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Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. Get started now at: http://boundless.com/teaching-platform Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: [email protected] Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com About Boundless Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Blood Vessel Structure and Function Arteries The Venous System Physiology of Circulation Systemic Blood Pressure Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels (continued) Control of Blood Pressure Blood Flow Through the Body Capillary Exchange Circulatory Shock Circulatory Routes Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels > Blood Vessel Structure and Function Blood Vessel Structure and Function • Blood Vessel Structure • Blood Vessel Function Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/cardiovascular-system-blood-vessels-19/blood-vesselstructure-and-function-179/ Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels > Arteries Arteries • Artery Function • Elastic Arteries • Muscular Arteries • Anastomoses • Arterioles • Capillaries Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/cardiovascular-system-blood-vessels-19/arteries-180/ Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels > The Venous System The Venous System • Venules • Veins Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/cardiovascular-system-blood-vessels-19/the-venoussystem-181/ Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels > Physiology of Circulation Physiology of Circulation • Introduction to Blood Flow, Pressure, and Resistance • Distribution of Blood Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/cardiovascular-system-blood-vessels-19/physiology-ofcirculation-182/ Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels > Systemic Blood Pressure Systemic Blood Pressure • Introduction to Blood Pressure • Arterial Blood Pressure • Venous Blood Pressure Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/cardiovascular-system-blood-vessels-19/systemic-bloodpressure-183/ Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels > Control of Blood Pressure Control of Blood Pressure • Role of the Cardiovascular Center • Short-Term Neural Control • Short-Term Chemical Control • Long-Term Renal Regulation • Checking Circulation • Pulse • Measuring Blood Pressure • Extremes in Blood Pressure Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/cardiovascular-system-blood-vessels-19/control-of-bloodpressure-184/ Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels > Blood Flow Through the Body Blood Flow Through the Body • Velocity of Blood Flow • Local Regulation of Blood Flow • Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscle • Blood Flow in the Brain • Blood Flow in the Skin • Blood Flow in the Lungs • Blood Flow in the Heart • Hepatic Portal Circulation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/cardiovascular-system-blood-vessels-19/blood-flowthrough-the-body-185/ Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels > Capillary Exchange Capillary Exchange • Capillary Dynamics • Transcytosis • Bulk Flow: Filtration and Reabsorption Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/cardiovascular-system-blood-vessels-19/capillaryexchange-186/ Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels > Circulatory Shock Circulatory Shock • Types of Shock • Homeostatic Responses to Shock • Signs and Symptoms of Shock Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/cardiovascular-system-blood-vessels-19/circulatoryshock-187/ Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels > Circulatory Routes Circulatory Routes • The Aorta and Its Branches • Ascending Aorta • Arch of the Aorta • Thoracic Aorta • Abdominal Aorta • Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs • Principal Veins • Veins of the Head and Neck • Veins of the Upper Limbs • Veins of the Thorax • Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis • Veins of the Lower Limbs Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/cardiovascular-system-blood-vessels-19/circulatoryroutes-189/ Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Key terms • abdominal aorta The largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of the descending aorta (of the thorax). • adrenal cortex The outer portion of the adrenal glands that produces hormones essential to homeostasis. • aldosterone A mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates the balance of sodium and potassium in the body. • Alveoli A small air sac in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with blood. • anastomoses The reconnection of two blood vessels that previously branched out. • anastomosis The junction between blood vessels. • aortic sinuses An aortic sinus is one of the anatomic dilations of the ascending aorta, which occurs just above the aortic valve. • arch of the aorta Also called the transverse aortic arch, is continuous with the upper border of the ascending aorta and begins at the level of the upper border of the second sternocostal articulation of the right side. • arch of the aorta The region of the aorta that changes direction between the ascending and descending aorta. • arterial blood pressure The pressure of the blood within an arterial vessel, typically the brachial artery in the upper arm. Calculated over a cardiac cycle and determined by the cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and central venous pressure (CVP). It can be approximately determined from measurements of the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure while there is a normal resting heart rate. • arteriole One of the small branches of an artery, especially one that connects with capillaries. • arteriole One of the small branches of an artery, especially one that connects with capillaries. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • arteriole One of the small branches of an artery, especially one that connects with capillaries. • artery An efferent blood vessel from the heart, conveying blood away from the heart regardless of oxygenation status. • ascending aorta The region of the aorta directly attached to the heart that passes superiorly towards the head. • atheroma An abnormal fatty deposit that develops within the walls of arteries. • autonomic nervous system The part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary activity of the heart, intestines, and glands. These activities include digestion, respiration, perspiration, metabolism, and blood pressure modulation. • baroreceptor A nerve ending that is sensitive to changes in blood pressure. • basilic vein Located medially to the cephalic vein, following a similar path. • blood pressure The pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries and veins; it varies during the heartbeat cycle and according to a person's age, health, and physical condition. • brachial vein Runs from the elbow to the shoulder parallel to the brachial artery. • bulb of the aorta At the union of the ascending aorta with the aortic arch, the caliber of the vessel increases with a bulging of its right wall. This dilation is termed the bulb of the aorta, and on transverse section presents a somewhat oval figure. • capillary Any of the small blood vessels that connect arteries to veins. • capillary Any of the small blood vessels that connect arteries to veins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • capillary Any of the small blood vessels that connect arteries to veins. • cardiovascular centre A region of the brain responsible for nervous control of cardiac output. • cardiovascular system In humans, this system is comprised of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. • carotid artery Either of a pair of arteries on each side of the neck that branch from the aorta and supply blood to the head. • central venous pressure The pressure of blood in the thoracic vena cava, near the right atrium of the heart, reflecting the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump the blood into the arterial system. • cephalic vein Arises from the dorsal venous network of the hand and passes the elbow anteriorly, continuing up the upper arm to the shoulder. • cerebral blood flow The blood supply to the brain in a given time period. • circulatory anastomosis A connection between two blood vessels, such as between arteries (arterio-arterial anastomosis), between veins (veno-venous anastomosis), or between an artery and a vein (arterio-venous anastomosis). • Common iliac vein Formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins. • Coronary circulation The circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle. • cutaneous Of, relating to, existing on, or affecting the exterior skin, especially the cutis. • descending aorta The region of the aorta that passes inferiorly towards the feet. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • diastolic blood pressure The lowest pressure within the bloodstream, occurring between heartbeats because of a diastole. • diastolic pressure The minimum arterial pressure between contractions, when the heart expands and refills. • diastolic pressure The minimum arterial pressure between contractions, when the heart expands and refills. • elastic arteries An artery with a large number of collagen and elastin filaments, giving it the ability to stretch in response to each pulse. • elastic lamina A layer of elastic tissue that forms the outermost part of the tunica intima of blood vessels. It is readily visualized with light microscropy in sections of muscular arteries. • electrocardiography A measure of the electrical output of the heart detected through the skin. • External iliac vein Large veins that connect the femoral veins to the common iliac veins • Femoral Vein A blood vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in the thigh. It merges with the great saphenous vein to form the external iliac vein. • filtration In bulk flow, this refers to the movement of proteins or other large molecules from the blood into the interstitium. • fistula An abnormal connection or passageway between organs or vessels that normally do not connect. • flow The movement of blood around the body, closely controlled by alterations in resistance and pressure. • flow The movement of a volume of a liquid or gas over time, e.g. mL/sec. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • great saphenous ve A long vein which runs the length of the leg before joining the femoral vein to form the external iliac vein. • heart rate The number of heartbeats per unit of time, usually expressed as beats per minute. • hepatic portal system In human anatomy, the hepatic portal system is the system of veins comprising the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries. • hepatocyte Any of the cells in the liver responsible for the metabolism of protein, carbohydrate, and lipids and for detoxification. • high endothelial venule A specialized post-capillary venous swelling of the lymphatic system that allows lymphocytes (white blood cells) to easily exit the circulatory system. • hydrostatic pressure A pressure generated by fluid on the walls of the capillary, usually forcing water out of the circulatory system. • hypertension High blood pressure, clinically diagnosed when above 140/90 mmHg. • hypoperfusion Decreased perfusion of blood through an organ. • hypotension Low blood pressure, clinically diagnosed when below 100/60 mmHg. • hypoxia A condition in which tissues (especially the blood) are deprived of an adequate supply of oxygen; anoxia. • inferior vena cava Returns blood from the abdomen and lower limbs to the right atrium of the heart. • inferior vena cava The large vein which returns blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and abdominal organs to the right atrium of the heart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • internal iliac arteries Formed when the common iliac artery divides the internal iliac artery at the vertebral level L5 descends inferiorly into the lesser pelvis. • internal thoracic vein Drains the chest wall and breasts. • intracranial pressure The pressure inside the skull. • ischemia An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body. • jugular vein Any of several veins on each side of the neck that drain the brain, face and neck of deoxygenated blood. • jugular venous pressure The indirectly-observed pressure over the venous system via visualization of the internal jugular vein. • juxtaglomerular cells The juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells, or granular cells) are cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. • mean arterial pressure The average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle. • median cubital vein The vein that links the basilic and cephalic veins. • mediastinal cavity The central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, the esophagus, the trachea, the phrenic nerve, the cardiac nerve, the thoracic duct, the thymus, and the lymph nodes of the central chest. • microcirculation The flow of blood through the smallest vessels such as arterioles, capillaries, and venules. • microcirculation The flow of blood through the smallest vessels: arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • muscular arteries Medium-sized arteries that draw blood from an elastic artery and branch into resistance vessels, including small arteries and arterioles. • net filtration pressure The balance of the four Starling forces that determines the net flow of fluid across the capillary membrane. • norepinephrine A catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and neurotransmitter. Areas of the body that produce or are affected by this substance are described as noradrenergic. • omentum Either of two folds of the peritoneum that support the viscera. • oncotic pressure A form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in a fluid that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system. • parasympathetic Of or relating to the part of the autonomic nervous system that inhibits or opposes the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. • popliteal artery The popliteal artery is defined as the extension of the superficial femoral artery after passing through the adductor canal and adductor hiatus above the knee. • popliteal vein Derived from the merging of the tibial veins it forms the femoral vein mid thigh. • portal vein A short, wide vein that carries blood to the liver from the organs of the digestive system. • pressure The force which overcomes resistance to maintain blood flow throughout the body. • proteinuria Excessive protein in the urine, a condition which can alter the net filtration pressure altering flow of fluid across the capillary wall. • pulmonary artery The artery that connects the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • pulmonary vein The vein that returns blood to the left atrium of the heart after it has circulated through the lungs. • pulse pressure Blood pressure when feeling the pulse, measured by millimeters of mercury (mmHg). • pulse rate The physical expansion of an artery per unit of time, usually expressed as beats per minute. • radial artery The main artery that enters the wrist on the side of the thumb, it is the most common location for measuring pulse rate. • reabsorption In bulk flow, this refers to the movement of proteins or other large molecules from the interstitium into the blood. • resistance The resistance which must be overcome by pressure to maintain blood flow throughout the body. • shock A medical condition that occurs due to an inadequate supply of substrates required for aerobic respiration by the bodies tissues. • sinotubular junction The sinotubular junction is the point in the ascending aorta where the aortic sinuses end and the aorta becomes a tubular structure. • sinusoid Any of several channels through which venous blood passes in various organs. • skeletal muscle pump The mechanism whereby skeletal muscles aid the return of blood to the heart by compressing embedded veins. • skeletal-muscle pump Rhythmic contraction of limb muscles that occurs during normal locomotory activity (walking, running, swimming), which promotes venous return by the pumping action on veins within muscles. • sphygmomanometer A device used to measure blood pressure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • superior vena cava Formed from the left and right brachiocephalic veins, this vein returns deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body and carries blood from the upper limbs, head, and neck via the thyroid and jugular veins. • supreme intercostal vein A paired vein that drains the first intercostal space on its corresponding side. • sympathetic Of or related to the part of the autonomic nervous system that under stress raises blood pressure and heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and dilates the pupils. • systemic circulation The part of blood circulation that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. • systolic blood pressure The highest pressure within the bloodstream, occurring during each heartbeat because of the systole. • systolic pressure The peak arterial pressure during heart contraction. • systolic pressure The peak arterial pressure during heart contraction. • thermoregulation The maintenance of a constant internal temperature of an organism independent of the temperature of the environment • Thoracic Aorta Contained in the posterior mediastinal cavity, it begins at the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra where it is continuous with the aortic arch, and ends in front of the lower border of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, at the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm where it becomes the abdominal aorta. • Tibial Vein Blood vessel of the calves which return blood from the foot, ankle and calf and merges into the popliteal vein behind the knee. • transcytosis The process whereby macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell via vesicles. • tunica externa The outermost layer of a blood vessel. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • tunica intima The innermost layer of a blood vessel. • tunica media The middle layer of a blood vessel. • tunica media The middle layer of a vein wall with bands of thin smooth muscle. • vascular recruitment The increase in the number of capillaries in response to a stimulus; for example, repeated exercise results in an increase in the number of capillaries in a skeletal muscle. • vascular resistance The resistance to flow that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system. The resistance offered by the peripheral circulation is known as the systemic vascular resistance (SVR), while the resistance offered by the vasculature of the lungs is known as the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). • vasoconstriction The constriction of the blood vessels. • vasoconstriction The closing or tightening of a blood vessel. • vasoconstriction The constriction (narrowing) of a blood vessel. • vasodilation The opening of a blood vessel. • vasodilation The dilation (widening) of a blood vessel. • vasodilation The dilation of the blood vessels. • vein A blood vessel that transports blood from the capillaries back to the heart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • velocity The distance moved by an object over time, e.g. cm/sec. • venous pooling When blood accumulates in the lower extremities, resulting in low venous return to the heart which can result in fainting. • venous system The portion of the circulatory system composed of veins, which carry blood towards the heart. • venule A small blood vessel in the microcirculation that allows deoxygenated blood to return from capillary beds to veins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Typical Tools of Auscultatory Measurement Shown here are a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer, used for ascultatory measurement. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Sphygmomanometer." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphygmomanometer.jpg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Internal Iliac Artery The division of the internal iliac artery into its posterior and anterior trunks. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Internaliliac.png." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Internaliliac.png View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Blood distribution Oxygenated arterial blood (red) and deoxygenated venous blood (blue) are distributed around the body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Blutkreislauf." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blutkreislauf.png View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Veins of the lower extremities The popliteal vein, shown here in blue, extends from the hip to the knee and helps drain blood from the lower extremities. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Yahoo. "Fig.583." Public domain http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/illustrations/figure?id=583 View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Ascending Aorta The aorta has three parts: the ascending, the arch and the descending. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Ascending aorta." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_aorta View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels A spygmomanometer A blood pressure cuff and associated monitor used for determining systolic and diastolic pressures within an artery. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Grade 1 hypertension." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grade_1_hypertension.jpg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Deep veins of the upper extremity The veins of the upper extremity are divided into two sets, superficial and deep. The deep veins are shown in blue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Bartleby. "VII.The Veins.3c.The Veins of the Upper Extremity and Thorax.Gray, Henry.1918.Anatomy of the Human Body.." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.bartleby.com/107/172.html View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Structure of the Artery Wall This diagram of the artery wall indicates the smooth muscle, external elastic membrane, endothelium, internal elastic membrane, tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Blausen_0055_ArteryWallStructure.png." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0055_ArteryWallStructure.png View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels The Circulatory System This simplified diagram of the human circulatory system (anterior view) shows arteries in red and veins in blue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Circulatory System en." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circulatory_System_en.svg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels The Circle of Willis Schematic representation of the circle of Willis--arteries of the brain and brain stem. Blood flows up to the brain through the vertebral arteries and through the internal carotid arteries. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Circle of Willis en." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_of_Willis_en.svg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Arterial system Simplified diagram of the human arterial system in anterior view. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Arterial System en." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arterial_System_en.svg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Anatomy of the Arterial Wall Arterial wall layers including the tunica intima and the tunica media. In elastic arteries, the tunica media is rich with elastic and connective tissue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Endothelial cell." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Endothelial_cell.jpg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Superficial veins of the upper extremity The superficial veins of the upper extremity are shown in blue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Bartleby. "VII.The Veins.3c.The Veins of the Upper Extremity and Thorax.Gray, Henry.1918.Anatomy of the Human Body.." Public domain http://www.bartleby.com/107/172.html View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Pulmonary circuit Diagram of pulmonary circulation. Oxygen-rich blood is shown in red; oxygen-depleted blood in blue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Illu pulmonary circuit." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_pulmonary_circuit.jpg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscle: 1] Bone, 2] Perimysium, 3] Blood vessel, 4] Muscle fiber, 5] Fascicle, 6] Endomysium, and 7] Epimysium Tendon. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Skeletal_muscle.png View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Measurement of vital signs using a sphygmomanometer Blood pressure and pulse, or the vital signs, are measured as indicators of several aspects of cardiovascular health. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Blutdruck." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blutdruck.jpg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Anastomoses The blood vessels of the rectum and anus, showing the distribution and anastomosis on the posterior surface near the termination of the gut. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Anastamosis." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastamosis View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Human circulatory system The cardiovascular system is composed largely of the circulatory system, or the system of blood vessels that distributes oxygen from the lungs throughout the body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Circulatory System en." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circulatory_System_en.png View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Brain Blood Flow Schematic representation of the circle of Willis, arteries of the brain, and brain stem. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Circle of Willis en." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_of_Willis_en.svg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels ECG Graph ECG graph of a normal heartbeat. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "SinusRhythmLabels.svg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SinusRhythmLabels.svg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Capillary Arterioles are part of the microcirculation system, along with capillaries, arteries, veins, venules, and tissue cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Illu capillary." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_capillary.jpg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Splenic Artery Transverse section of the human spleen showing the distribution of the splenic artery and its branches Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Splenic artery." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenic_artery View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Venous valve Venous valves prevent back flow and ensure that blood flows in one direction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Venous valve." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venous_valve.svg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Anaphalactic Hives Hives and flushing on the back of a person with anaphylaxis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "BackRed." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BackRed.JPG View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Thoracic aorta The aorta, highlighted in red, includes the thoracic aorta, the section of the aorta which runs from the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra to the diaphragm. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Thoracic aorta." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_aorta View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Changes in Arterial Pressure Arterial pressures changes across the cardiac cycle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Arterial-blood-pressure-curve." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arterial-blood-pressure-curve.svg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels The Heart Circulation of blood through the chambers of the heart. Deoxygenated blood is received from the systemic circulation into the right atrium, it is pumped into the right ventricle and then through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. Through association with the alveoli the blood is oxygenated in the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins, before passing into the left ventricle and being pumped around the body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Diagram of the human heart (cropped)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Structure of a capillary Capillaries are of small diameter with the vessel wall being a single cell thick. Capillaries are surrounded by a thin basal lamina of connective tissue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "1280px-Capillary.svg.png." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capillary.svg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels An Alveolus The alveoli are the site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "File:Alveolus diagram.svg - Wikimedia Commons." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alveolus_diagram.svg&page=1 View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Abdominal Aorta The aorta, highlighted in red, includes the abdominal aorta which begins at the diaphragm and ends as it branches into the common iliac arteries. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Abdominal aorta." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_aorta View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels The aorta The aorta makes up most of the elastic arteries in the body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Ascending aorta." Public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_aorta View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary circulation is the half of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Illu pulmonary circuit." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_pulmonary_circuit.jpg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Veins of the lower extremities The great saphenous vein and its tributaries, shown in blue, drain blood from the lower limbs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Yahoo. "Fig.581." Public domain http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/illustrations/figure?id=581 View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Aortic arch This diagram shows the arch of the aorta and its branches. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Aortic arch." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_arch View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels The Human Venous System Veins (from the Latin vena) are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. Veins differ from arteries in structure and function; arteries are more muscular than veins, while veins are often closer to the skin and contain valves to help keep blood flowing toward the heart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Venous system en." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venous_system_en.svg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels The renin-angiotensin pathway The figures outlines the origination of the renin-angiotensin pathway molecules, as well as effects on target organs and systems. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.png View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Measurement of the pulse Measurement of the pulse can occur at several locations, including the radial artery shown here. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Pulse evaluation." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pulse_evaluation.JPG View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Coronary Circulation The coronary circulation supplies the heart muscle with the oxygen and nutrients it requires to function. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Blausen_0260_CoronaryVessels_Anterior.png." CC BY 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0260_CoronaryVessels_Anterior.png View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Arterial Blood Pressure over the Cardiac Cycle Graph showing changes in blood pressure during a single contraction-relaxation cycle of the heart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Arterial-blood-pressure-curve." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arterial-blood-pressure-curve.svg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Capillary Dynamics Oncotic pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma tends to pull water into the circulatory system. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Capillary Microcirculation." Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Illu_capillary_microcirculation.jpg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Skeletal Muscle Pump During contraction of the skeletal muscle the vein is compressed which increases blood pressure. Due to the presence of one way valves the blood can pass only in one direction, back towards the heart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "2114_Skeletal_Muscle_Vein_Pump.jpg." CC BY 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2114_Skeletal_Muscle_Vein_Pump.jpg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Hepatic Portal Circulation Diagram showing the hepatic portal vein and its territory. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Hepatic Portal Circulation." Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Rat Liver Sinusoid Sinusoid of a rat liver with fenestrated endothelial cells. Fenestrae are approx 100nm diameter, and sinusoidal width 5 microns. Original mag 30,000x. Note the microvilli of hepatocytes in the space of Disse external to the endothelium. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Sinusoid." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sinusoid.jpeg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Shock The scheme depicts the cell metabolic response as a result of inadequate blood delivery during circulatory shock. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Shock-cell2." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shock-cell2.svg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Tubular Secretion Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney and the three steps involved in urine formation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Urinary Excretion." CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Physiology_of_Nephron.png View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Veins of the Head and Neck The veins of head and neck are labeled in blue, with an arrow pointing to the auricular vein. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Anterior auricular veins." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_auricular_veins View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Shock The scheme depicts the cell metabolic response as a result of inadequate blood delivery during circulatory shock. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Shock-cell2." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shock-cell2.svg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Ascending Aorta The aorta has three parts: the ascending, the arch and the descending. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Ascending aorta." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_aorta View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Diagram of Human Heart This diagram of the human heart shows all the major vessels, and arrows indicate the direction of flow through the heart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/The cardiovascular system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system%23Aorta View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Principle Veins This diagram shows the principal veins of the human body and their locations. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Diagram of the Veins." Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Venous_system_en.svg/2000pxVenous_system_en.svg.png View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Veins of abdomen and lower limbs The veins of the abdomen and lower limb include the inferior vena cava, the common iliac veins, the external iliac veins, and their tributaries. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "External iliac vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_iliac_vein View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Venule Venules form when capillaries come together and converging venules form a vein. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Illu capillary." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_capillary.jpg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Types of Capillary The three types of capillaries: continuous, fenestrated and sinusoid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "2104_Three_Major_Capillary_Types.jpg." CC BY 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2104_Three_Major_Capillary_Types.jpg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Vasoconstriction Vasoconstriction of a microvessel by pericytes and endothelial cells that encircle an erythrocyte (E). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Microvessel." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microvessel.jpg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Veins of the Thorax The veins of the thorax are shown in blue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Azygos vein." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Azygos_vein.png View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Typical Tools of Auscultatory Measurement Shown here are a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer, which are used for ascultatory measurement. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Sphygmomanometer." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphygmomanometer.jpg View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Baroreceptor Reflexes Increased blood pressure results in increased rates of baroreceptor firing, whereas decreased blood pressure results in slower rates of fire, both initiating the homeostatic mechanism to restore blood pressure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System. January 15, 2014." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46603/latest/ View on Boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Attribution • Wikipedia. "Superior epigastric vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_epigastric_vein • Wikipedia. "Common iliac vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20iliac%20vein • Wikipedia. "Inferior epigastric vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_epigastric_vein • Wikipedia. "External iliac vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External%20iliac%20vein • Wikipedia. "External iliac vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_iliac_vein • Wikipedia. "deep iliac circumflex." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/deep%20iliac%20circumflex • Wikipedia. "Internal iliac vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_iliac_vein • Saylor. "VII. The Veins. 3d. The Veins of the Lower Extremity, Abdomen, and Pelvis." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/site/wpcontent/uploads/2014/06/BIO302-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Body-Chapter-VII-Veins.pdf • Wikipedia. "Thoracic aorta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_aorta • Wiktionary. "thoracic vertebra." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thoracic_vertebra • Wikipedia. "Arterioles." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterioles • Wiktionary. "microcirculation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/microcirculation • Wiktionary. "arteriole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arteriole • Wikipedia. "Femoral vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_vein • Wikipedia. "Digital Vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Vein • Wikipedia. "Femoral Vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral%20Vein • Wikipedia. "Tibial Vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibial%20Vein Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • Saylor. "VII. The Veins. 3d. The Veins of the Lower Extremity, Abdomen, and Pelvis." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/site/wpcontent/uploads/2014/06/BIO302-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Body-Chapter-VII-Veins.pdf • Wikipedia. "active transport." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/active%20transport • Wikipedia. "Starling equation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling_equation • Wikipedia. "Renal physiology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_physiology%23Mechanisms • Wiktionary. "filtration." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filtration • Wiktionary. "reabsorption." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reabsorption • Wikipedia. "portal venous system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/portal%20venous%20system • Wiktionary. "vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vein • Wikipedia. "Vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein • Wikipedia. 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"anastomosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anastomosis • Wiktionary. "hypotension." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypotension • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/systolic-pressure • Wikibooks. "Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Cardiovascular System/Blood circulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Cardiovascular_System/Blood_circulation • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/diastolic-pressure • Wikipedia. "Arterial blood pressure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_blood_pressure • Wiktionary. "blood pressure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blood_pressure • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/systolic-pressure • Wikibooks. "General Anatomy/Regulation of Blood Pressure." 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CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcirculation • Wikipedia. "Starling equation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling_equation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • Wikipedia. "Starling equation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling_equation • Wiktionary. "endothelium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endothelium • Wiktionary. "proteinuria." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proteinuria • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Capillary Exchange. January 16, 2014." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/contents/797b2238a9ed-4012-b9af-ce0a25172732@3 • Wikipedia. "Blushing." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blushing%23Blood_vessels • Wiktionary. "anastomoses." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anastomoses • Wiktionary. "plexus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plexus • Wiktionary. "cutaneous." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cutaneous • Wikipedia. "Artery." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery • Wiktionary. "artery." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/artery • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/systolic-pressure • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/diastolic-pressure • Wikipedia. "Thoracic Aorta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic%20Aorta • Wikipedia. "Thoracic aorta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_aorta • Wikipedia. "mediastinal cavity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mediastinal%20cavity • Wiktionary. "thoracic vertebra." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thoracic_vertebra • Wikipedia. "Abdominal aorta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_aorta • Wikipedia. "inferior vena cava." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/inferior%20vena%20cava • Wiktionary. "omentum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/omentum Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • Wikipedia. "abdominal aorta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/abdominal%20aorta • Wikipedia. "Deep vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20vein • Wikipedia. "Deep vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_vein • Wikipedia. "Superficial veins." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_veins • Wikipedia. "List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy: VII.The Veins." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subjects_in_Gray's_Anatomy:_VII._The_Veins%23Superficial_veins_of_the_Upper_extremit y • Wikipedia. "Superficial vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial%20vein • Wikipedia. "Circulatory shock." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_shock%23Pathophysiology • Wikipedia. "Circulatory shock." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_shock%23Pathophysiology • Wikipedia. "Circulatory shock." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_shock%23Pathophysiology • Wikipedia. "Circulatory shock." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_shock%23Pathophysiology • Wikipedia. "Circulatory shock." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_shock%23Pathophysiology • Wikipedia. "shock." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/shock • Wiktionary. "hypoperfusion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypoperfusion • Wikipedia. "Shock (circulatory)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory) • Wiktionary. "hypoxia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypoxia • Wikipedia. "Innominate veins." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innominate_veins • Wikipedia. "Superior phrenic vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_phrenic_vein • Wikipedia. "Superior vena cava." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_vena_cava • Wikipedia. "Azygos vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azygos_vein Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • Wikipedia. "Inferior thyroid veins." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_thyroid_veins • Wikipedia. "Internal mammary veins." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_mammary_veins • Wikipedia. "azygos vein system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/azygos%20vein%20system • Wiktionary. "costal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/costal • Saylor. "VII. The Veins. 3c. The Veins of the Upper Extremity and Thorax. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/BIO302-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Body-Chapter-VIIVeins.pdf • Wiktionary. "mediastinum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mediastinum • Wikipedia. "Highest intercostal vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_intercostal_vein • Wikipedia. "Vasodilator." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilator • Wiktionary. "vasodilation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vasodilation • Wiktionary. "vasoconstriction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vasoconstriction • Wikipedia. "Vasoconstrictor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoconstrictor • Wikipedia. "Blood pressure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure%23Physiology • Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/The cardiovascular system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system%23Extrinsic_Control_of_Heartbeat • Wikipedia. "Blood pressure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure%23Measurement • Wiktionary. "sphygmomanometer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sphygmomanometer • Wiktionary. "palpation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palpation • Wiktionary. "norepinephrine." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/norepinephrine • Wiktionary. "parasympathetic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parasympathetic • Wiktionary. "autonomic nervous system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autonomic_nervous_system Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels • Wiktionary. "baroreceptor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baroreceptor • Wiktionary. "sympathetic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sympathetic • OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System. January 14, 2014." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m46603/latest/ • Wikipedia. "Vasodilation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation • Wikipedia. "Blood." 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