Download Unit 2 Study Guide Key - Spring

Name:_______________________________________________________
Environmental Science- Chapter 2 Study guide: 2014-2015
Test Date: Friday, Oct 3, 2014
Vocabulary to Know:
biodiversity
endangered species
adaptation
keystone
community
competition
habitat
niche
population
species
biotic
abiotic
Definitions to go with vocabulary:
Abiotic
non-living ; weather; temperature; climate; air pressure
Biotic
living- fungus; bacteria; plants
Habitat
the place where an organism lives
Competition
the relationship between species that attempt to use the same resource
Endangered
will likely become extinct
Community
a group of interacting populations
Adaptation
inherited trait increasing the chance of survival
Species
a group that is able to produce fertile offspring
Biodiversity
the number and diversity of species on Earth
Niche
an organism’s way of life
Population
a group of the same species
Keystone
species that are so important to the functioning of an ecosystem
A. Short Answer: Be able to explain and provide examples of the four symbiotic relationships.
Relationship
Explanation
Examples
Commensalism one member benefits and the other is
unaffected
one benefits (parasite) and the other
is harmed (host)
barnacles/whales
remora/shark
or anything from your notes
tick/deer
human bot fly/human
Predation
one organism (predator) captures and
feeds on another (prey)
or anything from your notes
lion/gazelle
or anything from your notes
Mutualism
both species benefit
Parasitism
bee/flowers
bodyguard ant/caterpillar
or anything from your notes
B. Please review the chart of Medicinal Benefits in YOUR NOTES! (this will be a matching
section)
Indian Snakeroot
Reserpine-reduces high blood pressure
Common Foxgrove
Digitoxin-cardiac stimulant
Yellow Cinchona
Quinine-anti malaria
Pineapple
Bromelain-anti inflammatory
Penicillium Fungi
Penicillin-antibiotic
Velvet Bean
L dopa-Parkinson’s disease
Pacific Yew
Taxol
anti-cancer agent
Autumn Crocus
Colchicine-anti cancer agent
Ergot
Ergonovine-controls migraines and bleeding
Rosy Periwinkle
Vinblastine
anti-cancer agent
MORE Short Answers to Review:
C. Provide two examples of coevolution AND explain what/how each organism has evolved.
In a co-evolutionary relationship, changes experienced by each individual group of organisms is
in some manner shaped by or influenced by the other groups of organisms in that relationship.
Exp. a single plant and a single insect, a fungus and an insect
Wasp larva and the caterpillar (from the video clip)
Ants and beetles in the jungle (from the video clip)
Acacia tree and acacia ant (from the video clip)
D. Contrast ( state the difference) Natural selection and evolution.
Natural selection is the survival of the fittest within a generation which can lead to a change of
genetic characteristics, Evolution.
Natural selection explains advantages to survival within a generation. Evolution is a change(s) in
genetic characteristics
E. What are the 5 major points of the theory of evolution:
1) All organisms produce more offspring than can survive
2) The environment contains things that kill organisms
3) Individuals differ in their traits
4) Some inherited traits give individuals advantage
5) Individuals with advantages live longer, reproduce more and therefore each generation
will have more of the advantages.
F. Beluga Whales of the St. Lawrence Seaway AND the Bald Eagle
Read over your notes and below briefly describe the following: ***Know the Key points
(1) What happened to each animal and why (what caused the problem)?
(2) What is or has been done to support them and WHY.
Beluga Whale:
Bald Eagle:
Background
Background
1. An alarming rate of cancer was identified in the
Beluga Whales. Aluminum plants along the St.
Lawrence Seaway are responsible for high levels
of PCB’s, a known cancer causing toxin. You
might wonder just how these toxins wind
up in the belugas' tissues. The a nswer lies
in their feeding habits: Toxins from the
industrial plants settle in the river's
sediment and belugas feed from the river's
bed, dredging through sediment to scoop out the
krill and mud-worms that form a large part of
their diet. The belugas are exposed both
during the digging and when they eat the
contaminated animals. Some of these
toxins are difficult to break down and end
up accumulating in the belugas' blubber
over the course of their lives.
DDT, a pesticide, was widely used from about
1940 through 1972. The pesticide became a
part of the food chain and increases as it
makes its way to the Tertiary level. The Bald
Eagle eggs were thinning and breaking before
maturity as a result of the toxins, thus no baby
eaglets were being born and the Bald Eagle
nearly became extinct.
2.Scientific research through the autopsy
program have helped to identify the
cancer, causes, and on-going health of the
whales. Today, the St. Lawrence beluga
population is protected and clean -up
efforts have helped to improve the
ecosystem thus improving the health of
the Beluga.
Exposure to PCB’s (toxic chemical) was causing
cancer in the whales.
The autopsy program identified the cause
Environmental laws were put in place and clean-up
of the water way occurred.
The Channel Island project worked to restore
the Bald Eagle population. They took the eggs
from the nest of the Bald Eagle and replaced
them with fake eggs. They hatched the eggs in
a laboratory and raised them using Bald eagle
puppets. Once the eaglets are able to survive
they then replace them back in the nest to
grow in the wild. It took years for the
ecosystem to improve to a point where the
Bald Eagle eggs became viable in their natural
habitat and several more years to be able see a
growth in the Bald Eagle in the wild.
Egg shell thinning- The eggs of the Bald
Eagle were thinning and would break
before they could develop and hatch.
The cause –DDT –a pesticide that was
widely used was the cause of the
problems with the thinning of the bald
eagle eggs, preventing them from
developing and hatching .
By 1980 there were almost no bald
eagles left
Thinking about pollutants and the relationship to the Beluga Whale and the Bald Eagle,
when a pollutant begins at a producer the concentration increases by 10 X the amount at
each trophic level (rule of 10) with each level on the food chain.
If a pollutant begins with a concentration of 2 ppm (parts per million) at the producer level,
what will the concentration of the pollutant be by the time it is in the tissues of the Bald
Eagle or the Beluga Whale?
Producer
Primary Consumer
2 ppm
20 ppm
Secondary Consumer
Tertiary
200 ppm
2000 ppm
G. If the sun PROVIDES 100, 000 calories of energy to our ecosystem, how much of that will
be available for the TERTIARY CONSUMER? Tis means the energy is provided to the
PRODUCER LEVEL Show your work
REMEMBER THE RULE OF 10 (divide by 10 for energy)
It states that energy, when passing from prey to predator, is only conserved at about 10%. for example,
when deer eat the grass, only 10% of the energy that the grass received from the sun is passed onto the
deer and so on
Sun-------Producer----- Primary Consumer------Secondary Consumer------Tertiary Consumer--- Decomposer
100,000
10,000
1000
100
H. Do you know???
Most species known today are insects (what type).
I.
Richness and CDI (Community Dominance Index)
Richness - refers to the total number of DIFFERENT species observed in a given area.
Community Dominance Index- measures the proportion of the two most abundant species in
a community. (highest number population + next highest number population) / by the total
number of all populations in an area
FOR EXAMPLE, if the total of all individuals of all birds in an area is 100 and the 2 highest populations
are the population of starlings that is 45 and the population of house sparrows is 20. The Community
Dominance Index (45 + 20 / 100)*100= for this ecosystem the CDI is 65%.
1. Calculate the Richness for each Ecosystem and the CDI.
Ecosystem 1
Richness
CDI
5 (# of Species)
85.9%
4800 + 1900/7800
Ecosystem 2
Richness
CDI
6 (# of species)
64.7%
700 + 500/1855
2. Identify which ecosystem has the best CDI and explain how you know this.
Ecosystem 2 has the best CDI because it is the lower percentage and it has the higher
richness. This means ecosystem 2 has the higher biodiversity.
Ecosystem 1
Ecosystem 2
•
4800 caribou
•
300 wildebeest
•
600 wolves
•
200 lions
•
1900 snow geese
•
700 elephants
•
200 arctic foxes
•
500 giraffes
•
300 deer
•
75 hippos
7,800 total animals
•
80 rhinos
1,855 total animals