about the War – Page 507
In 1863 riots broke out in a number of Southern towns. Southerners were getting (28)__________ of the war and
the constant (29)____________________ it demanded. Many Confederate soldiers began to (30)_______________
the army, and by the end of the year they had lost nearly 40% of their men. The Confederate states fell into
(31)____________________ about many things. There were also disagreements about the war in the (32)_______.
Lincoln’s main opponents in the north (who wanted peace) were called (33)____________________________, and
Lincoln even had some of these protesters arrested.
(34) A copperhead was: ________________________________________________________________
*(35)
The Draft Laws – Page 508
Both the North and South needed soldiers, and they each had a draft (also called a (36) ______________________)
which required men to serve in the military. In the South, all able bodied men between 18 and 30 were required to
join the army, but there were some exceptions. Planters who had more than 20 slaves could avoid the draft.
Wealthy men could even hire (37)___________________ to go in their place, but that might cost as much as $6000.
The North also had a draft and allowed substitutes, but men who volunteered would get (38)_$_____________ cash
payments, so most men volunteered and went on their own. Even so, the draft was extremely
(39)____________________, and protests even included some riots in New York City.
*(40)
41 and 42. Answer 1 of these 2 questions
What might be one way your actions as a soldier
If you were living in the North, would you be
may affect the rest of your life?
happy slaves might be free, or angry
(It could be either a positive or negative way)
they may now come and take your job?
Economic Effects of the War – Page 509
Many people suffered economic hardships during the war. Although the North had difficulties, the suffering was
more severe in the (43)______________. Food shortages were very common in the South. Another problem in the
South was (44) _______________________. Over the course of the war, prices rose (45)__________ percent in the
South – that’s 90 times higher for some things. During the war, the government passed two important economic
measures. In 1861 it established the first (46)______________________________. The following year the
government issued new money, known as (47)___________________________. This made sure people had money
to spend and helped the Union pay for the war.
(48) Inflation is: _______________________________________________________________________
(49) An income tax is: __________________________________________________________________
*(50)
Resistance by Slaves – Page 509
Another factor that affected the South was the (51)__________________ of slaves who either slowed down their
work or stopped working completely. Some (52)_____________________ crops and farm equipment. When white
planters left to escape Union armies slaves often refused to go along and waited to be set (53)________________.
Some enslaved people even rose up in rebellion against their overseers. And some ran away from plantations to
join the Union army. By the end of the war as many as (54)___________________________ had gone to the
Union side.
*(55)
Women Aid the War Effort – Page 510
With men at war, (56)________________ assumed new responsibilities. Women plowed fields, ran farms, took
over in offices and factories and did a lot of jobs that had been done only by men. Many women served on the front
lines as volunteer workers and (57)__________________. Nursing began to be a (58)_________________
profession for many women. By the end of the war there were 3000 women working as nurses under the leadership
of Dorothea Dix. Women also played a key role as (59)_______________ in both the North and South. Two of the
more famous were (60)____________________________ and Belle Boyd.
*(61)
Civil War Prison Camps – Page 511
Women caught spying were thrown into jail, but soldiers captured in battle suffered far more. One of the worst
prison camps was in New York. In one year 12,121 soldiers died of sickness and (62)___________________ to
severe weather. Conditions were also horrible in the South. Many inmates had little shelter from the heat or cold.
Most slept in holes scratched in the (63)______________. Drinking water came from a creek that also served as a
(64)________________. As many as 100 men a day died at some of these camps. People who saw the camps were
(65)___________ by the conditions. About (66)_________________ men died in Civil War prison camps.
*(67)
68/69. Discuss with a partner: We’re in a war right now that many people don’t believe in. Should it be an option
for soldiers to refuse to fight if they don’t believe in the cause? Why or why not?
Unit 5: A Nation Divided and Rebuilt
Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns
Section 3: The North Wins
Section 4: The Legacy of the War
Pages 512 - 525
Before Reading
1. One of the most important battles in the Civil War (and in our nation’s history was the battle at
_______________________________ (on pages 514 and 515)
2. Page 520 – Why it Matters Now: The most important change after the Civil War was the liberation of
_____________________ enslaved persons.
The Battle of Gettysburg – Page 513
In June 1863, Confederates went to the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania to look for some shoes. While they were
there they ran into some Union troops and the Battle of Gettysburg was on. The fighting lasted for (3)_________
days. 90,000 Union troops fought 75,000 Confederates. The air seemed like it was full of (4)________________.
The turning point came on July 3rd when Confederate General George Pickett attacked the Union line (known as
“Pickett’s Charge”) and his attack was torn to (5)_____________________. The Confederates retreated and the
North rejoiced over the (6)_______________________ at Gettysburg. The North had lost (7)_____________ men.
The South had lost (8)___________________ (one third of General Lee’s army).
*(9)
The Siege of Vicksburg – Page 516
The Day after Pickett’s charge, the Union received news that General Grant had defeated Confederate troops at the
Siege of (10) ______________. Grant had won victories in the west and along the Mississippi and Vicksburg was
the last Confederate hold on the river. After nearly a month and a half siege, the Confederates (11)_____________
at Vicksburg and the South was now split in (12)______. With the victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg, the war
turned in favor of the (13)_______________. Britain gave up the idea of helping the South, and President Lincoln
had found a good general who was willing to fight, Ulysses S. (14)________________.
*(15)
Sherman’s Total War – Page 516
In 1864 General Grant developed a plan to (17)__________________ the Confederacy. He would fight in Virginia
and he’d use General (18) S_______________ to fight in the deep South to Atlanta and the Atlantic coast. Starting
in Tennessee, Sherman set out on a march to the sea, cutting a path of destruction 60 miles wide and 300 miles long
through Georgia. Sherman waged a (19)________________________ war against everything that supported the
enemy. His troops tore up railroad lines, (20)________________ crops, and burned and looted towns.
Sherman’s triumph was important for Lincoln because he was running for (21)_____________________, but it
looked like he might not win (Northerners were tired of the war). Sherman’s success changed all that. Suddenly
Northerners could sense (22)__________________ in the war and Lincoln was re-elected.
*(23)
24 and 25. Answer 1 of these 2 questions.
Was it okay for Sherman to destroy all that
What are two ways a president’s sudden and unexpected
southern land and property, or should he have
death may affect a nation?
just been fighting against soldiers? Why?
Grant’s Virginia Campaign – Page 518
General Sherman and General Grant each continued fighting. In some battles as many as 17,000 men were killed.
In another they fought for ten months. Eventually the North captured the Union capital of Richmond and even took
down the Confederate flag.
Surrender at Appomattox – Page 519
General Lee knew that his situation was hopeless and sent a message that he was ready to surrender. General Lee
and General Grant met at (26) _______________________________________ in Virginia to arrange the surrender.
Grant offered generous terms of surrender. Confederates could return (27)_______________ in peace. They could
take their private possessions and (28)_________________ with them. Grant also gave food to the hungry soldiers.
After (29)__________ long years, the Civil War was coming to a close. It’s effects would continue, however,
changing the country (30)______________________.
*(31)
Costs of the War – Page 520
Many Northerners had bitter feelings toward the South. Many Southerners felt great (32)_____________________
toward the North. President Lincoln hoped to (33)_____________ the nation and bring them together again. Hard
feelings remained though because the costs of the war were so great. The Civil War was the deadliest war in
American history. Altogether (34)_______________ soldiers died . Another (35)_______________ were
wounded. Many suffered from their wounds for the rest of their lives. Altogether 3,000,000 men served in the
Northern and Southern armies (about (36)_____% of the population), and many others had their lives disrupted by
the war. The war also had great (37)________________ costs.
*(38)
The Thirteenth Amendment – Page 521
One of the greatest effects of the war was the freeing of millions of enslaved persons. In January, 1865, Lincoln
urged Congress to try to end slavery and did so when the (39) ______ Amendment passed. Slavery was now
(40)_______________ in the United States.
Lincoln’s Assassination – Page 521
Lincoln did not live to see the end of slavery. Five days after the Confederate surrender he went to see a play with
his wife (at Ford’s Theatre in D.C.). (41) ________________________ crept into the balcony and shot Lincoln in
the back of the head. Boothe escaped and ran away. Union troops found and (42)_______________ him several
days later. After Lincoln was shot he was taken across the street, but the bullet could not be removed and he
(43)_________ the next morning. He was the first American president to be (44)_____________________.
Lincoln’s murder stunned the nation and caused them intense grief. The loss of Lincoln’s experience and political
skills was a terrible setback for people faced with the challenge of (45)________________________ their nation.
In the North and South, life would never be the same after the Civil War.
*(46)
Consequences of the War – Page 522
After the war people came to see the United States as one nation rather than a collection of states. The war also
caused the national government to (47)________________. The war also changed the Northern economy, with
many new (48)_____________________. For the South, the war brought economic disaster. Farms and plantations
were (49)_________________, livestock was killed, farm machinery was wrecked, and railroad tracks were torn up.
Also gone was the labor system the South had used – (50)________________. The country faced difficult
challenges after the war, such as how the South would be brought back into the Union and how to integrate four
million former (51)_____________into national life.
*(52)
History through Art – back on Page 518
One reason we know a lot of details of the Civil War, is that (53)____________________ was just starting to be
used as a new invention. The famous Civil War photographer who took many of the pictures we see of the Civil
War was (54) _____________________________. His photographs were widely reproduced, however, after a
series of financial problems, he died in poverty.
One American’s Story – back on page 520
In 1864, the Union army was running out of (55)____________________ space to bury its war dead. Robert E.
Lee’s plantation in (56)_____________________ Virginia was chosen (right across the river from Washington
D.C.). This site is now known as (57)_______________________________________.
58/59. Discuss with a partner: It’s not easy to get back together after a war / battle / fight / big argument. What’s a
situation where you took a long time to get back together with someone after a major problem with them? (maybe
you still haven’t).
The following chart compares the amazing coincidences
in the deaths of Lincoln and Kennedy.
Lincoln
Kennedy
Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846
Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946
He was elected President in 1860
He was elected President in 1960
His wife lost a child while living in the White
House
His wife lost a child while living in the White
House
Lincoln's secretary was named Kennedy.
Kennedy's secretary was named Lincoln.
He was directly concerned with Civil Rights
He was directly concerned with Civil Rights
Lincoln had a secretary named Kennedy who
told him not to go to the theater
Kennedy had a secretary named Lincoln who told
him not to go to Dallas
Lincoln was shot in the back of the head in
the presence of his wife
Kennedy was shot in the back of the head in the
presence of his wife
Lincoln shot in the Ford Theatre
Kennedy shot in a Lincoln, made by Ford
He was shot on a Friday
He was shot on a Friday
The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, was known
by three names, comprised of fifteen letters
The assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, was known by
three names, comprised of fifteen letters
Booth shot Lincoln in a theater and fled to a
warehouse
Oswald shot Kennedy from a warehouse and fled
to a theater
Booth was killed before being brought to trial
Oswald was killed before being brought to trial
There were theories that Booth was part of a
greater conspiracy
There were theories that Oswald was part of a
greater conspiracy
Lincoln's successor was Andrew Johnson, born Kennedy's successor was Lyndon Johnson, born
in 1808
in 1908
The Gettysburg Address…
… is a speech by Abraham Lincoln and is one of the most well known speeches in United States history. It was delivered at the dedication of
the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, during the American Civil
War, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the decisive Battle of Gettysburg.
Abraham Lincoln's carefully crafted address, secondary to other presentations that day, came to be regarded as one of the greatest speeches in
American history. In just over two minutes, Lincoln invoked the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence
and redefined the Civil War as a struggle not merely for the Union, but as "a new birth of freedom" that would bring true equality to all of its
citizens, and that would also create a unified nation in which states' rights were no longer dominant.
Beginning with the now-iconic phrase "Four score and seven years ago," Lincoln referred to the events of the Civil War and described the
ceremony at Gettysburg as an opportunity not only to consecrate the grounds of a cemetery, but also to dedicate the living to the struggle to
ensure that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."
Despite the speech's prominent place in the history and popular culture of the United States, the exact wording of the speech is disputed. The
five known manuscripts of the Gettysburg Address differ in a number of details and also differ from contemporary newspaper reprints of the
speech.
“
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on
this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and
dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that
nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can
long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war.
We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final
resting place for those who here gave their lives that that
nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we
should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate...we can not
consecrate...we can not hallow this ground. The brave men,
living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far
above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little
note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never
forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be
dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought
The only confirmed photo of Abraham Lincoln
at Gettysburg (circled), taken about noon,
just after Lincoln arrived and some three hours
before the speech.
To Lincoln's right is his bodyguard.
here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be
here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that
from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that
cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—
that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have
Unit 5: A Nation Divided and Rebuilt
Chapter 18: Reconstruction
Section 1: Rebuilding the Union
Pages 530-539
Before Reading
1. After looking at the picture on pages 530 and 531: Two words that describe what many parts of the South
looked like after the Civil War: ___________________ and ___________________
2. Why it matters now / page 533: Reconstruction was an important step in the African-American struggle for
________________________.
Reconstruction Begins – Page 533
After the Civil War ended, the South faced the challenge of building a new society not based on slavery. This
period of time is known as (3) _______________________________________. While he was still alive, Lincoln
had a plan to re-unify the nation. He wanted to pardon Confederate officials and set up new governments in the
South – and even send representatives to Congress. To assist former slaves, the president established the
(4) __________________________________________. This agency set up schools and hospitals and gave out
clothes, (5)____________ and fuel in the South. When Lincoln was killed, (6) ___________________________
became president. Johnson was a former slaveholder, and unlike Lincoln, a stubborn, unyielding man. Johnson
offered (7) __________________, or official pardon, to white Southerners.
(8) Amnesty is: _____________________________________________________________________
There were three basic plans of reconstruction, one created by
President Abraham Lincoln, one by Congress and one by President Andrew Johnson.
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
(not in our book)
In 1863, Lincoln had a plan to reinstate southern states back into the Union. They could come back when (9)_____
of their voters had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation. By 1864,
Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas had gone along with this plan. However, some Republicans opposed Lincoln's
plan, as they thought it too (10)__________________________ on the South. They wanted stricter requirements for
Southern states' re-admission into the Union. Lincoln, however, didn’t want to (11)___________________ the
South. He wanted to preserve the Union and start rebuilding the wealth and prosperity of the country.
The Wade-Davis Bill
(not in our book)
When Congress didn’t think Lincoln's plan was a good idea, they passed the (12) __________________________,
which required (13) _____% of a state's male voters to take an oath that they had never voluntarily supported the
Confederacy. Lincoln's veto kept the Wade-Davis Bill from becoming law, and he tried his 10% plan. Congress,
however, refused to seat the Congressmen elected from those states, and by the time of Lincoln's assassination the
President and Congress hadn’t come to an agreement.
Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan
(not in our book)
Johnson did not significantly change Lincoln's plans for reconstruction. He appeared to want to bring the southern
states back into the Union as (14) _____________________________________as possible while still ending
slavery. Many accused him of being kinder to southern whites than Lincoln would have been. One difference was
that no pardons would be available to high Confederate officials and persons owning property valued in excess of
$20,000. In any event, Johnson could do very little since Congress was against him and later even impeached him.
Rebuilding Brings Conflict – Page 534
As they rebuilt, Southern states set up governments that were very much like the old ones. Some states even
(15)__________________ to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. The governor of South Carolina even said: “this is
a white man’s government, and intended for white men only.” The Southern states passed laws, known as
(16) ____________________________ which limited the freedom of former slaves. When Congress met in 1965,
its members refused to recognize representatives from the South, because many of these representatives had been
Confederate leaders only months before.
*(17)
The Civil Rights Act – Page 535
Congress passed a bill promoting (18) ___________________________. It declared all persons born in the United
States were citizens (except Native Americans). It also stated all citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of
their race. President Johnson (19)__________ the bill but Congress voted to override the presidents veto and the
bill became a law.
(20) Civil Rights are: ________________________________________________________________
The Fourteenth Amendment – Page 535
Republicans and Congress wanted equality to be protected by the Constitution, so they proposed the
(21)______________________________________. It said that all people born in the United States were
(22)___________________ and had the same rights. It did not allow African Americans to (23)________ though
yet. President Johnson refused to support the Amendment. Instead he helped come up with the Reconstruction Act
of 1867 that divided the South into 5 military districts – each run by an army commander. The act also said before
Southern states could re-enter the Union it must let all adult white men vote – even (24)______________________,
and they must ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.
*(25)
The New Southern Governments – Page 536
In 1867, Southern delegates were chosen to make new state constitutions. Two groups of people who Southerners
were mad at after the Civil War were Scalawags and Carpetbaggers. Scalawags were thought of as “scoundrels”
who weren’t going along with what many wealthy southerners wanted. Carpetbaggers were Northerners who
rushed to the South after the Civil and tried to get (26)___________ or get political power. There were also some
(27)_________________________________ delegates.
(28) A delegate is: ____________________________________________________________________
(29) Carpetbaggers are: ________________________________________________________________
By 1870, voters in all Southern States had approved their Constitutions, were let back in the Union, and were
allowed to send representatives to Congress. During Reconstruction, more than (30)___________ African
Americans served in state legislatures in the South. (31)_________ of the new congressmen from the South were
African American. And, (32)_______ African Americans served as U.S. Senators at this time.
*(33)
Johnson is Impeached – Page 537
President Johnson fought against many of Congress’s reform efforts during Reconstruction. This conflict Between
Johnson and Congress soon brought a (34)_________________________. In 1867, Congress passed the
(35)_________________________________________ Act, which keeps the president from firing government
officials without the Senate’s approval. Johnson fired his secretary off war without their approval and three days
later the House of Representatives voted to (36) _____________ the president. After several weeks of testimony,
Johnson was impeached by a single vote. Even still, much work remained to be done in (37)___________________
the South.
(38) Impeach means: __________________________________________________________________
*(39)
40 and 41. Answer 1 of these 2 questions
After we defeated Iraq, we’ve stayed to help them
rebuild their country. Should we have done that?
Why/why not?
If you had two friends who had gotten in a big
disagreement / argument / fight, and you wanted
them to get along again, what would be two things
you might try to get them to start to be friends again?
Unit 5: A Nation Divided and Rebuilt
Chapter 18: Reconstruction
Section 2: Reconstruction and Daily Life
Section 3: End of Reconstruction
Pages 540-549
Before Reading:
1. Why it Matters Now – page 540: Many important African American institutions, including ________________
began during reconstruction.
2. Why it Matters Now – page 545: Reforms made during reconstruction made later ________________________
gains possible.
Responding to Freedom – Page 540
African Americans’ first reaction to freedom was to leave the plantations. Some former slaves returned to the
places they were born. Others went looking for more economic (3)____________________. African Americans
also traveled in search of (4)_________________ members separated from them during slavery. To locate
relatives, people placed advertisements in (5)________________________. The Freedmen’s Bureau helped many
families reunite. Freedom allowed many African Americans to strengthen their (6)_________________ ties.
Former slaves could legally marry and could raise families without fearing their children might be (7)__________.
*(8)
Starting Schools – Page 541
With freedom, African Americans no longer had to work for an owners benefit and could now work to provide for
their (8)___________________________. To reach their goal of economic independence, most had to learn to read
and write. Children who went to school often taught their (9)________________ to read at home. More than
150,000 African Americans were going to school by 1869. About 10% of the South’s African American adults
could read and many of them became (10)____________________. Many white Southerners worked against these
efforts by (11)___________________ teachers and (12)______________________ schools.
*(13)
40 Acres and a Mule – Page 542
More than anything else, people wanted to own (16)__________. General Sherman had a plan to give all freedmen
40 acres of land and a (17)_________, but most freedmen never received land. There was even one plan that would
have taken plantation land and given it to freed people, but many people were against this plan. They believed new
(18)_________ and (19)___________ rights were enough to give African Americans a better opportunity.
*(20)
The Contract System – Page 542
Without their own property, many African Americans returned to work on (21)____________________. They
returned not as slaves, but as wage (22)__________________. After the Civil War, planters desperately needed
workers to raise (23)____________. African Americans reacted to this demand for labor by choosing the best
contract (24)____________________ (pay and wages). This system still had drawbacks, however. Even the best
contracts paid very low wages and many owners (25)________________ workers out of wages and benefits. Worse
yet, laws punished workers for breaking contracts, even if owners were abusing them or cheating them. The
drawbacks made many African Americans turn to (26) ________________________________.
*(27)
Sharecropping and Debt – Page 543
Under the sharecropping system, a worker (28)____________________ a plot of land to farm. The landowner
provided the tools, seed, and (29)______________________. When harvest time came, the sharecropper gave the
landowner a share of the crop. This system gave families a place to farm and gave landowners cheap labor.
Problems soon arose with the sharecropping system. Farmers wanted to grow (30)______________ to feed their
families, but owners wanted them to grow cash crops, such as (31)__________________. Many of the
sharecroppers were caught in a cycle of (32)___________. White farmers also became sharecroppers. Many of
them had lost their land in the war, or lost it to taxes. No matter who worked the plantations, much of what they
grew was cotton, and the value of cotton kept dropping. Cotton also exhausted the soil and reduced the amount of
land available for (33)_____________ crops. Relying on cotton was one reason the deep South experience years of
rural (34)________________________.
*(35)
The Ku Klux Klan – Page 544
African Americans also faced violent (36)__________________ in the South. Many people did not want them to
have more rights. In 1866 a secret group called the (37) __________________________________ rose up. The
Klan attacked African Americans and targeted those who owned land or had become wealthy. They
(38)______________ people and (39)_____________ homes. They even (40)_______________ some victims.
Klan victims had little protection and authorities in the South often ignored the violence. There were other white
supremacy groups besides the KKK. Two of them were called: The White Line and the Knights of the Rising Sun.
*(41)
The Election of Grant – Page 545
The Fifteenth Amendment – Page 546
In 1868, General Grant won the (42)______________________ with a lot of help from the freedmen’s vote.
After Grant’s victory, there was a worry that Southern States might try to keep African Americans from
(43)________________ in future elections. To prevent this, the (44) ______________________________ was
proposed. This said that citizens could not be stopped from voting “on account of (45)_________________
_______________________________________. This did not apply to Native Americans though. It also did not
apply to (46)________________. This made many white women angry because they couldn’t vote, but former
slaves could. Even Elizabeth Cady Stanton (47) ____________________ that these people could now be making
laws for white women.
*(48)
Grant Fights the Klan – Page 546
Many African Americans in the South continued to be terrorized by the KKK. President Grant asked Congress to
support and they (49)_______________ the anti-Klan bill.
Reconstruction Ends – Page 548
In the 1876 presidential election, the votes were so close that both the Democrats and Republicans claimed
() ________________________________. A special commission made a deal that today we call the
() ______________________________________________. In this compromise, Rutherford B. Hayes would
become president. But, it was also agreed that
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The government would remove federal troops from the South
Land grants and loans would be given to connect the ()_________________ to the West Coast.
The South would get funds for construction and ()______________________ projects
Hayes would appoint a Democrat to his cabinet
Democrats promised to respect ()______________________ civil and political rights.
The Legacy of Reconstruction – Page 549
Historians still argue about the success of reconstruction. The nation did (50)_____________ and _____________.
However, reconstruction did not achieve (51)_______________ for African Americans. Most still lived in poverty.
Few took part in politics. They continued to face widespread (52)_____________________ and prejudice. But,
during this period African Americans did make lasting gains. Protection of (53)___________________ became
part of the Constitution. The 14th and 15th Amendments were passed. Black (54)______________ and churches
were built. And, African Americans were starting on the path to full (55)_________________.
56 and 57. What might be one obstacle African Americans faced
during Reconstruction that may still be an issue in some way today?