Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Paranoia (role-playing game) wikipedia , lookup
Wearable computer wikipedia , lookup
Technological singularity wikipedia , lookup
Intelligence explosion wikipedia , lookup
Human–computer interaction wikipedia , lookup
Philosophy of artificial intelligence wikipedia , lookup
Existential risk from artificial general intelligence wikipedia , lookup
The Computer of the Future • Emerging Hardware – Emerging Input Devices • Gesture input devices – Wii remote and Xbox Kinect » http://www.techdirt.com/blog/innovation/articles/2 0130330/03051922516/awesome-stuff-computersgesture-input-devices.shtml (NUIA eyeCharm) • Surface computing – Microsoft Surface » Uses touch and gestures performed via a tabletop screen, as well as objects placed on the screen, as input » http://reviews.cnet.com/microsoft-surface-pro/ Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 2 The Computer of the Future • 2D barcodes (QR or Quick Response) – Designed to be used by consumers with mobile phones – Capturing the image of a QR barcode in magazine ad with mobile phone’s camera can load a Web page, dial a phone number, send a text message to enter a contest, etc. Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 3 The Computer of the Future – Augmented Reality • Mobile phone app • Computer generated images overlaid on top of realtime images – Augmented Car Finder: a fun car finder that takes advantage of augmented reality technology to show you where you have parked your car. It’s not perfect, but one of the better ones on the market. – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqUSfjTSLyo Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 4 The Computer of the Future • Quick Writer: Quick Writer lets you type on your iPhone and see what’s in front of you. Pasting information from this app to others is straight forward. Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 5 The Computer of the Future – Near Field Communication (NFC) • Near field communication technology lets smartphones and other enabled devices communicate with other devices containing a NFC tag. Whether swiping your smartphone at the checkout lane in the grocery store, waving it over a display at a local museum, or bumping phones with a friend to share the latest games, near field technology lets you pay, play, and learn easily. http://gizmodo.com/5707321/what-is-near+fieldcommunication Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 6 The Computer of the Future Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 7 The Computer of the Future – Emerging Processing Technologies • New designs for motherboards and CPUs • Multi-core CPUs – If you think of the processor as a worker in a business, then more cores would mean more workers. The more workers you have, the more work gets done. Multi-core simply means that there are more "workers" applying themselves to a task, so the task gets done considerably quicker • USB 3.0 – More than 10 times the speed of USB 2.0 • Flexible electronic components – Thinner, lighter, very little heat, consume much less energy – Can be integrated into clothing Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 8 The Computer of the Future • Three-dimensional (3D) chips » Increase the rate at which data gets transferred. » Limits the power consumption because of the smaller inner connections » Components are layered, cutting down on required surface area – Now used for some applications such as video – World’s first 3D transistor was introduced by Intel » Tri-Gate transistor which provided increased performance and low voltage • Ideal for use in small devices, like mobile phones, because of it’s decreased size Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 9 The Computers of the Future –Heat is a problem in 3D chip development »Heat can damage the components »IBM developed a water-cooling system which “forces water between the layers in the chip stack, picking up the heat right at its source,” which allows cooler chips to run faster Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 10 The Computers of the Future Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 11 The Computers of the Future • Terascale Computing “Terascale computing is basically taking the computing environment we now know and moving it into a supercomputing-type arena. It's just taking it up to the next level where we're doing billions upon billions--billions times billions-- of time-computational units within one second, just a staggering amount of computational power.” Jason Howard, Intel Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 12 The Computers of the Future • Nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM) – Memory that retains data when power to the computer is cut off » RAM is normally associated with volatile types of memory where its stored information is lost if the power is removed. » Used for storing critical data to guard against data loss, and saving the data to help robotic systems, for example, to recover quickly from a power loss » Future applications include “instant-on” computers and mobile devices that can be turned on and off like a light bulb with no data loss Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 13 The Computers of the Future – Emerging Output Devices • 3D display screens – Use filters, prisms, lenses and other technologies to create a 3D effect, so 3D glasses are not required – Some resemble conventional computers, others, such as the Perspecta 3D (for medical imaging) are dome shaped – Has both consumer (Nintendo 3DS) and industrial applications http://phys.org/news/2012-09-prototype-d-screenphysically-tilts.html Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 14 The Computers of the Future • Wearable personal displays – Typically built into glasses – Project images from portable device (phone) to glasses – Designed for entertainment applications; some designed for use by soldiers Sony's new HMZ-T3 wearable display gets 'wireless' option, easy smartphone connectivity, and HD audio (hands-on) Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 15 The Computers of the Future • 3D projectors – Display holograms of individuals and objects onto a stage for presentation; in retail stores; and exhibitions to showcase products • Pico projectors (also know as handheld projectors) – Pocket-sized – Can display on any flat surface from up to 12’ away – Typically connect to a mobile phones, cameras, or tablets – Can be built into mobile devices Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 16 The Computers of the Future • 3-D printers – Used when permanent 3D output is required » To print a 3D model of a new building – Form output in layers using molten plastic during series of passes Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 17 The Computers of the Future Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 18 The Computers of the Future • Organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays – Use a layer of organic material that emits light when electric current is applied – They do not use backlighting like conventional flatpanel displays – Thinner, wide viewing angle, low energy consumption, longer battery life on portable devices – Beginning to be used with digital cameras, portable digital media players, mobile phones, and TVs Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 19 The Computers of the Future • Special OLEDs (organic light emitting diode displays) – Flexible OLED (FOLED) displays » Built on flexible surfaces, such as plastic or metallic foil • Can be rolled up when not in use • Lighter, so can be used to integrate displays on military uniforms – Transparent OLED (TOLED) displays » Transparent and emits light toward the top and bottom of the display surface » Open up possibility of use on home windows, car windshields, and helmet face shields Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 20 The Computers of the Future • Interferometric modulator displays (IMOD) –Complex mirror that uses external light, from sun or artificial light inside building to display images –Images are bright and clear even in direct sunlight –Backlighting isn’t used, so energy efficient –No power used unless the image changes, so can remain on at all times without draining the battery Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 21 The Computers of the Future • Emerging print applications – Zink (zero ink) technology – Printer which uses no ink – Special paper coated with special color dye crystals » Looks like regular white photo paper » Uses heat to activate and colorize crystals for printing – May eventually be used for “printing” human tissue and other organic materials for medical purposes Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 22 The Computers of the Future Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 23 The Computers of the Future • Holographic Storage – High-capacity storage – Uses multiple blue laser beams to store data in three dimensions – Discs currently hold 300 gigabyte each; 1.6 terabyte cartridges expected in near future – Best suited for use with large amounts of data that need to be stored or retrieved quickly, but rarely changed Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 24 The Computers of the Future Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 25 Emerging Networking Technologies • Geobrowsing – Lets you know where family and friends are when you are on the go » Google Earth • GPS monitoring systems – Vehicle monitoring systems are available which can record where the vehicle is driven and how fast – Some allow the location of the vehicle to be tracked in real time – Some set up a “virtual fence” which sets a maximum allowable speed, or indicates if driver left a specified area Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 26 Artificial Intelligence (AI) • What is Artificial intelligence (AI) – The science and engineering of making intelligent machines – Creating intelligent devices controlled by intelligent software – machines that think and act like intelligent humans – Turing Test (still used today) • A test of Artificial intelligence • An observer interacts electronically with a human and a computer by sending them questions and reviewing the typed responses • If the observer repeatedly cannot tell which of the responses is human and which is machine, the machine is viewed as intelligent Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 27 Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Loebner Prize • Includes a gold medal and $100,000 to be awarded to the developer of the first computer to pass the Turing Test • Has not been awarded as yet – Early advances in artificial intelligence were in the area of game playing, namely chess • Today’s chess-playing programs can beat chess masters – Once human makes mistake, there is no hope that the computer will make it’s own mistake Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 28 Artificial Intelligence (AI) • Artificial Intelligence Applications – Contain some aspects of artificial intelligence, though tend to mimic human intelligence • IBM’s Watson computer can analyze complex questions and form answers – Competed with humans on Jeopardy and won »http://www.youtube.com/results?search_ query=IBM+Watson%3A+Final+Jeopardy% 21+and+the+Future+of+Watson+&sm=12 Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 29 Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Intelligent Agents • Programs that perform specific tasks to help make a user’s work environment more efficient or or entertaining > Apple’s “personal assistant and knowledge navagator, Siri Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 30 Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Application Assistants » Provide help for a particular application program; some automatically offer advice if it detects user is having trouble » Shopping bots • Shopping bots are price comparison sites on the World Wide Web that automatically search the inventory of several different online merchants to find the lowest prices for consumers. • www.bizrate.com • www.nextag.com Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 31 Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Entertainment bots » Virtual pet or animated character to play games with – Chatterbots (or virtual assistant) – Carry on “written” conversations and often represented by an animated character to give appearance that exchange is between two, thinking people Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 32 Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Expert Systems • Software programs that can make decisions and draw conclusions, similar to a human expert • Two main components – Knowledge base » Database with facts and rules – Inference engine » Software program that applies the rules to the data stored in the knowledge base • “Do not automatically authorize purchase if customer has exceeded their credit limit” Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 33 Artificial Intelligence (AI) • Expert Systems – Widely used for many tasks » Diagnosing illness • Assist physician by suggesting diagnosis » Financial forecasting » Scheduling routes for delivery vehicles » Credit authorizations – Important to know that conclusions are based on information provided by the users and the data stored in the knowledge base Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 34 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 35 Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Robotics • The study of robots • Robots – Devices, controlled by a person or computer, that can move and react to sensory input – Generally used to replace human workers » In high-precision, but monotonous jobs » In situations that are dangerous or impossible for people Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 36 Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Robots used in business for a variety of purposes » Looking for intruders, gas leaks, other hazards » Working on factory assembly lines » Mining coal, repairing oil rigs » Locating survivors in collapsed buildings » Facilitating teleconferencing » Search and rescue missions, firefighting, manufacturing Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 37 Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Personal robots » Entertainment robots make small talk, deliver messages, take photos or video, sing, dance, play games » Robotic pets » Household robots perform household tasks (vacuum floor, clean pool, mow lawn, etc.) » In the future, personal robots could become more humanoid and be able to perform more difficult tasks • To assist the elderly and disabled individuals Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 38 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 39 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Assembly Arm Robot Arms – How Do They Do It? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFKbpbe_9pw Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 40 Technological Advances in Medicine – Electronic implants • Monitoring devices implanted inside an individual • Cardiac devices monitor and record heart rhythms – Pacemaker-Defibrillator » The pacemaker supplies signals to both lower chambers of the heart and thereby re-coordinates contractions; the defibrillator can jolt the heart back to life if it suddenly stops beating properly. Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 41 Technological Advances in Medicine • VeriChip – Small RFID tag (Radio-Frequency Identification Chip) implanted under a person’s skin – Originally intended to function in much the same way a medical alert bracelet does – Used for ID purposes » Version under development that will monitor glucose levels of a diabetic person; another will allow medical devices to be traced if recall is discovered Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 42 Technological Advances in Medicine • VeriChip – Some versions used for access to highly secure facilities – Some for access to homes, cars, and computers – Can be used to help find missing persons – Privacy-rights advocates worry it will be used by government to track citizens » Purely voluntary basis Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 43 Technological Advances in Medicine • Brain-to-computer interfacing (BCI) – The process of connecting a brain directly to a computer – Use of BCI to restore lost functionality and facilitate communications of severely disabled individuals is under development – Concern exists that this technology could be misused » Medical ethicists currently working on setting up standards to ensure the devices allow patients to have control and not be under control Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 44 Technological Advances in Medicine • Telemedicine and Telesurgery – Telemedicine • Use of networking technology to provide medical information and services – Two-way video, email, smart phones, wireless tools and other forms of telecommunications technology. • Gives the ability to diagnose and provide care remotely to people who could not otherwise have access http://www.americantelemed.org/learn/what-istelemedicine Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 45 Technological Advances in Medicine – Telesurgery • A form of robot-assisted surgery in which the doctor’s physical location is different from the patient’s physical location, and the doctor controls the robot remotely • Can be performed over the Internet • Gives closer view and more precision to the doctor • Allows for smaller incisions, less pain, faster recovery period • Essential in providing service to remote areas • Will likely be needed for extensive space exploration Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 46 Technological Advances in Medicine Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 47 Technological Advances in Medicine Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 48 Technological Advances in the Military • Battlefield Robots – Used in conflict areas • To investigate caves, buildings, trails, etc., to ensure those areas are safe for soldiers to enter • To locate and dispose of bombs, mines, and other explosive devices in the field – Are typically controlled remotely by soldiers – Researchers are working to develop more autonomous robots that can navigate on their own Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 49 Technological Advances in the Military • Exoskeleton Systems – Exoskeleton suit • Wearable robotic system designed to give additional physical capabilities and protection • Being developed for the military – Gives soldiers the ability to run faster – Enables soldiers to carry heavier items • Final versions may be light, bulletproof, and be able to solidify on command to act as a cast • Other future options may be the ability to camouflage, administer painkillers, or apply pressure to a wound Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 50 Technological Advances in the Military Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 51 Emerging Technologies Go Pro’s Video Revolution http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/gopros-video-revolution/ Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition 52