Download File - BIOLOGY and HONORS PHYSIOLOGY Mr. Wylam

Sections
1.
2.
3.
The Nature of
Blood
The Human Heart
Blood Vessels
Primary Functions of
the Circulatory System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Transport of respiratory gases
(carbon dioxide and oxygen)
Transports nutrients to (and waste
from) all body tissues
Delivers endocrine hormones to
target organs and tissues
Contains cells that fight pathogens
Regulates pH and ion concentration
of body fluids.
Helps stabilize body temperature
by transporting heat
The Nature of Blood
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Blood is a mixture that contains the
following components:
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Red Blood Cells
Oxygen/ Carbon Dioxide
Plasma (mostly water)
Hormones
Nutrients
Immune cells
Waste (urea)
Platelets
The Nature of Blood: Red Blood Cells
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Red Blood Cells are biconcave
discs that do not have nuclei
They bend and fold easily fitting
through the smallest of vessels
Their primary function is to
utilize haemoglobin, a
molecule specially designed to
hold/carry oxygen and deliver it
to the body’s trillions of cells,
while removing CO2
The Nature of Blood: Immune Cells
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Often called “White Blood Cells”
the blood contains phagocytes and
lymphocytes which work together
to fight pathogens such as viruses
and bacteria.
The Nature of Blood: Platelets
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Platelets are not cells but cell
fragments which form a fibrous
network, causing blood to clot.
What is a
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Scab?
A scab is made up of a blood clot (platelets,
protein fibers and red blood cells) and dried
tissue fluids that form over a superficial dermal
injury. Scabs keep the wound bacteria free while
the Dermal cells beneath divide rapidly
The Nature of Blood: Plasma
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Plasma is a straw colored liquid (mostly
water) which contains all of the blood
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components aside from the RBC’s.
Plasma makes up about 60% of your blood
and contains:
carbon dioxide
glucose
amino acids
proteins
minerals
vitamins
hormones
urea
Multiple alleles: Blood type
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There are multiple alleles which determine
one’s blood type.
Genes code for different surface proteins on
RBC’s called antigens.
Additional Rh factor (+ or -) antigens yield 8
potential blood types.
What is your
blood type?
Challenge Question!

Four babies were born within minutes of each
other in a large hospital, when a sudden explosion
occurs. All four babies are found alive among the
rubble, but none had yet been given their identity
bracelets. The babies prove to be of four different
blood groups: A, B, AB, O. The four pairs of
parents have the following blood groups: A & B, O
& O, AB & O, and B & B. Match parents to babies.
Challenge Question
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After graduating from high
school, Amanda decides to join
the Navy. She knows that her
father’s blood type is “AB” and
her mothers is “O”. Upon
enlistment Amanda finds out she
is type AB….
Amanda (remembering her
genetics from biology class) is
upset, and returns to her parents
asking id she is adopted….Explain
her reasoning.
Agglutination
Blood: FUN facts
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2)
3)
4)
5)
It takes about a minute to make the
entire trip to and from the heart.
The average adult has about 12-16 pints
of blood.
Millions of RBC’s are recycled every
second in your spleen. They’re replaced
by new cells generated in red marrow.
The rarest blood type is AB- and the
most common is O+
RBC’s live for about 120 days before
they must be replaced.
Blood:
more FUN
facts
The Human Heart
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The heart pumps blood
through a closed system
of blood vessels.
The heart has 4
chambers and
separates deoxygenated
(blue) blood from
oxygenated (red) using
a 2 pump system.
The “Heart Sack”
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The Pericardium consists
of 2 layers
• The Fibrous layer
anchors the heart
• The serosal layer
generates pericardial
fluid to lubricate and
minimize friction around
the heart
Layers of the Heart
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The Epicardium aids the
serosal layer of the pericardium
in lubricating the heart with
fluid.
The myocardium is composed
of highly vascularized cardiac
muscle tissue.
The endocardium is the
innermost layer of the heart
and is identical to the inner
lining of blood vessels.
The Circulatory System:
A 2 Pump System
Lungs
the right side of
the left side of
the system
the system
deals with
deals with
deoxygenated
oxygenated
blood.
blood.
Body cells
The Heart: External Anatomy
Veins bring
deoxygenated blue
blood from the body
Arteries carry
blood away from
the heart.
2 atria
2 ventricles
Coronary arteries,
the hearts own
blood supply
let’s look inside the heart…
Making the Heart “Beat”
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The sinoatrial and the
atrioventricular nodes (the SA and
AV) are commonly referred to as the
heart’s “pacemaker.” These cells are
modified myocytes which initate the
impulses which cause heart cells to
contract.
The SA node is richly
innervated by
parasympathetic and
sympathetic nervous
pathways. This unique
anatomical arrangement
ensures that the heart
is susceptible to specific
paired and opposed
autonomic influences.
Challenge Question!
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How much blood does your
heart pump in your lifetime
(hint: it pumps about 70
CCs/second)? How many
times does it beat? Using a
calculator, make an educated
guess.
If an Olympic sized swimming
pool holds 2.5 billion CCs.
How many could your heart
fill up in a lifetime?
Blood Vessels
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A closed system of
veins, arteries,
and capillaries
provide pathways
through which
blood is pumped
throughout the
body.
Did You Know?...
Blood Vessels: Arteries
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Arteries are blood
vessels which move
oxygenated (red)
blood.
Arteries are thick,
muscular, and elastic
so they can ‘stretch’
when necessary and
‘push’ blood along.
Did you Know?...
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Pressure in the Carotid artery is so
powerful that slicing it would cause
blood to squirt about 12 feet and you
would bleed to death in seconds!
Arteries of the Head and Neck
Arteries of the Upper Limb and Thorax
Arteries of the Abdomen
Arteries of Pelvis and Leg
Arteries of the Pelvis and Leg
Taking your Pulse…
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The average resting human heart
rate is about 70 bpm for adult males
and 75 bpm for adult females
Blood Vessels: Capillaries
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The smallest of blood
vessels, capillaries are
microscopic tubes where
gas exchange takes place.
All of your trillions of cells
have access to capillaries
to rid themselves of CO2
and acquire O2.
WHY?....
Blood Vessels: Capillaries (cont.)
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If all of your blood vessels
(including the capillaries)
were laid end to end they
would stretch about 75,000
miles, or 3 times around the
world!
Capillaries permeate all
of your body tissues. At
their smallest, RBC’s
must move single file
through them.
Blood Vessels: Veins
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Veins are not as thick
or elastic as arteries,
as they move
deoxygenated (blue)
blood at lower
pressure back to the
heart.
• veins have valves
which act against
gravity, stopping blood
from going in the
wrong direction.
Blood Vessels: Veins (cont.)
• Veins are located within skeletal
muscle, so that when they contract to
move the body, they squeeze the veins
and force blood along the vessel.
Major Veins of
Systemic Circulation
Veins of Head and Neck
Veins of Upper Limbs and Thorax
Veins of the Abdomen
Veins of Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Challenge Question!
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What is “Blood Pressure?” How is it
measured?
Heart
Disease:
The Silent
Killer
S
G
Identify
Structures A-S
Q
R
J K
I
L
H
M
P
N
O
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Blue blood enters the heart via the
inferior _________.
Vena cava It then
and ________
lungs
heart heading toward the _______
pulmonary________.
artery
________
superior
________
leaves the
via the
Bright red blood from the lungs the circulates
pulmonary
back to the heart through the _________
vein
__________.
The forceful contraction of the
ventricle
left __________
causes it to then surge
aorta
arteries
through the _________
and on to ________
and eventually __________
Capillaries where gas
exchange takes place, supplying all of the
body’s trillions of cells with oxygen and
nutrients while removing _______
and waste
CO2
products.
That’s All
Folks!