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BIO 211 – Human Anatomy
Study Guide
Topic: Digestive System
Lectures 29, 30 & 31
Objectives:
1. To learn the major divisions and regions of the digestive system and their functions.
2. To learn the basic structure and function of the stomach.
3. To learn the anatomy and functions of the small intestine and large intestine.
4. To learn the anatomy and functions of the liver and pancreas.
Readings:
Chapter 26: Sections 26.1 General Structure and Functions of the Digestive System, 26.2
Oral Cavity except for 26.2d Teeth, 26.3 Pharynx, 26.5 Esophagus, 26.7 Stomach, 26.8
Small Intestine, 26.9 Large Intestine, 26.10 Accessory Digestive Organs
Diagrams You Must Be Able to Label (Chapter 26):
Fig. 26.12a
Terms to Know:
Basic Divisions of the Digestive System
1. Digestive tract (also known as the alimentary canal, gastrointestinal (GI) tract or
alimentary tract)
2. Accessory organs (liver, gall bladder, pancreas and salivary glands)
Regions of the Digestive System
Mouth (oral cavity)
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
Functions of the Digestive System
Ingestion
Mastication
Propulsion
a. Peristalsis
b. Mass movements
Segmentation
Secretion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 29-31
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Basic Components of the Mouth or Oral Cavity
Labia (lips) – largely orbicularis oris muscle
Cheeks – largely buccinator muscle
Palate
a. Hard palate – palatine and maxilla
b. Soft palate – skeletal muscles and nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
Palatine tonsils – location in oral cavity
Tongue – skeletal muscles
Uvula
Salivary Glands
Saliva – know its functions
Three pairs of salivary glands
1. Parotid
2. Submandibular
3. Sublingual
Pharynx
Know the three basic regions
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Esophageal hiatus – hiatal hernia
Sphinctors – superior esophageal and inferior esophageal
Anatomy and Histology of the Stomach
Cardiac orifice
Pyloric orifice
Parts of the stomach
a. Cardia
b. Fundus
c. Body
d. Pylorus
3 muscle layers in wall of stomach - longitudinal, circular and oblique
Rugae or gastric folds (form and function during digestion)
Gastric pits
Gastric glands
a. Mucous cells
b. Parietal cells
c. Chief cells
Hydrochloric acid
Pepsinogen (pepsin)
BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 29-31
Anatomy and Histology of the Small Intestine
Divisions:
a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum
Circular folds
Villi
Microvilli
Lacteal
Anatomy of the Liver
4 Lobes (you are not responsible for names of lobes)
Ducts:
a. Cystic
b. Common hepatic
c. Common bile
Bile
Gallbladder
Gallstones
Detoxification
Phagocytosis
Anatomy of the Pancreas
Pancreatic duct
Insulin
Pancreatic juice
Anatomy of the Large Intestine
Ileocecal valve
Cecum
Vermiform appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal
Internal anal sphinctor
External anal sphinctor
Mass movements
Defecation reflex
Defecation
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BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 29-31
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Study Questions:
1. Chewing food is an example of
a) absorption
b) mechanical digestion
c) secretion
d) chemical digestion
e) ingestion
2. The first stages of digestion take place in the
a) esophagus
b) oral cavity
c) stomach
d) small intestine
e) pharynx
3. The movement of food through the small intestine by waves of contraction and
relaxation of the tract wall is
a) ingestion
b) mass movements
c) mixing
d) peristalsis
4. Select the statement that is correct. Saliva
a) is produced by glands in the pharynx
b) does not prevent bacterial infection of the mouth
c) lubricates food and contains an enzyme to digest starch
d) initiates mixing of food in the mouth by stimulating the buccinator muscle
e) can cause erosion of enamel of the teeth
5. The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in
a) speech and swallowing
b) mastication and speech
c) mastication and swallowing
d) mastication and sense of taste
e) mass movements and peristalsis
6. Which of the following passageways would normally transmit only air?
a) oropharynx
b) nasopharynx
c) mouth cavity
d) laryngopharynx
e) esophagus
7. Accessory organs of the oral cavity include the _____________________________.
8. The superior opening of the stomach is called the
_____________________________________________________.
BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 29-31
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9. The ______________________________ muscle layer is found in the wall of the
stomach, but not the wall of the intestine.
10. Match the following:
Finger-like extensions of cell membrane of
the epithelium lining the inner wall of
intestine ___________
Coiled tube attached to the cecum
_________
Produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach
______________
Storage site for bile ________
Finger-like projections of the inner wall of
the small intestine that increase surface area
____________
First region of the small intestine
__________
Responsible for churning, storage and
chemical digestion with the enzyme pepsin
____________
Secrete pepsinogen ______________
Forms semisolid waste material that is
moved along by mass movements
____________
Large folds in the stomach wall __________
Releases several types of digestive enzymes
into duodenum _______________
Permanent ridges in the wall of the small
intestine that enhance absorption by
increasing surface area and slowing down
passage of food _____________
Produces and secretes bile ____________
Specialized lymphatic vessel in the wall of
the small intestine that absorbs and carries
digested fat ______________
A non-enzymatic, fat-emulsifying agent
______________
A) stomach
B) duodenum
C) lacteal
D) colon
E) liver
F) pancreas
G) gall bladder
H) appendix
I) bile
J) parietal cells
K) chief cells
L) rugae
M) villi
N) circular folds
O) microvilli
11. Before the blood carrying the products of digestion reaches the heart, it first must
pass through capillary blood vessels in the
a) spleen
b) lungs
c) liver
d) pancreas
e) stomach
BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 29-31
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12. Which of the following is not true of the large intestine?
a) it is divided into ascending, transverse and descending portions
b) it contains abundant bacteria, some of which synthesize vitamins
c) it is the main site for absorption
d) it absorbs much of the water and salts that remain in the wastes.
e) waste products move through the large intestine through mass movements.
13. Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
a) processing of nutrients to regulate relative amounts of carbohydrates, fats and
proteins
b) producing enzymes that digest proteins
c) breaking down old red blood cells
d) detoxifying certain poisons
e) producing bile
14. Which of the following is not paired correctly?
a) esophagus & peristalsis
b) mouth & mastication
c) large intestine & mass movement
d) small intestine & peristalsis
e) stomach & emulsification
15. Place the following in the correct order as food passes through the small and large
intestines:
A) descending colon, B) sigmoid colon, C) rectum, D) cecum, E) transverse
colon, F) ascending colon
a) E, A, F, B, D, C
b) D, F, E, A, B, C
c) F, E, A, B, D, C
d) D, B, A, E, F, C
e) B, A, E, F, C, D
16. Which of the following cells secrete digestive enzymes?
a) mucous cells
b) goblet cells
c) parietal cells
d) chief cells
e) absorptive cells
17. Protection from stomach acid and digestive enzymes is provided for the inner wall
of the small intestine by _____________________________________.