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What is Sociology ? Scientific study of society and human behavior (Henslin, 2007) Systematic, scientific study of human society (Thio, 2000; Macionis, 2003) Scientific study of human and social behavior (Robertson, 1989) The process of scientific inquiry into social attitudes and behaviors and the cultural products of those attitudes and behaviors (Lamberton, 1998) The scientific study of human society; the study of social behavior and the interaction of people in groups (Landis, 1980) Science Requires the development of theories that can be tested by systematic research A body of knowledge obtained by logical, systematic methods of research which allows researchers to form generalizations Nothing less than a special form of consciousness (Berger, 1963) Places isolated, seemingly meaningless events into patterns we understand Branches of Science Social Sciences Sociology Natural Science Economics Psychology Social Science Political Science Anthropology Subfields of Sociology Why Study Sociology? Social Psychology Cultural Anthropology Sociobiology Community Medicine 1 Perspective A variety of points of view of any given subject. Sociological Perspective and Sociological Imagination Global Perspective The study of the larger world and our society’s place in it. Sociological Perspective Learning to look at society in different ways Helps us see general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals C. Wright Mills Sociological Imagination Allows us to see the strange in the familiar. Encourages us to realize that society guides our thoughts and deeds From our limited experiences … Judge the greater society Place blinders on our views Develop our prejudices Develop our discriminations Develop our concepts of right and wrong 2 Sociological Imagination allows us to think “globally” Where we live makes a great difference in shaping our lives Societies are increasingly interconnected Many US problems are more serious elsewhere The Development of Sociology Social/Political Factors of the Industrial Revolution Rise of factory-based economy Emergence of great cities European political and social changes Flood of Anthropological Data Influences from Natural Sciences Good way to learn about ourselves Auguste Comte 1798-1857 The Father of Sociology French philosopher who coined the term “Sociology” Favored “positivism” Concerned with Statics and Dynamics Karl Marx 1818-1883 An economist, concerned with Social Change through Social Conflict and revolution Developed theories of Class Conflict Herbert Spencer 1820-1903 Like Comte, concerned with Social Order and Social Change Developed “Organism” theory Applied Darwin’s Theories of Evolution to societies Emile Durkheim 1858-1917 French Sociologist, concerned with Social Order and Social Integration Pioneered sociological research with his study of suicide 3 DURKHEIM’S STUDY OF SUICIDE Seeing the General in the Particular MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT MALE PROTESTANTS WHO WERE WEALTHY AND UNMARRIED HAD HIGHER SUICIDE RATES PROTESTANTISM AND INDIVDUALISM LESS LIKELY TO COMMIT MALE JEWS AND CATHOLICS WHO WERE POOR AND MARRIED BEING CATHOLIC AND GROUP-ORIENTATION ONE OF THE BASIC FINDINGS: WHY? THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE GROUPS HAD TO DO WITH “SOCIAL INTEGRATION” RATE OF DEATH BY SUICIDE 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 20.2 10.9 6.2 12.4 African Americans Whites By Race and Sex Males THOSE WITH STRONG SOCIAL TIES HAD LESS OF A CHANCE OF COMMITING SUICIDE 4.9 1.9 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Both Sexes Females U.S. Bureau of the Census Max Weber Harriet Martineau 1864-1920 German Sociologist who emphasized under- standing the social world from the viewpoint of the individuals Claimed that religion is a central force in social change, particularly in the advancement of capitalism in Protestant and Catholic countries. Stressed Value Freedom Jane Addams 1860-1935 Key founder of American sociology Developed study strategies to solve social problems Founded the Hull House Instrumental in the formation of several government programs 1802-1876 First woman sociologist Translated Comte’s work from French to English Studied British and American societies Charles Horton Cooley 1864-1929 Primary Theorist SymbolicInteraction “Looking-Glass self” There are three main components of the looking-glass We imagine how we must appear to others. We imagine the judgment of that appearance. We develop our self through the judgments of others. 4 W.E.B. Du Bois Robert Merton 1868-1963 1910-2003 First African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard Coined the phrases “self-fulfilling prophecy”, “role model” and unintended consequences” Created the NAACP Concerned with racial equality Created a theory of Deviance and applied it to the American dream. Advocated the use of force to gain equality The Work of Sociologists Theory Advertising Health Care Banking Public Relations A general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; and explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another Criminal Justice Research A statement of how and why facts are related Education Clinical Sociologists Correctly predicts future events Government Makes the facts of social life comprehensible and understandable 5 Paradigm Theoretical Paradigm A conceptual model that serves as a cognitive map to organize experience so that it has meaning and is comprehensible to the observer. Analysis of Orientation A basic image of society that guides thinking and research A model of society, or an orienting strategy guiding views of and questions about society Major Sociological Theoretical Perspectives Functional Analysis Macro Level Conflict Theory Symbolic-Interactionism Feminist perspective Micro Level Functional Analysis A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as a whole unit, composed of interrelated parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society’s equilibrium Functional Analysis Focuses on Social Structure and Social Function Is macro-level orientation Argues that Social Order is based on Social Consensus Originated from the work of Spencer and Durkheim Also known as functionalism and structural functionalism 6 Social Consensus Condition in which most members of society agree on what is a “good” and cooperate to achieve it. Types of Function Social consensus is based upon: Manifest Function Latent Function Mechanical solidarity Dysfunction Organic solidarity Critical Evaluations of Functional Analysis Conflict Theory Tends to be conservative Tends to dismiss change A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as being composed of groups competing for scarce resources. Overlooks the negative Conflict Theory Conflict Focuses on Social Tension and Social Change Is macro level orientation Binds groups together as they pursue their own interests Argues that Social Order is maintained by direct or indirect exercise of power Focuses attention on social problems Originated from the work of Karl Marx Leads to beneficial changes that might have otherwise not have occurred 7 Critical Evaluation of the SocialConflict Paradigm Symbolic-Interactionism Fails to come to grips with orderly, stable, and less controversial aspects of society A theoretical perspective that focuses on how people use symbols to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another. Overemphasizes the negative Interactionism Focuses on details of everyday life and interaction between people, and on how meaning is assigned to human interaction Is micro level orientation Argues that society responds through symbolic interaction Symbolic Interaction The interaction that takes place between people through symbols. Originated from the studies of Max Weber and George Herbert Mead Critical Evaluation of SymbolicInteractionist Paradigm Neglects the larger social institutions and social processes Neglects powerful issues of stability and change Feminist Perspective Focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men. Closely tied to Feminism points out inequities between women and men. Awareness of the importance of women in the development of sociology. 8 Critical evaluations of Feminist perspective. Ignores how shared values and interdependence can unify members of a society Politically cannot claim scientific objectivity conflict paint society in broad strokes 9