Download Exam-Objectives

Exam Objectives
Exam #1
Session #1
1. What is behavioral pharmacology?
2. What is EAB? Discuss some of the features.
3. How does EAB differ from the procedures of traditional psychological research?
4. What is behaviorism? What is the difference between radical and methodological
behaviorism? (see text)
5. Discuss some of the events leading up to development of behavioral
pharmacology. (Pavlov, Zavadski, Thorndike, Watson, Skinner)
6. Explain and give examples of:
a. Behavioral loci of drug action
b. Mechanisms that are involved in a drug’s effect(s)
c. Behavioral mechanisms of drug action
7. Explain how pole climbing was used as an animal model for screening antipsychotics.
8. Explain the 2 factor theory of avoidance
9. Explain and give examples of the following
a. Mult
b. Mix
c. Chain
d. Tandem
e. DRL (full session and IRT-based)
f. DRH
g. Conc
h. All simple schedules (ratio, interval, and time)
10. What is an operant? Give an example.
11. There 4 factors that contributed to the rapid development of behavioral
pharmacology. Talk about them.
12. Give an example of respondent conditioning. What response measure(s) is (are)
used in respondent conditioning?
13. Know the terms from Session 1 on the database (see attached).
14. Explain Skinner and Heron’s study on the effects of caffeine on responding under
an FI 4’ schedule of access to food.
Session #2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What are the 4 basic facts about drugs?
What are the 5 ways of naming drugs? Be able to give examples.
What are 3 ways of classifying drugs?
Explain the 4 stages of pharmacokinetics.
Draw the route of administration graph that includes IP administration.
What is protein and depot binding?
What are 3 kinds of kinds of tolerance?
8. Explain linear (1st order) and nonlinear (0 order) kinetics. What is a T ½? Give
an example.
9. Given some data, draw a dose response curve.
10. Given some data, draw a dose effect curve.
11. Be able to calculate and interpret a TI. Given a graph, interpret ED and LD data.
12. Explain with examples physical dependence and the withdrawal syndrome. Why
does the WD syndrome occur?
13. What is peak efficacy? Potency?
14. Show a graph that demonstrates peak efficacy and potency differences between 2
drugs.
15. What is psychoactive? Psychotropic?
Session #3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Diagram the different parts of the nervous system.
Be able to diagram a neuron, complete with ions (NA, CL, K, A, CA).
Explain how a neuron works, and include action vs resting potential.
Discuss some different kinds of neurotransmitters, and the lock and key analogy.
Discuss the 6 ways drugs can affect neurotransmission/neuronal activity.
What is the source of nicotine?
Profile nicotine with the following:
a. Routes of administration and absorption
b. Distribution
c. Biotransformation
d. Excretion
e. What is the T 1/2
8. Know some of the various effects of nicotine.
9. What is the Nesbitt paradox? How might you explain it?
10. Explain the withdrawal syndrome with nicotine.
11. Discuss 2 theories of nicotine self administration.
12. Discuss the nicotine replacements.
13. Know what neurotransmitters are affected by nicotine administration, and what
the biphasic effect is.
14. What is the effect of nicotine on performance?
15. Know some of the health problem sequellae of nicotine use.
16. Explain why Zyban is used in the treatment of excess cigarette smoking.
17. Discuss the difference between excitatory and inhibitory synapses (see page 57-58
in McKim).
18. What is Dale’s law? (It was first thought that neurons only release a single
neurotransmitter – but this has been shown to not be case).
19. What is Chantix?
20. What is an agonist? Antagonist? Mixed agonist/antagonist?
21. Discuss the following kinds of drug interactions:
a. Additive
b. Super-additive
c. Infra-additive
22. With regards to drug effects, what are rate dependent effects? Give an example.
23. Explain what Zyban is, and why it might be important in reducing smoking.
Exam 2
Session #5
1. Draw an operant chamber. (see book – or Google “Skinner box” and see the
pictures)
2. What does Poling mean by a “probe design?”
3. Know the following about stimulants:
a. Kinds (natural vs synthetic)
b. Sources
c. Typical routes of administration
d. Distribution
e. Excretion
f. T ½ for cocaine vs amphetamines
g. What NTs are affected (include why cocaine has been used as a local
anesthetic, include also the mechanism of the methylphenidate class).
h. Tolerance (both acute and chronic)
i. W/D syndrome
4. Relate high dose, chronic administrations of amphetamine to psychosis.
5. Describe the effects of the stimulants on:
a. Liver
b. Nasal passages
c. Heart & BP
d. Offspring
e. Blood vessels
f. Behavior and life styles
g. Performance
6. What are some Txs for addiction to these kind of stimulants?
7. What is the cocaine sudden death syndrome?
8. What is punding?
9. Describe the procedures in the following assays:
a. Reaction time
b. Schedule-controlled behavior
c. FCN and FCN-SD
d. Repeated acquisition
e. DMTS
10. Monoamines
11. Catecholamines
12. If your observations suggest that there is one behavior in the entire observation
time, where does the data point go on a standard chart?
Session 6
1. Know the following about alcohol:
a. Fermentation
b. Distillation
c. Typical routes of administration
d. Locus of absorption
e. Where distributed
f. How metabolized (include 1st pass)
g. Excretion
h. How the drug works on neurons and neurotransmitters.
i. How tolerance develops (metabolic, compensatory, behavioral)
j. W/D syndrome
2. Know the effects on:
a. Body
b. Perception
c. Performance
d. CNS (see Wernicke-Korsakoff)
e. Liver
f. Offspring (see FAS and FAE)
g. Heart
h. Immune system
3. Explain how disulfiram works to weaken alcohol use.
4. Explain the anti-punishment effects that alcohol has. Be able to design an
experiment that would demonstrate this effect.
5. Explain the efforts to ban alcohol sales in this country (i.e., Prohibition) and the
results. When did this era end?
6. Explain the various hypotheses about the causes of alcoholism. What are some
treatments?
7. What is the TI of alcohol, and why this is a problem?
8. Check out the use of the term “priming” in this chapter. Give an example of the
use of this procedure with reinforcers other than alcohol. Explain the behavioral
mechanism for why it might work.
9. In the priming explanation of alcohol, what behavioral mechanism might be
involved in that effect?
10. What is “Oriental flushing?”
11. Caligula!
12. Be able to design, and graph the results of, an acute drug study.
13. Be able to design, and graph the results of, a chronic drug study. Show a graph
that demonstrates tolerance.
14. Be able to explain the compensatory reaction explanation of tolerance.
15. What is polydipsia? How might it be used to study self administration of alcohol?
16. Explain the theory of SIB that involves the release of endorphins. Then, explain
the treatment and why it might work. What behavioral process might be involved
if the treatment is successful?
Session #7
1. Know the following about caffeine
a. How administered & where it is absorbed
b. Distribution
c. T ½
d. Why the T ½ is lower in adults than newborns.
e. How excreted
f. What NTs are affected, and the role of Adenosine.
g. How tolerance develops
h. The w/d syndrome and how long it lasts
i. The effects on benzodiazepine receptors in the body.
j. Effects on performance, blood vessels (brain and periphery), sports
activities
2. What are “turkey”drugs? Give an example.
3. What is caffeinism?
4. What are some measures in human behavioral pharmacology?
5. What are some limitations of doing drug studies with humans?
6. Discuss the repeated acquisition study in which the researchers investigated the
effects of alcohol and cocaine.
7. Set up a study using the titrating DMTS procedure. Be prepared to explain the
study that used it.
8. Explain the difference between single access and choice procedures in assaying
the reinforcing efficacy of 2 drugs or 2 doses of a drug. Be able to setup a study
that does so. Which is a more sensitive assessment?
9. Setup a study that uses a PR schedule to study the relative reinforcing efficacy of
two or more drugs, or two or more doses of a single drug.
10. What is the major health risk of Mellaril? See:
www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/Mellaril.pdf
11. Overall, what are the health risks of caffeine consumption? Include risks to bone
density.
12. 3 kinds of methylxanthines and their sources.
13. Give examples of drugs functioning as motivational operations. Be able to
describe the study from the book that demonstrated the EO effects of damphetamine on social stimuli.
14. What is the author’s point about organizations such as ILSI?
15. What is the difference between a real experiment and a correlational study? (use a
between-subject design to explain the answer)
16. Explain the Geller procedure and what it is used for.
Exam 3
Session 9
1. Give examples of the drugs that have the following functions:
a. US
b. CS
c. SD
d. MO – both establishing and abolishing
e. Positive reinforcer
f. Negative reinforcer
g. Positive punisher
2. What is state-dependent learning? Give an example (see Poling).
3. What is the matching equation? Apply it to treating opiate addiction.
4. Discuss the source of natural opiates and its derivatives. Also know a couple of
synthetics, especially the prescribed drugs.
5. Explain the following for opiates:
a. Route of administration
b. Absorption
c. Distribution
d. Excretion
e. T ½
f. Why methadone is used in maintenance therapy
g. Mechanism of action
h. Site of action
i. Health risks
6. Explain the fact that some opiates have different affinities for, and effects on, the
opiate receptors.
7. What is a mixed antagonist/agonist? Antagonist? Agonist?
8. What are some effects of opiates on the body and physiology?
9. Discuss the w/d syndrome that follows abrupt termination of an opiate.
10. Explain the tolerance process, and whether all effects diminish with chronic use.
11. Explain the British System. Be prepared to comment on how this differs from our
system, whether it has some advantages or disadvantages.
12. Talk about methadone maintenance, and how it works.
13. What is LAAM?
14. How are antagonists drugs used in treating addiction? What precedes the use of
these drugs?
15. Discuss a procedure that will demonstrate if a drug functions as a negative
reinforcer.
16. Explain Siegel’s theory of morphine tolerance.
17. What is conditioned suppression? Give the experimental procedure and an
applied example.
Session 10
1. What is the difference between anxiolytics and sedative-hypnotics in terms of
how long they last and how fast they have their effects? How are they used?
2. Know the following about the anxiolytics:
a. Route of administration
b. Absorption
c. Distribution
d. Metabolism
e. Excretion (the biphasic excretion rate)
f. Effects of alcohol consumption on benzodiazepines.
3. Explain how the benzodiazepines and barbiturates affect the GABA ionophore.
Why are fatalities from the former very unusual?
4. Do the benzodiazepines produce tolerance?
5. Effects of benzodiazepines.
6. What is the W/D syndrome of the benzodiazepines?
7. What are the Z drugs? What are they used for?
8. What is Rohypnol?
9. What are the 2 kinds of psychoses? Name some characteristics of schizophrenia.
10. Talk about the 2 kinds of anti-psychotics and what kind of behavior each affects.
Be able to name a couple in each class.
11. Know the following about anti-psychotics:
a.
Routes
b.
Absorption
c.
Distribution
d.
Metabolism
e.
Excretion
f.
T½
g.
TI
13. What are the 2 dopamine systems?
14. Using the 2 dopamine systems, discuss why the typical anti-psychotics have more
motor side effects than the atypicals.
15. Know the following about antipsychotics:
a. Tolerance?
b. W/D ?
c. Subjective effects
d. Abuse potential
e. Effects on sexual activity - think about what kind of behavior problems
might obtain
16. Kinds of EPS
17. What are some other uses for the anti-psychotics.
18. Iatrogenic!
19. Teratogen
20. Be able to design an experiment that demonstrates whether or not a schedule of
reinforcement (or, perhaps, stimuli associated with it) has “aversive” properties
(and use aversive as functioning as a negative reinforcer).
Session#11
1. What is the relationship between a drug effect and the degree of stimulus control
over behavior? (i.e., is behavior more likely, or less likely, to be disrupted by a
drug if it is strongly controlled by a stimulus?)
2. Describe some pharmacological variables that might influence drug effects.
3. Describe some personal variables that might influence drug effects.
4. Give an example drug effects that depend on the type of antecedent stimuli that
are used.
5. Describe an example of behavioral tolerance.
6. Give an example of drug effects that depend on the response form being studied.
7. Give an example of a drug effect that depends on the consequence.
8. What is a rate dependent effect? Give an example.
9. Describe the procedure and results of the study by Hughes et al. Note the use of
rules in this study.
10. What are the 1st generation and 2nd generation anti-depressants?
11. Provide some characteristics of major depression.
12. What are some causes of depression?
13. What is mania? Bipolar?
14. What are drugs prescribed for mania, and for bipolar?
15. What is the monoamine theory of depression?
16. What is the SE view of depression?
17. What is the neurogenesis theory of depression? What is the apparent effect of
stress on the size of the hippocampus?
18. What are some factors that enhance neurogenesis? Interfere with neurogenesis?
19. Know in general how the MAOIs, TCAs, and SSRIs work.
20. Know, in general, the fate of the antidepressants.
21. The author discusses the reason why anti-depressants take 2 weeks to act, despite
the fact that the effect on the MA is immediate. What is the current explanation
that involve autoreceptors? What about the explanation that appeals to
neurogenesis?
22. With respect to the MAOIs, what is orthostatic hypotension? What is the deal
with tyrosine?
23. What is the serotonin syndrome?
24. What is the dangerous side effect of the TCAs?
25. Serendipity!
Final Objectives
1. Using the drug table, be able to profile the drug classes. Include 2 commonly
used drugs, effects, w/d syndrome, how the drugs work (i.e., what NTs are
affected), and interesting information from the last column (Treatment/Pertinent
information)
2. Be able to describe the following procedures:
a. Repeated acquisition
b. DMTS
c. FCN
d. Reaction time
e. Schedule controlled behavior
f. Test of analgesia
3. What are the 4 stages of pharmacokinetics? Use a drug class to explain this.
4. What are the 3 kinds of drug interactions? (super, additive, infra)
5. What is the difference between 1st order and 0 order kinetics?
6. What are the 4 basic facts about drugs?
7. Draw the route of administration graph that shows blood levels as a function of
route.
8. Draw a dose response curve.
9. What is TI, ED, and LD?
10. Explain how a neuron works. Use a diagram.
11. Examples of drugs that have the following effects:
a. US
b. SD
c. MO
d. Positive reinforcer
e. Negative reinforcer
f. Positive punisher
12. State dependent learning
13. Describe some of the pharmacological variables and personal characteristics that
can influence a drug effect.
14. Give an example of how a drug’s effect might depend on:
a. The kind of antecedent stimulus used
b. The response topography studied
c. The consequence maintaining the behavior under study
15. What are the 3 kinds of tolerance?
16. EPS – discuss some kinds
17. NT theories of depression and psychosis, and how drugs affect these conditions.
18. Neurogenic theory of depression
19. Matching law and predictions therefrom.
20. Explain some treatment options for drug abuse (recall also the use of antagonists
and antagonist/agonist options from the opiate section) that are linked to the
function of drug consumption.
21. Be able to design a chronic or acute study that investigates drug effects.
22. Peak efficacy and potency
23. 3 models of drug abuse and what treatment options follow from each. Include
some variables that explain drug use in the behavioral model.
24. What are at least 2 ways of assaying the reinforcing value of a drug?
25. Siegel’s theory of morphine tolerance. Be able to diagram it to explain tolerance.
26. 5 ways that drugs can affect neurotransmission
27. Endorphin theory of SIB and resulting treatment thereof.
28. 2 general kinds of seizures, and 1 example/description of each.
29. In addition to meds, describe another 3 treatments for seizures.
30. Describe the difference between a within-subject and between-subject study.
31. Interpret a standard chart with data plotted thereon.
32. What is rate dependent drug effects?
33. What is priming?
34. What are the Z drugs?
35. Know the following about steroids
a. What are anabolic steroids?
b. What are some immediate effects of using anabolic steroids?
c. What are the long-term health sequellae of using anabolic steroids?
d. What are corticoid steroids?
e. What are the sex hormones (male & female)?
f. Difference between androgenic and anabolic?
36. What is behavioral pharmacology?
37. Be able to design an applied study of a drug effect on some problem behavior, or
some appropriate behavior (attend to the 4 elements of a clinical drug
assessment).
38. Be able to draw a dose response curve with some hypothetical data.
39. Explain the following:
a. Agonist
b. Antagonist
c. Mixed agonist/antagonist