Download Answer Keys - My Anatomy Mentor

Answer Keys To Lab Notebook
Lab 1
Part A Diagram (p. 1)
1.
Frontal
17. Inguinal
2.
Orbital
18. Pelvic
3.
Nasal
19. Coxa.
4.
Buccal
20. Carpal
5.
Oral
21. Palmar
6.
Mental
22. Digital
7.
Cervical
23. Pollex
8.
Thoracic (pectoral)
24. Pubic
9.
Acromial
25. Femoral
10. Axillary
26. Patellar
11. Sternal
27. Crural
12. Brachial
28. Fibular (peroneal)
13. Antecubital
29. Tarsal
14. Abdominal
30. Digital (phalangeal)
15. Antebrachial
31. Hallux
16. Umbilical
32. Pedal
Part A Diagram (p. 2)
33. Cephalic
41. Sacral
34. Otic
42. Gluteal
35. Occipital
43. Perineal
36. Scapular
44. Manus
37. Vertebral
45. Popliteal
38. Dorsal
46. Sural
39. Lumbar
47. Calcaneal
40. Olecranal
48. Plantar
Part B Table (p.3)
Cavity
1.
Major Organs
Thoracic
a.
Pleural cavities
Lungs
b.
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity, heart, aorta, esophagus, and trachea
120
c.
Pericardial cavity
Heart
2.
Abdominal cavity
Digestive: Stomach, pancreas, intestines, liver, kidneys
3.
Pelvic cavity
Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
4.
Cranial cavity
Brain
5.
Vertebral (spinal) cavity
Spinal cord
Part B Questions (p.3)
1.
Ventral cavity
4d. Abdominal
2.
Abdominopelvic cavity
4e. Abdominal
3.
Dorsal cavity
4f. Cranial
4a. Vertebral (dorsal)
4g. Orbital
4b. Mediastinum
4h. Pleural
4c. Pericardial (thoracic)
Part C Diagram (p.4)
1.
Cranial cavity
7.
Pleural cavity
2.
Vertebral cavity
8.
Mediastinum
3.
Dorsal cavity
9.
Pericardial cavity
4.
Thoracic cavity
10. Abdominal cavity
5.
Abdominopelvic cavity
11. Pelvic cavity
6.
Ventral cavity
Part D Table (p.5)
Regions
Major Organs
1.
Epigastric
Stomach, liver, transverse colon
2.
Umbilical
Small intestines
3.
Hypogastric
Small intestines, urinary bladder, rectum, uterus, prostate
4.
Right hypochondriac
Liver
5.
Left hypochondriac
Spleen
6.
Right lumbar
(R) kidney, ascending colon
7.
Left lumbar
(L) kidney, descending colon
8.
Right inguinal (iliac)
Cecum (beginning colon), appendix
9.
Left inguinal (iliac)
Sigmoid colon, small intestines
121
Part D Diagram (p.5)
1.
(R) Hypochondriac region
5.
(L) Hypochondriac region
2.
Umbilical region
6.
(L) Lumbar region
3.
(R) Inguinal (iliac) region
7.
(L) Inguinal (iliac) region
4.
Epigastric region
8.
Hypogastric
Part E Diagram (p.6)
1.
Transverse
2.
Coronal or frontal
3.
Median sagittal
Part E Questions (p.6)
1.
Liver
2.
Epigastric
3.
Hypogastric
4.
Right lumbar
5.
Small intestines
6.
Sagittal
7.
Midsagittal; parasagittal
8.
Transverse or cross-section
9.
Frontal or coronal
Part F Questions (p.7)
1.
Superior
5.
Medial
2.
Distal
6.
Deep
3.
Lateral
7.
Visceral
4.
Superficial
8.
Parietal
Revolving nosepiece
Lab 2
Part A Diagram (p.9)
1.
Ocular
9.
2.
Eye tube
10. Objective
3.
Arm
11. Mechanical stage
4.
Stage clip
12. Condenser
5.
On/Off switch
13. Iris diaphragm lever
6.
Illuminator knob
14. X-Y stage control knob
7.
Coarse adjustment knob
15. Illuminator
8.
Fine adjustment knob
122
Part B Questions (p.10-11)
1.
Multiply ocular magnification, times objective magnification
2.
Parfocal microscopes remain in focus at high power once they’ve been focused on low power
3.
Lower the light intensity by closing the iris diaphragm
4.
The clarity of the image being viewed
5.
The higher power of the objective, the more light is necessary
6.
In order not to break the slide or more importantly, to avoid damaging the objective
Part C Questions (p.11)
1a. To the left
1b. Turns the image upside down and reverses it
3a. Varies with the slide
Part D Questions (p.12)
6a. Nucleus, vacuole, cell membrane
Part E Questions (p.13)
2a. Onion cells are rectangular shaped and onion cells have a cell wall.
2b. Cell wall
3a. Nucleus, cell wall
Part F Questions (p.14)
1a. Chloroplasts
1b. Human or onion cells do not possess chloroplasts. Onions do not photosynthesize because they are the roots of
the plant.
1c. Plants: cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuoles, no centrioles; Animal: no cell wall, no chloroplasts, smaller
vacuoles, centrioles
Lab 3
Part A Conversions (p.16)
Part B Conversions (p.16)
Part C Conversions (p.16)
1.
3520 mm
1.
1000 mL
1.
154.35 lbs
2.
150,000 m
2.
150 mL
2.
300,000 mg
3.
2 mm
3.
900 mL
3.
4 mg
4.
120,000,000 nm
4.
200 mL
4.
99.792 mg
5.
0.001 m
5.
520,000 mg
6.
0.0001 mm
6.
0.0043 g
7.
0.1 nm
123
Part D Questions (p.17)
Part E Questions (p.17)
Part E Questions (p.18)
1.
0.039 in
2a. 4 mm
3b. 0.5 mm
2.
1000
2b. 2 mm
3c.
3.
Graduated cylinder
2c. 0.5 mm
4.
4.
mL or ml
5.
kL
3 mm
 0.272 mm
11 cells
Depends upon individual slides
Part F Questions (p.19)
1.
25.4 mm
2.
Use 10X objective, then convert mm to m
3.
Length 
4 mm
 1 mm
4 cells
Width 
4 mm
 0.4 mm
10 cells
Lab 4
Part A Diagram (p.21)
1.
Lysosome
9.
Nuclear membrane
2.
Smooth ER
10. Nucleolus
3.
Cytoplasm or Cytosol
11. Golgi apparatus
4.
Vacuole
12. Chromatin (DNA)
5.
Centriole
13. Nuclear pore
6.
Microvilli
14. Vesicle (phagocytic or pinocytic)
7.
Mitochondrion
15. Rough ER
8.
Nucleus
16. Plasma membrane
Lab 5
Part A Diagram (p.25)
1.
S = Synthesis
5.
3rd phase = Anaphase
2.
G2 = Gap 2
6.
4th phase = Telophase
3.
1st phase = Prophase
7.
G1 = Gap 1
4.
2nd phase = Metaphase
124
Lab 6
Part A Diagram (p.27)
1.
Phosphate
4.
Hydrogen bonds
2.
Deoxyribose sugar
5.
Nitrogenous base
3.
Nucleotide
Part A Questions (p.28)
1.
Adenine; guanine; cytosine; thymine; uracil
2.
Sugar; phosphate
3.
Nitrogenous base; hydrogen bond
4.
Double helix
5.
Adenine; cytosine; uracil
6.
Nucleus; mitochondria
7.
Determines the genetic code for protein construction; makes up genes on chromosomes
8.
Gene
9.
Replicate
Part B Questions (p.28-29)
1.
RNA - ribose sugar, single-stranded, and uracil base instead of thymine; DNA - deoxyribose sugar, doublestranded, and thymine base
2.
Cytoplasm (mRNA, tRNA), ribosomes (rRNA) and nucleolus. Some in nucleus (mRNA)
3.
Carries out orders of DNA
4a. Formed in nucleolus. Used to make ribosomes
4b. Carries DNA code out of nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm
4c. Carries amino acids to ribosomes for construction of proteins
Lab 7
Part A Questions (p.30)
1.
Uncoil or unwind
2.
Separate; bases
3.
New DNA strand
4.
DNA polymerase
5.
DNA ligase
6.
Two double-stranded DNA molecules
125
Lab 8
Part A Diagram Questions (p.31)
1a. RNA polymerase; unwind
1d. Introns; exons
1b. Separate; sense; mRNA
1e. Cytoplasm; ribosome
1c. Codon
Part A Questions (p.32)
1.
DNA cannot leave the nucleus
2.
A template for construction of a protein
3.
RNA has uracil as a base instead of thymine
Part B Diagram Questions (p.32)
1a. Ribosome
1d. Hydrogen; mRNA
1b. tRNA
1e. Peptide; polypeptide
1c. 20; anticodon
Part B Questions (p.33)
1.
On the ribosomes (in cytoplasm)
2.
mRNA (originally from DNA)
3.
Carries amino acids to site where they attach to mRNA and form a polypeptide
Lab 10
Part D Questions (p.44)
1.
Mucus producing, single-celled glands
2.
Simple columnar and pseudostratified ciliated columnar
3.
Tiny, hair-like projections on cell surfaces that move substances; found in upper respiratory tract
4.
Tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells, such as cells lining digestive system; increase
surface are for absorption
5.
Answers vary
6.
Protein fibers formed from underlying connective tissue to reinforce the epithelial tissue. Helps to keep E.T.
from overstretching or tearing.
7.
Simple – one layer of cells above the basement membrane; stratified – many cell layers above the membrane
8.
Stratified squamous tissue cells are flat at the apical surface, whereas transitional tissue cells are cuboidal at the
apical surface
9.
Simple columnar – nucleus near the basement membrane; simple cuboidal – centrally located nucleus;
pseudostratified ciliated columnar – scattered nuclei giving the appearance of stratification
126
10. Stratified cuboidal
11. Mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) on a connective tissue base
12. Diffusion, filtration, protection
Lab 11
Part A-D Diagrams (p.45)
1.
Fibroblast on a collagen fiber
4.
Reticular fiber
2.
Mast cell
5.
Fibroblast
3.
Collagen fiber
6.
Elastic fiber
Part G Questions (p.47-48)
1.
Ground substance – composed of interstitial fluid and proteoglycans and fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular);
2a. Fibroblasts – produce proteoglycans and all three type of fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
2b. Mast cells – produce histamines and heparin for the inflammatory response
2c. Plasma cells – produce antibodies
2d. Macrophages – phagocytize foreign particles
2e. Leukocytes – white blood cells acting as body’s defense
2f. Chondroblasts (cytes) – produce matrix in cartilage
2g. Osteoblasts (cytes) – produce organic matrix in bone
3a Protein fibers that provide support for connective tissue
3b Three (collagen, elastic and reticular)
3c. Synthesized by blast cell types
3d. In the matrix
3e(i).
Collagen – thick protein fibers constructed primarily of the fibrous protein collagen
3e(ii).
Elastic – long, thin fibers containing elastin protein, that allows them to stretch and recoil
3e(iii). Reticular – fine collagenous fibers forming delicate networks that support soft tissue of organs
4a. Vascular or avascular
4b. Extracellular matrix composed of ground substance and fibers
4c. Loosely scattered cells
4d. Binds, supports, protects, insulates, transports
4e. Blast cell types produce organic matrix
4f. Many cells types
Lab 12
Part C Questions (p.49)
1.
Small spaces surrounding chrondrocytes and osteocytes
2.
Polysaccharides attached to proteoglycans; produced by blast cells to thicken the matrix
127
3.
Yes
4.
No. The fibers are not visible in hyaline cartilage.
Part F Questions (p.51-52)
1.
Fibrous, vascular connective tissue on the surface of cartilage
2.
Vascular connective tissue on the surface of bone
3.
Elastic cartilage, although some collagen fibers are visible in fibrocartilage
4.
Hyaline cartilage
5.
No because it does not have its own blood supply. Bone on the other hand is vascular so it heals well.
6.
Hyaline cartilage located on the end of bones that articulate at a joint
7.
A growth plate where the growth in long bones occurs
8.
Gelatinous substance filling the space between cells and contains the fibers. Composed of interstitial fluid and
proteoglycans
9.
Mineral salts such as calcium hydroxyapatite
10. Organic matter contains fibers and ground substance produced by blast cell types; inorganic matter contains
mineral salts deposited from the blood
11. Disorders such as rickets/osteomalacia
Lab 13
Part A Diagram (p.53)
1.
Stratum corneum
4.
Stratum basale (germinativum)
2.
Stratum granulosum
5.
Papillary layer of dermis
3.
Stratum spinosum
Sebaceous gland
Part B Diagram (p.54)
1.
Hair shaft
9.
2.
Epidermis
10. Arrector pili muscle
3.
Dermis
11. Sudoriferous (sweat) gland
4.
Hypodermis
12. Pacinian corpuscle
5.
Epidermal peg
13. Adipose tissue
6.
Dermal papilla
14. Hair follicle
7.
Meissner’s corpuscle
15. Artery
8.
Free nerve endings
16. Vein
Part C Questions (p.55-56)
1.
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
2.
Epidermis (ectoderm); dermis (mesoderm)
128
3.
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum
4a. Stratum basale - mitotic; contains melanocytes
4b. Stratum spinosum - largest, living layer containing spiny-shaped cells
4c. Stratum granulosum - numerous keratohyaline granules
4d. Stratum lucidum - translucent, dead cell layer located only in thick skin
4e. Stratum corneum - thick layer of dead, flaking cells
5.
Dermal and epidermal ridges
6.
Produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale. Melanosomes (melanin granules) may be present in the stratum
spinosum
7.
Melanocytes
8.
Melanin is transferred from the melanocytes processes to nearby keratinocytes
9.
UV protection
10. UV light stimulates melanin production therefore, the skin becomes darker
11. Localized patches of melanin
12. Both have same number of melanocytes but dark skin contains more numerous and darker colored
melanosomes
13. Contraction of arrector pili muscles
14. Secretes sebum to soften and lubricate skin and hair
15. Stratum basale (germinativum)
16. Detects light pressure or discriminative touch
17. Detects deep pressure or crude touch
Lab 14
Part A Questions (p.57)
1.
Intramembranous and endochondral
2.
Intramembranous (skull); endochondral (long bones)
3.
Yes; veins, arteries and lymph
4.
Interstitial lamella – incomplete lamella lying between intact Haversian systems; concetric lamella – rings of
lamella making up each osteon; circumferential lamella – lamella extentending around the entire circumference
of the bone shaft
Part B Diagram (p.58)
1.
Epiphysis
6.
Medullary cavity (lined with endosteum)
2.
Diaphysis
7.
Yellow marrow
3.
Epiphysis
8.
Compact bone
4.
Cancellous bone
9.
Periosteum
5.
Epiphyseal plate
129
Part C Questions (p.60-61)
1.
Hyaline cartilage
4.
2.
Following puberty
5.
3.
Yes
Absence of blood supply
Cartilage
Bone
Absent
Nerves
Present
Absent
Blood vessels
Present
Absent
Lymph channels
Organic
Matrix type
Present
Organic &
inorganic
Lab 15
Part A2: Vertebral Landmarks (p.64)
1.
Spinous process
6.
Pedicle
2.
Lamina
7.
Demifacet
3.
Facet
8.
Vertebral foramen
4.
Transverse process
9.
Body
5.
Superior articular process
Part A3: Atlas (p.64)
1.
Anterior arch
4.
Transverse foramen
2.
Superior articular process
5.
Posterior arch
3.
Transverse process
6.
Vertebral foramen
Part A4: Axis (p.64)
1.
Odontoid process
3.
Transverse process
2.
Superior articular process
4.
Spinous process
Part A5: Sacrum & Coccyx (p.65)
1.
Ala
6.
Sacral canal
2.
Sacral promontory
7.
Articular fossa for ilium
3.
Body
8.
Sacral foramina
4.
Coccyx
9.
Sacral hiatus
5.
Superior articular process
130
Part A Questions (p.66)
1.
Transverse foramina, small bifid (split at the tip) spinous process
2.
Vertebral arteries pass through transverse foramina on both sides to service the brain
3.
Intervertebral discs which are made of fibrocartilage
4.
Spinal nerves
5.
Head of rib articulates with demifacet on the thoracic vertebrae body. The tubercle of rib articulates with facet
on transverse process of thoracic vertebrae.
6.
Twelve
Part B1: Sternum (p.66)
1.
Jugular (interclavicular) notch
5.
Costal facet
2.
Clavicular notch
6.
Gladiolus
3.
Manubrium
7.
Xiphoid process
4.
Sternal angle
Part B1 Questions (p.67)
1.
Used to locate region for compression during CPR
2.
Yes
3.
By individual costal cartilages
Part B2: Ribs (p.67)
1.
Tubercle
5.
Neck
2.
Facet of rib
6.
Shaft or body
3.
Costal groove
7.
Sternal end
4.
Head of rib
Part B2 Questions (p.68)
1.
Vertebral end comprises of a facet and a demifacet
2.
First pair is flattened and broad forming a horizontal plate
3.
The head of the rib articulates with the bodies of the thoracic vertebra by two facets: one articulates with the
demifacet of the same-numbered thoracic vertebra, the other articulates with the demifacet of the thoracic
vertebra immediately superior. The tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the samenumbered thoracic vertebra.
4.
Intercostal space
5.
Intercostal nerves and blood vessels
6.
True (vertebrosternal) ribs because they attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages.
7.
False (vertebrochondral) ribs. Rib pairs 8-10 attach to the sternum indirectly; each joins the costal cartilage
immediately above.
131
8.
Floating ribs because they have no anterior attachment.
9.
Top figure.
Part C1: Anterior Aspect of Skull (p.69)
1.
Frontal (coronal) suture
12. Inferior orbital fissure
2.
Frontal bone
13. Middle nasal concha
3.
Parietal bone
14. Infraorbital foramen
4.
Nasal bone
15. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
5.
Supraorbital foramen
16. Inferior nasal concha
6.
Superior orbital fissure
17. Alveolar process
7.
Temporal bone
18. Maxillary bone (maxilla)
8.
Ethmoid bone
19. Vomer bone
9.
Sphenoid bone
20. Mental foramen
10. Lacrimal bone
21. Mandible
11. Zygomatic bone
Part C2: Lateral Aspect of Skull (p.70)
1.
Sphenoid bone
11. Maxilla
2.
Squamosal suture
12. Occipital bone
3.
Coronal (frontal) suture
13. External auditory meatus
4.
Frontal bone
14. Zygomatic bone
5.
Parietal bone
15. Coronoid process
6.
Ethmoid bone
16. Alveolar process
7.
Lacrimal bone
17. Mastoid process
8.
Temporal bone
18. Mandibular condyle (condylar process)
9.
Lambdoid suture
19. Styloid process
10. Nasal bone
20. Mandible
Part C3: Posterior Aspect of Skull (p.71)
1.
Sagittal suture
4.
Occipital bone
2.
Parietal bone
5.
External occipital protuberance
3.
Lambdoid suture
Part C4: Inferior Aspect of Skull (p.72)
1.
Palatine bone
4.
Foramen ovale
2.
Vomer bone
5.
Medial pterygoid process
3.
Foramen lacerum
6.
Sphenoid bone (greater wing)
132
Part C4: Inferior Aspect of Skull cont. (p.72)
7.
Carotid canal
12. Stylomastoid foramen
8.
Styloid process
13. Jugular foramen
9.
Temporal bone (zygomatic process)
14. Foramen magnum
10. Mandibular fossa
15. Mastoid process
11. Occipital condyles
Part C5: Other Aspects of Skull (p.73)
1.
Crista galli
10. Posterior clinoid process
2.
Sella turcica (hypophyseal fossa)
11. Foramen lacerum
3.
Cribriform plate of ethmoid
12. Hypoglossal canal
4.
Lesser wing of sphenoid bone
13. Lesser wing of sphenoid bone
5.
Optic canal
14. Greater wing of sphenoid
6.
Anterior clinoid process
15. Superior orbital fissure
7.
Foramen rotundum
16. Medial pterygoid process
8.
Foramen ovale
17. Lateral pterygoid process
9.
Foramen spinosum
Part C5: Ethmoid Bone (p.74)
1.
Crista galli
3.
Perpendicular plate
2.
Cribriform plate
4.
Middle nasal concha
Part C5: Temporal Bone (p.74)
1.
Zygomatic process of temporal bone
4.
Mastoid process
2.
Mandibular fossa
5.
External auditory (acoustic) meatus
3.
Syloid process
Part C5: Additional Features (p.75)
1.
Parietal bone
7.
Frontal bone
2.
Occipital bone
8.
Supraorbital foramen
3.
Zygomatic bone
9.
Nasal bone
4.
Occipital condyle
10. Lacrimal bone
5.
Foramen magnum
11. Vomer bone
6.
External occipital protuberance
12. Inferior nasal concha
133
Part C5: Maxilla & Palatine Bones (p.76)
1.
Infraorbital foramen
2.
Alveolar process
3.
Horizontal plate
Part C5: Mandible (p.76)
1.
Coronoid process
5.
Body
2.
Mandibular foramen
6.
Ramus
3.
Alveolar process
7.
Mandibular notch
4.
Mental foramen
3.
Stapes
Part C5: Ossicles (p.77)
1.
Incus
2.
Malleus
Part C Questions (p.77-78)
1.
Vomer and the perpendicular plate of ethmoid
2.
Temporal bone and zygomatic bone
3.
Palatine bone and maxilla
4.
Ethmoid bone (cribriform plate and crista galli)
5.
Temporal bone
6.
Parietal bones
7.
Occipital bone and the parietal bones
8.
Frontal bone and the parietal bones
9.
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
10. Foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, and foramen lacerum
11. Air-filled cavity in certain cranial bones
12. Frontal bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, and maxilla
13. Temporal bone
Part A1: Clavicle (p.79)
1.
Acromial end
2.
Part A1 Questions (p.79)
1.
Figure A
134
Sternal end
Part A2: Scapulae (p.80)
1.
Coracoid process
10. Vertebral (medial) border
2.
Subscapular fossa
11. Spine
3.
Vertebral (medial) border
12. Supraspinous fossa
4.
Axillary (lateral) border
13. Superior angle
5.
Glenoid cavity
14. Superior border
6.
Acromion process
15. Suprascapular notch
7.
Infraspinous fossa
16. Supraglenoid tubercle
8.
Axillary (lateral) border
17. Infraglenoid tubercle
9.
Inferior angle
Part A2 Questions (p.81)
1.
Left scapula
Part B1: Humerus (p.81)
1.
Greater tubercle
9.
Lateral supracondylar ridge
2.
Head
10. Coronoid fossa
3.
Surgical neck
11. Capitulum
4.
Anatomical neck
12. Medial epicondyle
5.
Lesser tubercle
13. Lateral epicondyle
6.
Deltoid tuberosity
14. Olecranon fossa
7.
Radial groove
15. Trochlea
8.
Medial supracondylar ridge
Part B1 Questions (p.82)
1.
Right humerus
Part B2: Radius & Ulna (p.82)
1.
Trochlear notch
7.
Radius
2.
Radial notch
8.
Ulna
3.
Head of radius
9.
Ulnar notch
4.
Olecranon process
10. Styloid process of ulna
5.
Coronoid process
11. Head of ulna
6.
Radial tuberosity
12. Styloid process of radius
Part B2 Questions (p.83)
1.
Left forearm
135
Part B3: Hand (p.83)
1.
2.
3.
Middle phalanx #4
#
Proximal phalanx 2
#
Distal phalanx 1
#
7.
Hamate
8.
Trapezium
9.
Scaphoid
4.
Metacarpal 3
10. Pisiform
5.
Trapezoid
11. Triquetral
6.
Capitate
12. Lunate
Part B3 Questions (p.83)
1.
Left hand. Thumb is located on the left
Part C1: Os Coxa (p.84)
1.
Iliac crest
10. Ischial spine
2.
Ilium
11. Acetabular notch
3.
Anterior superior iliac spine
12. Pubis
4.
Anterior inferior iliac spine
13. Lesser sciatic notch
5.
Posterior superior iliac spine
14. Ischial tuberosity
6.
Posterior inferior iliac spine
15. Inferior ramus of pubis
7.
Acetabulum
16. Obturator foramen
8.
Acetabular fossa
17. Ischium
9.
Greater sciatic notch
18. Inferior ramus of ischium (ischial ramus)
Part C1 Questions (p.84)
1.
Right os coxa. Acetabulum is always lateral.
Part D1: Femur (p.85)
1.
Head
9.
2.
Intertrochanteric line
10. Intercondylar notch
3.
Neck
11. Lateral epicondyle
4.
Fovea capitis
12. Medial epicondyle
5.
Greater trochanter
13. Adductor tubercle
6.
Intertrochanteric crest
14. Medial condyle
7.
Lesser trochanter
15. Lateral condyle
8.
Gluteal tuberosity
Part D1 Questions (p.85)
1.
Right femur. Head is located medially
136
Linea aspera
Part D2: Tibia & Fibula (p.86)
1.
Intercondylar eminence
5.
Anterior crest
2.
Lateral condyle
6.
Medial malleolus
3.
Head of fibula
7.
Lateral malleolus
4.
Tibial tuberosity
Part D2 Questions (p.86)
1.
Right leg
Part D3: Foot (p.87)
1.
Middle phalanx #2
7.
Middle cuneiform
2.
Distal phalanx #4
8.
Cuboid
Navicular
#
3.
Proximal phalanx 1
9.
4.
Metatarsals
10. Talus
5.
Lateral cuneiform
11. Calcaneus
6.
Medial cuneiform
Part D3 Questions (p.87)
1.
Left foot
Part D4: Patella (p.88)
1.
Anterior view
2.
Posterior view
Part D4 Questions (p.88)
1.
Left patella
Part E1: Hyoid Bone (p.88)
1.
Greater cornu
Part D4 Questions (p.88)
1.
It does not articulate directly with any other bone. It is anchored to the styloid process of the temporal bones by
ligaments.
137
Lab 16
Part B: Diagrams (p.90-91)
1.
Muscle
10. T-tubule
19. Sarcomere
2.
Epimysium
11. Muscle fiber
20. Troponin complex
3.
Fascicle
12. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
21. G actin
4.
Perimysium
13. Terminal cisternae
22. Tropomyosin
5.
Muscle fiber (cell)
14. I band
23. Thin (actin) filament
6.
Endomysium
15. A band
24. Myosin head
7.
Nucleus
16. Z disc
25. Thick (myosin) filament
8.
Myofibril
17. H band
9.
Myofibril
18. M line
Part B Questions (p.92)
1.
Calcium (Ca2+) ions
2.
Sarcolemma
3.
Muscle contraction is controlled by action potentials travelling along sarcolemma. Since t-tubules are
continuations of the sarcolemma, they conduct impulses (action potential) deep into the muscle fiber.
4.
Binding of Ca2+
5.
Tropomyosin strand moves away from actin’s binding sites
6.
As myosin heads bind to the active sites on the actin myofilament, it changes from its high-energy, “cocked”
position to its low-energy shape, which pulls on the thin filament, sliding it toward the center of the sarcomere.
7.
As a new ATP molecule binds to the myosin heads, the myosin heads detach from actin
8.
Hydrolysis of ATP into ADP + P i provides the energy needed to return the myosin head to its high-energy, or
“cocked,” position.
Part C: Diagram (p.93)
1.
Sternocleidomastoid
10. Brachioradialis
19. Gracilis
2.
Pectoralis minor
11. Internal oblique
20. Rectus femoris
3.
Serratus anterior
12. Flexors
21. Vastus lateralis
4.
Deltoid
13. Transversus abdominis
22. Vastus medialis
5.
Pectoralis major
14. Iliopsoas
23. Gastrocnemius
6.
Biceps brachii
15. Tensor fasciae latae
24. Extensor digitorum
7.
Rectus abdominis
16. Pectineus
25. Tibialis anterior
8.
Brachialis
17. Sartorius
26. Soleus
9.
External oblique
18. Adductor longus
138
Part C: Diagram (p.94)
27. Sternocleidomastoid
33. Triceps brachii
39. Biceps femoris
28. Trapezius
34. Extensors
40. Semitendinosus
29. Deltoid
35. Gluteus medius
41. Semimembranosus
30. Infraspinatus
36. Gluteus maximus
42. Gastrocnemius
31. Teres major
37. Adductor magnus
43. Soleus
32. Latissimus dorsi
38. Iliotibial tract
44. Calcaneal tendon
Lab 17
Part A: Diagram (p.112)
1.
Superior oblique
4.
Lateral rectus
2.
Superior rectus
5.
Inferior rectus
3.
Medial rectus
6.
Inferior oblique
Part B1: Diagram (p.113)
1.
Sclera
2.
Choroid
3.
Retina
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Optic disc
Posterior segment (vitreous
humor)
Canal of Schlemm
11. Cornea
12. Anterior segment (aqueous
humor)
13. Iris
Macula lutea & fovea centralis
9.
Suspensory ligaments
14. Ciliary body
Optic nerve
10. Lens
15. Ora serrata
Part A: Diagram (p.114)
1.
Ganglion cell layer
5.
Sclera
2.
Bipolar layer
6.
Photoreceptor layer
3.
Retina
7.
Cone
4.
Choroid
8.
Rod
Part E Questions (p.116)
1.
Process of ciliary muscles contracting and releasing tension on the suspensory ligaments of the lens. As a resut,
the lens thickens to focus on a near object.
2.
A condition resulting in the loss of near focusing ability due to decreased elasticity in the lens as one ages
3.
At twilight, it is not dark enough to fully activate the rods for night vision and there is not enough light to fully
activate the cones for vision in bright light
4.
Carrots contain vitamin A which is necessary to form the visual pigment retinal
5.
Because rods stop functioning in low-intensity light and rods pigments have been bleached out by the bright
light, and the rods are still initially inhibited
139
6.
Optic chiasm is superior and anterior to the sella turcica where the pituitary gland (hypophysis) sits. Any
tumors or enlargements of the pituitary gland can compress the optic chiasm causing visual impairments or
blindness
7.
The lacrimal canals (sacs) drain the eye to the nasal cavity. Infections from the throat can spread to the nasal
cavity and reach the lacrimal sac to the eye
8.
Condition in which intraocular pressure (due to blocked drainage of the aqueous humor) increases to levels that
cause compression of the retina and optic nerve, resulting in blindness
9.
Inability to supply mitochondria with nutrients to the eye, resulting in blindness
Lab 18
Part A: Diagram (p.117)
1.
Outer Ear
4.
Pinna
2.
Middle Ear
5.
External auditory canal
3.
Inner Ear
Part A: Diagrams (p.118)
6.
Malleus
16. Saccule
7.
Tensor tympani muscle
17. Utricle
8.
Incus
18. Ampulla
9.
Stapedius muscle
19. Vestibule
10. Stapes
20. Oval window
11. Tympanic membrane
21. Vestibular nerve
12. Eustachian or auditory tube
22. Cochlear nerve
13. Bony labyrinth
23. Cochlea
14. Membranous labyrinth
24. Stapes in oval window
15. Semicircular canal
25. Cupula of crista ampullaris
Part B: Diagram (p.119)
1.
Cochlea
5.
Tectorial membrane
2.
Scala vestibuli
6.
Organ of Corti
3.
Scala media or cochlear duct
7.
Basilar membrane
4.
Scala tympani
140