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History of Life on Earth Chapter 25 Overview • • • • • • First Cells Major Life events Fossil Record Geologic Time scale Mass extinctions Continental Drift What was Early Earth like? What do we really know about the first living organism?? Can we take Darwin’s theory all the way back to the Origin of Life? What were the major milestones in the Evolution of Life? How long ago was that ? Getting used to the geologic time scale… • We use – Millions of years (MYA) and – Billions (BYA) of years ago. • One Million Years: If we give 10,000 years for all of recorded human history – One million years equals 100 times all human history. – Enough time for 30,000 generations Evolutionary Clock • Eras not to scale • “Our” world, with plants and animals on land is not very old • Protists and Bacteria / Archae have been around longer and are more diverse. Fig 25-UN11 Origin of solar system and Earth 4 1 Proterozoic 2 Archaean 3 Geologic Time Scale Table 25.1 Know : • Eons – Phanerozoic – Proterozoic – Archaean • 4 eras – Their dates – Major Animal and Plant groups – “Precambrian” Era • Periods: – Permian – Cretaceous (K) – Tertiary (T) The three Eras and the new groups that begin to dominate on land • Cenozoic – 65.5 MYA – Mammals, birds flowering plants • Mesozoic – 251 MYA – Reptiles, conifers • Paleozoic – 542 MYA – Amphibians, insects, moss, ferns • Precambrian (2 eons) – 4.6 BYA – Origin of animal phyla – Protists, bacteria The three Eons and the new groups that begin to dominate on land Eons: • Phanerozoic – Present to 542 MYA “Precambrian”: • Proterozoic - 542- 2,500 MYA – Origins of Eukaryotes • Archaean – 2,500- 4,500 MYA – bacteria, and oxygen atmosphere Four Eras • Eras do not have same amount of time • Pace of evolution quickens with each major branch or era . • Recent organisms generally are more complex – older ones simpler. • Why ? Key Events in the History of Life on Earth • • • • 4.6 BYA Formation of Earth Origins of Biomolecules Formation of Polymers Origin of Protobionts; Self replicating RNA-DNA; Metabolism; Evolution • 3.5 BYA Formation of first cell – prokaryotes Key Events in the History of Life on Earth • 2.7 BYA Origin of Oxygen generating photosynthesis • 1.5 BYA Origin of Eukaryote cells • 1.2 BYA – 565 MYA Multicellularity • 535 MYA Cambrian Explosion • 500 MYA Colonization of land Fig 25-UN8 1.2 bya: First multicellular eukaryotes 2.1 bya: First eukaryotes (single-celled) 535–525 mya: Cambrian explosion (great increase in diversity of animal forms) 3.5 billion years ago (bya): First prokaryotes (single-celled) Millions of years ago (mya) 500 mya: Colonization of land by fungi, plants and animals Fig. 25-4 Present Rhomaleosaurus victor, a plesiosaur Dimetrodon Casts of ammonites Hallucigenia Coccosteus cuspidatus Dickinsonia costata Stromatolites Tappania, a unicellular eukaryote Fossilized stromatolite Early Paleozoic era (Cambrian period) 542 Late Proterozoic eon Sponges 500 Arthropods Molluscs Annelids Brachiopods Chordates Echinoderms Cnidarians Millions of years ago Fig. 25-10 How did Life come into being ? Spontaneous generation ? • Life from non-living matter. – Mice from wet hay makes mice • Refute for animals, and plants in 1600’s. • Still thought to be the case for microbes, until Pasteur. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) • Disproved spontaneous generation • Showed that biogenesis alone accounted for new cells • Invented Pasteurization Biogenesis • Life (whole organisms) comes from reproduction of other preexisting life. • Later, the cell theory will be similar – all cells come from preexisting cells. What about the first Cell? • Scientists think, first cell-like structures came from non living matter. • What would be needed to make a cell from scratch ? Origin of life • Need to have biomolecules: – Complex Carbohydrates – Proteins – Lipids – Nucleic acids • To make membranes,enzymes, DNA and all the other cellular components. Where did biomolecules come from? • Today only living organisms make biomolecules “Arm Chair” science • Still mostly untested hypotheses, and conjecture. • Trying to test hypotheses by making artificial cells in labs. Conditions on Earth 4 BYA Oparin – Haldane 1920’s chemists • • • • • • • No free Oxygen – No Ozone layer More uv radiation Reducing (electron rich) atmosphere More lightning Meteorite bombardment More volcanic activity H20, Methane (CH4), Ammonia (NH3) Energy rich early earth Urey & Miller - 1953 • Used Oparin / Haldane ideas of earth earth conditions • Made an apparatus to mimic early earth conditions • Let run and tested fluid for compounds • Found simple sugars, amino acids, and other organic compounds. Stanley Miller Significance: Abiotic synthesis of macromolecules Ribozymes • RNA self replication before enzymes? • RNA before DNA Hypothetical Protobionts Not “facts” but working hypotheses • Lab experiments can only show what could have happened • Other thoughts: – Deep sea vents – constant environment, chemical energy – Panspermia or microbes from meteorites • Most like our understanding will change greatly in future. Universal Common Ancestor • Hypothetical • Would be cell from which all modern life has descended • Have things that ALL living organisms share: – Phospholipid bilayer cell membrane – Use DNA/ RNA for genes, and make proteins from the genetic code – Glycolysis, ATP in their metabolism Fossil Record • Fossil any preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past • Most form in sedimentary rock, from organisms buried in deposits of sand and silt. Compressed by other layers. • Also includes impressions in mud • Most organic matter replaced with minerals by Petrification • Some fossils may retain organic matter • Encased in ice, amber, peat, or dehydrated • Pollen Fossil Formation – Radiometric “absolute” dating Dating Fossils • “Absolute” Radiometric dating: decay and half-life of natural isotopes. • Index dating – comparing index fossils in strata Brachiopod index fossils Many changes in geologic history due to Plate tectonics Layers of the Earth 35 km (21 mi.) avg., 1,200˚C Crust 100 km (60 mi.) 200 km (120 mi.) Crust Low-velocity zone Mantle Lithosphere Solid 10 to 65km 2,900km 100 km (1,800 mi.) 3,700˚C Outer core (liquid) Core 200 km 5,200 km (3,100 mi.), 4,300˚C Inner core (solid) Asthenosphere (depth unknown) Plate tectonics • The study of the movement of earth structures in the crust. • Internal forces from the core create heat that keeps asthenosphere molten. – Convection cells – Mantle Plumes Convection Cell in Mantle Earth’s Layers - Crust • Oceanic Crust – only 3 miles thick • Continental Crust – up to 12-40 miles thick • Oceans change shape much more than continents. • These land movements we call Plate Tectonics, and cause earthquakes. Plate tectonicsDivergent Areas Lithosphere Asthenosphere Oceanic ridge at a divergent plate boundary • Plates spread apart in Divergent (constructive) making new crust Fig. 10.6a Slide Convergent zones • Plates move together and collide. • An Oceanic Plate sinks under Continental in a Subduction zone. – Causes Earthquakes, volcanoes • When Continental plates collide neither subducts, both deform, mountains Trench Volcanic island arc Convergent plates Rising magma Subduction zone Lithosphere Asthenosphere Trench and volcanic island arc at a convergent plate boundary Fig. 10.6b, p. 215 Slide 8 Fig. 25-12 North American Plate Crust Juan de Fuca Plate Eurasian Plate Caribbean Plate Philippine Plate Arabian Plate Mantle Pacific Plate Outer core Inner core (a) Cutaway view of Earth Indian Plate Cocos Plate Nazca Plate South American Plate African Plate Scotia Plate (b) Major continental plates Antarctic Plate Australian Plate Fig. 25-12b North American Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Eurasian Plate Caribbean Plate Philippine Plate Arabian Plate Indian Plate Cocos Plate Pacific Plate Nazca Plate South American Plate Scotia Plate (b) Major continental plates African Plate Antarctic Plate Australian Plate Fig. 25-13 Cenozoic Present Eurasia Africa 65.5 South America India Madagascar 251 Mesozoic 135 Paleozoic Millions of years ago Antarctica • 10 MYA India (previously an island) hits Asia • 50 MYA. Australia becomes completely isolated • 65.5 MYA NA and Europe still touched • 135 MYA Pangea broke up into Laurasia and Gondwanaland • 251 MYA Pangea all land masses touched Mass extinctions • Mark borders of Eras: – 251 Permian (Paleo-Mesozoic) – 65.5 Cretaceous (K/T boundary; MesoCenozoic) • Caused by a major change that affects many species at once. Fig. 25-14 800 700 15 600 500 10 400 300 5 200 100 0 Era Period 542 E O Paleozoic S D 488 444 416 359 C Tr P 299 251 Mesozoic C J 200 145 Time (millions of years ago) Cenozoic P 65.5 N 0 0 Number of families: Total extinction rate (families per million years): 20 Predator genera (percentage of marine genera) Fig. 25-16 50 40 30 20 10 0 Paleozoic Mesozoic Era D C P C E O S J Tr Period 359 488 444 416 542 299 251 200 145 Time (millions of years ago) Cenozoic P 65.5 N 0 Permian Mass Extinction • • • • 90% marine & 80% insect species gone 251 MYA Took place in about 5 MY 2 Possible causes: – Pangaea forming – Extreme volcanism- Global warming, climate change. • Drop in sea level, loss of shoreline & intertidal, • More severe continental weather • Isolated species come together and compete, causing extinctions • Paleozoic to Mesozoic boundary Cretaceous extinctions • 65.5 MYA • Wiped out 50 % marine species, on land many families of plants and the Dinosaurs. • Mesozoic to Cenozoic boundary. • Climate cooled and shallow seas retreated. • Mammals and angiosperms around earlier, but survived and radiated out to dominant now empty niches • Many diverse lineages from algae to dinosaurs disappeared at once. Fig. 25-15 NORTH AMERICA Yucatán Peninsula Chicxulub crater Alvarez-Impact theory Chicxulub Crater- sonar image Impact hypothesis • Anomalous Iridium layer marks boundary layer – element common in meteorites • Chicxulub Crater • Explains large water scarring in NA. • Global winter lasting years, collapsed food chains. Ignite tremendous wildfires, acid rain. • Some lineages were dying out before impact. • Probably a final and sudden blow coming at a time of change, with continental drift, climate change. Conditions that favor fossilization: • Having Hard parts – shells, bones,cysts • Get buried, trapped – Marine species – Marsh, flooding areas • • • • Abundant species (with many individuals) Long lived species (as a species) Avoid eroding away Get discovered Limitations of Fossils record • Has to die in right place under the right conditions. Most things don’t get into the fossil record • Biased: Highly favors hard parts, abundant, long lived species organisms. • Lots of missing organisms • Hard to find, only certain areas highly researched (NA. Europe) Earth’s history as a clock Major events • • • • • Origin of prokaryote cell Formation oxygen atmosphere Origin of eukaryote cell Multi-Origins of multicellularity Cambrian explosion of animal phyla What we do know: • Earth is old, about 4.6 BYA • Oldest fossils appear to be filamentous bacteria at about 3.5 BYA. – Formed layers like today’s stromatolites • Bacteria predated eukaryotes Early Prokaryote Fossils Figure 26.4 Endosymbiosis Fig. 26.13 Endosymbiosis Theory • Descendant of Archae develops eukaryote type membrane system and nucleus • Eukaryote cell engulfs bacteria that survive in the cell and develop into plastids and mitochondria • We’ll review evidence later in eukaryote chapter. • 2.1 BYA Endosymbiosis – membrane layers Coral • Living example of endosymbiotic relationships Earliest Multicellular organisms • 1.5 MYA Cambrian Explosion • Most animal appear at same time phyla in 20 MY • Long fusebegan earlier Systematics • Taxonomy is naming, & organizing organisms, both living and dead, into groups. • Systematics, use evolutionary relationships as the classification hierarchies. Systematics debates: • Biggest debates, and changes will be at higher levels of classification. • Shows scientists interest levels. – Most lower level groups figured out. – Question the origins of these groups – Rely heavily on comparative gene sequences. Debates in Evolution • Most lay people think the big debate is around the origins of humans from apes. • Most scientists see this area as pretty clear, with details to be worked out by specialists. • Origins of Domains, Kingdoms the big questions in evolutionary science today. Five Kingdoms A Changing View of Diversity Prokaryote Diversity Eukaryote Diversity Fig. 25-6 Synapsid (300 mya) Temporal fenestra Key Articular Quadrate Dentary Squamosal Therapsid (280 mya) Reptiles (including dinosaurs and birds) Temporal fenestra Early cynodont (260 mya) Later cynodont (220 mya) Very late cynodont (195 mya) Dimetrodon Therapsids Temporal fenestra EARLY TETRAPODS Very late cynodonts Mammals Fig. 25-7 Humans Colonization of land Animals Origin of solar system and Earth 4 1 Proterozoic 2 Archaean 3 Multicellular eukaryotes Single-celled eukaryotes Atmospheric oxygen Prokaryotes Fig. 25-17 Ancestral mammal Monotremes (5 species) ANCESTRAL CYNODONT Marsupials (324 species) Eutherians (placental mammals; 5,010 species) 250 200 100 150 Millions of years ago 50 0 Fig. 25-18 Close North American relative, the tarweed Carlquistia muirii Dubautia laxa KAUAI 5.1 million years MOLOKAI OAHU 3.7 LANAI million years 1.3 MAUI million years Argyroxiphium sandwicense HAWAII 0.4 million years Dubautia waialealae Dubautia scabra Dubautia linearis Fig. 25-18a KAUAI 5.1 million years MOLOKAI OAHU 3.7 million years 1.3 MAUI million years LANAI HAWAII 0.4 million years Fig. 25-19 Newborn 2 5 Age (years) 15 Adult (a) Differential growth rates in a human Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult Human fetus Human adult (b) Comparison of chimpanzee and human skull growth Fig. 25-19a Newborn 2 5 Age (years) 15 (a) Differential growth rates in a human Adult Fig. 25-19b Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult Human fetus Human adult (b) Comparison of chimpanzee and human skull growth Fig. 25-20 Gills Fig. 25-21 Hypothetical vertebrate ancestor (invertebrate) with a single Hox cluster First Hox duplication Hypothetical early vertebrates (jawless) with two Hox clusters Second Hox duplication Vertebrates (with jaws) with four Hox clusters Fig. 25-22 Hox gene 6 Hox gene 7 Hox gene 8 Ubx About 400 mya Drosophila Artemia Fig 25-UN9 Origin of solar system and Earth 4 1 Proterozoic Archaean 2 3 Fig 25-UN10 Flies and fleas Caddisflies Herbivory Moths and butterflies