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BIO 211 – Human Anatomy Study Guide Topic: Digestive System Lectures 29, 30 & 31 Objectives: 1. To learn the major divisions and regions of the digestive system and their functions. 2. To learn the basic structure and function of the stomach. 3. To learn the anatomy and functions of the small intestine and large intestine. 4. To learn the anatomy and functions of the liver and pancreas. Readings: Chapter 26: Sections 26.1 General Structure and Functions of the Digestive System, 26.2 Oral Cavity except for 26.2d Teeth, 26.3 Pharynx, 26.5 Esophagus, 26.7 Stomach, 26.8 Small Intestine, 26.9 Large Intestine, 26.10 Accessory Digestive Organs Diagrams You Must Be Able to Label (Chapter 26): Fig. 26.12a Terms to Know: Basic Divisions of the Digestive System 1. Digestive tract (also known as the alimentary canal, gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary tract) 2. Accessory organs (liver, gall bladder, pancreas and salivary glands) Regions of the Digestive System Mouth (oral cavity) Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus Functions of the Digestive System Ingestion Mastication Propulsion a. Peristalsis b. Mass movements Segmentation Secretion Digestion Absorption Elimination BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 29-31 page 2 of 6 Basic Components of the Mouth or Oral Cavity Labia (lips) – largely orbicularis oris muscle Cheeks – largely buccinator muscle Palate a. Hard palate – palatine and maxilla b. Soft palate – skeletal muscles and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Palatine tonsils – location in oral cavity Tongue – skeletal muscles Uvula Salivary Glands Saliva – know its functions Three pairs of salivary glands 1. Parotid 2. Submandibular 3. Sublingual Pharynx Know the three basic regions 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx Esophagus Esophageal hiatus – hiatal hernia Sphinctors – superior esophageal and inferior esophageal Anatomy and Histology of the Stomach Cardiac orifice Pyloric orifice Parts of the stomach a. Cardia b. Fundus c. Body d. Pylorus 3 muscle layers in wall of stomach - longitudinal, circular and oblique Rugae or gastric folds (form and function during digestion) Gastric pits Gastric glands a. Mucous cells b. Parietal cells c. Chief cells Hydrochloric acid Pepsinogen (pepsin) BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 29-31 Anatomy and Histology of the Small Intestine Divisions: a. Duodenum b. Jejunum c. Ileum Circular folds Villi Microvilli Lacteal Anatomy of the Liver 4 Lobes (you are not responsible for names of lobes) Ducts: a. Cystic b. Common hepatic c. Common bile Bile Gallbladder Gallstones Detoxification Phagocytosis Anatomy of the Pancreas Pancreatic duct Insulin Pancreatic juice Anatomy of the Large Intestine Ileocecal valve Cecum Vermiform appendix Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal Internal anal sphinctor External anal sphinctor Mass movements Defecation reflex Defecation page 3 of 6 BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 29-31 page 4 of 6 Study Questions: 1. Chewing food is an example of a) absorption b) mechanical digestion c) secretion d) chemical digestion e) ingestion 2. The first stages of digestion take place in the a) esophagus b) oral cavity c) stomach d) small intestine e) pharynx 3. The movement of food through the small intestine by waves of contraction and relaxation of the tract wall is a) ingestion b) mass movements c) mixing d) peristalsis 4. Select the statement that is correct. Saliva a) is produced by glands in the pharynx b) does not prevent bacterial infection of the mouth c) lubricates food and contains an enzyme to digest starch d) initiates mixing of food in the mouth by stimulating the buccinator muscle e) can cause erosion of enamel of the teeth 5. The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in a) speech and swallowing b) mastication and speech c) mastication and swallowing d) mastication and sense of taste e) mass movements and peristalsis 6. Which of the following passageways would normally transmit only air? a) oropharynx b) nasopharynx c) mouth cavity d) laryngopharynx e) esophagus 7. Accessory organs of the oral cavity include the _____________________________. 8. The superior opening of the stomach is called the _____________________________________________________. BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 29-31 page 5 of 6 9. The ______________________________ muscle layer is found in the wall of the stomach, but not the wall of the intestine. 10. Match the following: Finger-like extensions of cell membrane of the epithelium lining the inner wall of intestine ___________ Coiled tube attached to the cecum _________ Produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach ______________ Storage site for bile ________ Finger-like projections of the inner wall of the small intestine that increase surface area ____________ First region of the small intestine __________ Responsible for churning, storage and chemical digestion with the enzyme pepsin ____________ Secrete pepsinogen ______________ Forms semisolid waste material that is moved along by mass movements ____________ Large folds in the stomach wall __________ Releases several types of digestive enzymes into duodenum _______________ Permanent ridges in the wall of the small intestine that enhance absorption by increasing surface area and slowing down passage of food _____________ Produces and secretes bile ____________ Specialized lymphatic vessel in the wall of the small intestine that absorbs and carries digested fat ______________ A non-enzymatic, fat-emulsifying agent ______________ A) stomach B) duodenum C) lacteal D) colon E) liver F) pancreas G) gall bladder H) appendix I) bile J) parietal cells K) chief cells L) rugae M) villi N) circular folds O) microvilli 11. Before the blood carrying the products of digestion reaches the heart, it first must pass through capillary blood vessels in the a) spleen b) lungs c) liver d) pancreas e) stomach BIO211 Study Guide for Lectures 29-31 page 6 of 6 12. Which of the following is not true of the large intestine? a) it is divided into ascending, transverse and descending portions b) it contains abundant bacteria, some of which synthesize vitamins c) it is the main site for absorption d) it absorbs much of the water and salts that remain in the wastes. e) waste products move through the large intestine through mass movements. 13. Which of the following is not a function of the liver? a) processing of nutrients to regulate relative amounts of carbohydrates, fats and proteins b) producing enzymes that digest proteins c) breaking down old red blood cells d) detoxifying certain poisons e) producing bile 14. Which of the following is not paired correctly? a) esophagus & peristalsis b) mouth & mastication c) large intestine & mass movement d) small intestine & peristalsis e) stomach & emulsification 15. Place the following in the correct order as food passes through the small and large intestines: A) descending colon, B) sigmoid colon, C) rectum, D) cecum, E) transverse colon, F) ascending colon a) E, A, F, B, D, C b) D, F, E, A, B, C c) F, E, A, B, D, C d) D, B, A, E, F, C e) B, A, E, F, C, D 16. Which of the following cells secrete digestive enzymes? a) mucous cells b) goblet cells c) parietal cells d) chief cells e) absorptive cells 17. Protection from stomach acid and digestive enzymes is provided for the inner wall of the small intestine by _____________________________________.