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Name:_______________________________________________________ Environmental Science- Chapter 2 Study guide: 2014-2015 Test Date: Friday, Oct 3, 2014 Vocabulary to Know: biodiversity endangered species adaptation keystone community competition habitat niche population species biotic abiotic Definitions to go with vocabulary: Abiotic non-living ; weather; temperature; climate; air pressure Biotic living- fungus; bacteria; plants Habitat the place where an organism lives Competition the relationship between species that attempt to use the same resource Endangered will likely become extinct Community a group of interacting populations Adaptation inherited trait increasing the chance of survival Species a group that is able to produce fertile offspring Biodiversity the number and diversity of species on Earth Niche an organism’s way of life Population a group of the same species Keystone species that are so important to the functioning of an ecosystem A. Short Answer: Be able to explain and provide examples of the four symbiotic relationships. Relationship Explanation Examples Commensalism one member benefits and the other is unaffected one benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host) barnacles/whales remora/shark or anything from your notes tick/deer human bot fly/human Predation one organism (predator) captures and feeds on another (prey) or anything from your notes lion/gazelle or anything from your notes Mutualism both species benefit Parasitism bee/flowers bodyguard ant/caterpillar or anything from your notes B. Please review the chart of Medicinal Benefits in YOUR NOTES! (this will be a matching section) Indian Snakeroot Reserpine-reduces high blood pressure Common Foxgrove Digitoxin-cardiac stimulant Yellow Cinchona Quinine-anti malaria Pineapple Bromelain-anti inflammatory Penicillium Fungi Penicillin-antibiotic Velvet Bean L dopa-Parkinson’s disease Pacific Yew Taxol anti-cancer agent Autumn Crocus Colchicine-anti cancer agent Ergot Ergonovine-controls migraines and bleeding Rosy Periwinkle Vinblastine anti-cancer agent MORE Short Answers to Review: C. Provide two examples of coevolution AND explain what/how each organism has evolved. In a co-evolutionary relationship, changes experienced by each individual group of organisms is in some manner shaped by or influenced by the other groups of organisms in that relationship. Exp. a single plant and a single insect, a fungus and an insect Wasp larva and the caterpillar (from the video clip) Ants and beetles in the jungle (from the video clip) Acacia tree and acacia ant (from the video clip) D. Contrast ( state the difference) Natural selection and evolution. Natural selection is the survival of the fittest within a generation which can lead to a change of genetic characteristics, Evolution. Natural selection explains advantages to survival within a generation. Evolution is a change(s) in genetic characteristics E. What are the 5 major points of the theory of evolution: 1) All organisms produce more offspring than can survive 2) The environment contains things that kill organisms 3) Individuals differ in their traits 4) Some inherited traits give individuals advantage 5) Individuals with advantages live longer, reproduce more and therefore each generation will have more of the advantages. F. Beluga Whales of the St. Lawrence Seaway AND the Bald Eagle Read over your notes and below briefly describe the following: ***Know the Key points (1) What happened to each animal and why (what caused the problem)? (2) What is or has been done to support them and WHY. Beluga Whale: Bald Eagle: Background Background 1. An alarming rate of cancer was identified in the Beluga Whales. Aluminum plants along the St. Lawrence Seaway are responsible for high levels of PCB’s, a known cancer causing toxin. You might wonder just how these toxins wind up in the belugas' tissues. The a nswer lies in their feeding habits: Toxins from the industrial plants settle in the river's sediment and belugas feed from the river's bed, dredging through sediment to scoop out the krill and mud-worms that form a large part of their diet. The belugas are exposed both during the digging and when they eat the contaminated animals. Some of these toxins are difficult to break down and end up accumulating in the belugas' blubber over the course of their lives. DDT, a pesticide, was widely used from about 1940 through 1972. The pesticide became a part of the food chain and increases as it makes its way to the Tertiary level. The Bald Eagle eggs were thinning and breaking before maturity as a result of the toxins, thus no baby eaglets were being born and the Bald Eagle nearly became extinct. 2.Scientific research through the autopsy program have helped to identify the cancer, causes, and on-going health of the whales. Today, the St. Lawrence beluga population is protected and clean -up efforts have helped to improve the ecosystem thus improving the health of the Beluga. Exposure to PCB’s (toxic chemical) was causing cancer in the whales. The autopsy program identified the cause Environmental laws were put in place and clean-up of the water way occurred. The Channel Island project worked to restore the Bald Eagle population. They took the eggs from the nest of the Bald Eagle and replaced them with fake eggs. They hatched the eggs in a laboratory and raised them using Bald eagle puppets. Once the eaglets are able to survive they then replace them back in the nest to grow in the wild. It took years for the ecosystem to improve to a point where the Bald Eagle eggs became viable in their natural habitat and several more years to be able see a growth in the Bald Eagle in the wild. Egg shell thinning- The eggs of the Bald Eagle were thinning and would break before they could develop and hatch. The cause –DDT –a pesticide that was widely used was the cause of the problems with the thinning of the bald eagle eggs, preventing them from developing and hatching . By 1980 there were almost no bald eagles left Thinking about pollutants and the relationship to the Beluga Whale and the Bald Eagle, when a pollutant begins at a producer the concentration increases by 10 X the amount at each trophic level (rule of 10) with each level on the food chain. If a pollutant begins with a concentration of 2 ppm (parts per million) at the producer level, what will the concentration of the pollutant be by the time it is in the tissues of the Bald Eagle or the Beluga Whale? Producer Primary Consumer 2 ppm 20 ppm Secondary Consumer Tertiary 200 ppm 2000 ppm G. If the sun PROVIDES 100, 000 calories of energy to our ecosystem, how much of that will be available for the TERTIARY CONSUMER? Tis means the energy is provided to the PRODUCER LEVEL Show your work REMEMBER THE RULE OF 10 (divide by 10 for energy) It states that energy, when passing from prey to predator, is only conserved at about 10%. for example, when deer eat the grass, only 10% of the energy that the grass received from the sun is passed onto the deer and so on Sun-------Producer----- Primary Consumer------Secondary Consumer------Tertiary Consumer--- Decomposer 100,000 10,000 1000 100 H. Do you know??? Most species known today are insects (what type). I. Richness and CDI (Community Dominance Index) Richness - refers to the total number of DIFFERENT species observed in a given area. Community Dominance Index- measures the proportion of the two most abundant species in a community. (highest number population + next highest number population) / by the total number of all populations in an area FOR EXAMPLE, if the total of all individuals of all birds in an area is 100 and the 2 highest populations are the population of starlings that is 45 and the population of house sparrows is 20. The Community Dominance Index (45 + 20 / 100)*100= for this ecosystem the CDI is 65%. 1. Calculate the Richness for each Ecosystem and the CDI. Ecosystem 1 Richness CDI 5 (# of Species) 85.9% 4800 + 1900/7800 Ecosystem 2 Richness CDI 6 (# of species) 64.7% 700 + 500/1855 2. Identify which ecosystem has the best CDI and explain how you know this. Ecosystem 2 has the best CDI because it is the lower percentage and it has the higher richness. This means ecosystem 2 has the higher biodiversity. Ecosystem 1 Ecosystem 2 • 4800 caribou • 300 wildebeest • 600 wolves • 200 lions • 1900 snow geese • 700 elephants • 200 arctic foxes • 500 giraffes • 300 deer • 75 hippos 7,800 total animals • 80 rhinos 1,855 total animals