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INTEGUMENT 2 layers – dermis and epidermis; hypodermis not part of skin (areolar CT) Epidermis stratified squamous keratinized epithelium Dermis dense irregular connective tissue (CT) – label tissue, be specific o not papillary or reticular layer (which might be true but doesn’t answer question) o lots of collagen fibers epidermal-dermal junction ridges to protect against shearing forces also uses basement membrane (integrins) – Type IV collagen dermal papillae with epidermal rete pegs Thick or glabrous skin – be specific, not just skin or integument Thin or hairy skin – reduced layers of stratum corneum, no stratum lucidum Has hair and sebaceous glands How to differentiate between thin and thick skin? * Thickness of epidermis * Only have two types of receptors to identify Meissner’s corpuscle Mechanoreceptor for light touch Located in dermal papillae of papillary layer of thick skin Encapsulated, “stripey” Pacinian corpuscle Deep pressure and vibration Located deep in hypodermis and lower dermis Encapsulated, “onion” Cytomorphosis – keratinization of keratinocytes Stratum granulosum – cells are starting to die here Stratum basale – proliferation of keratinocytes, mitotic activity Stratum spinosum Melanocytes Cytocrine secretion – melanin transferred to keratinocyte from melanocyte Melanin fuses with lysosome, gets degraded by enzymes Arrector pili muscle – smooth muscle Hair follicle middle – hair shaft melanin transfer into keratinocytes, melanocytes in hair matrix o color of hair depends on type of melanin (tryptophan or tyrosine) medulla – soft keratin cortex- hard keratin Identify between internal root sheath and external root sheath Nails – identify nail plate – keratinocytes contain hard keratin nail bed – dark layer nail root nail matrix – where undifferentiated cells are ALL GLANDS ARE DERIVED FROM EPITHELIUM/ECTODERM salivary gland – direct nervous stimulation or simple blood vessel dilation sebaceous gland – gives rise to acne, halfway up hair follicle Sudiferous glands APOCRINE sweat glands – with HAIRY SKIN axillary, genital areas location: jxn of dermis and hypodermis, deep large lumen, dumps to hair follicle serous, merocrine secretion ECCRINE sweat gland most common, all over body small lumen, dumps to surface secretory portion – lighter than duct, simple cuboidal, duct portion – darker bec has more nuclei, stratified columnar cuboidal (2 layers) serous, merocrine secretion Ducts look same for both sweat glands CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Neurovascular bundle – artery, vein, nerve (has no lumen) Elastic artery (large) Aorta, subclavian, common carotid arteries Sheets of elastic laminae – internal and external o IEL – separates tunica intima and media o EEL – separates tunica media and adventitia o Collagen Type I and smooth muscle in between sheets Tunica intima (endothelial layer), tunica media, tunica adventitia Vaso vasorum – vessels to supply vessels Large vein NO internal elastic lamina Surrounded by many bundles of smooth muscle in tunica ADVENTITIA o Runs longitudinally Vaso vasorum Muscular artery (medium) Thick internal elastic lamina Tunica media >5 layers Comparatively thin tunica adventitia Round, smaller lumen than accompanying vein Medium vein Larger than muscular artery No well-developed tunica media Most of wall is tunica adventitia Valve Arteriole Tunica media 1-3 layers (smooth muscle) Internal elastic lamina Venule Irregular-shaped lumen Associated with arteriole (has 1-3 smooth muscle cell layer) Capillary 1 endothelial, cell layer - simple squamous 3 types, depends on basement membrane o continuous – muscle, connective tissue, gut basement membrane is continuous MOST COMMON o fenestrated – endocrine glands, glomeruli in kidney basement membrane is continuous holes in endothelium cytoplasm o sinusoidal/discontinuous – liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes basement membrane does not extend between endothelial cells liver – cords of hepatocytes, central nucleus in cuboidal cell spleen – splenic sinuses Lymph – single endothelial layer HEART - identify Right atrium – pectinate muscles Right ventricle – chordae tendinae Left ventricle – papillary muscle Left auricle – free standing, unconnected Atrioventricular septum – right between atrium and the two ventricles Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular) contains o Right coronary artery o Circumflex branch of Left coronary artery o Coronary sinus (posterior) Left coronary artery – open connection immediately after aortic valve from aorta Pulmonary trunk – hole right next to aorta Aorta o Thicker wall due to high pressure from left ventricle o Elastic artery – type of vessel Cardiac skeleton Forms electrical insulation between atria and ventricles Holds valves open Point of insertion for cardiac muscle to tendon - “chondroid” dense irregular CT, large round cells like cartilage but not Annulus fibrosis o Where semilunar cusps attach o Fibrous ring Septum membranaceum o CT from trigone down into top of interventricular septum Trigones, right and left – CT between vessels Purkinje fiber Individual ones in a bundle between cardiac myocytes Large, light-staining cells o Light bec less myofibrils which are all at periphery Basic tissue type – cardiac muscle o Modified for nerve impulse conduction Lots of gap junctions between them Look at photo of the fiber in the endocardium, H&E stain RESPIRATORY Olfactory epithelium DIAGNOSTIC – lots of nuclei layers, 8 or more PCE layers Stereocilia, no goblet cells Bowman glands – serous, found under PCE (pseudostratified columnar epithelium) Vein plexus – supply fluid to Bowman gland and warm/humidify air PCCE (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium) – respiratory epithelium 3-4 nuclei layers Swell bodies - plexus of veins, alternate swelling and deflating with blood to give epithelium a chance to recover from warming/humidifying incoming air In lamina propria, erectile tissue Epiglottis – core of elastic cartilage Lingual surface – stratified squamous epithelium Other side – PCCE Seromucous gland – dark staining + light staining together Larynx Thyroid and cricoid cartilage, hyoid bone, tracheal ring, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus glands Thymus – dark cortex, light medulla Thyroarytenoid muscle o From thyroid to arytenoids cartilage in back o vocalis muscle - medial portion True vocal fold – stratified squamous epithelium Protect from mechanical trauma of air rushing past All the rest – respiratory epithelium (PCCE with goblet cells) Vocal ligament – looks like areolar CT, light area above vocalis muscle Trachea Trachealis muscle located next to esophagus (smooth muscle) Hyaline cartilage C-ring Lined with respiratory epithelium Diffuse lymphatic tissue in areas under surface of lumen o macrophages, lymphocytes within lamina propria Lung – lacy, identify organ Bronchi – some hyaline cartilage Bronchus – hyaline cartilage, columnar cells PCCE, lamina propria, submucosa Smooth muscle – muscularis Bronchiole – smooth muscle, NO cartilage or glands Primary, terminal, respiratory Cuboidal cell everywhere Alveolar duct Long hallway with alveoli, one after another, lining it Terminates in alveolar sac Atrium – space where all alveoli open into alveolar sac o Lined with simple squamous epithelium Terminal bronchiole – lined with smooth muscle Pulmonary artery – run with bronchi Pulmonary vein – nearby Alveoli Alveolar septum Surrounds alveolus Elastic fibers allow them to stretch for breathing Elastic recoil pushes air out of alveoli Tiny holes – capillary, white lumen Type II pneumocyte – secrete surfactant, large, round Type I pneumocyte – lines alveoli Dust cell, alveolar macrophage – filled with carbon, black bronchial artery right – branch off posterior intercostals artery left – branch off thoracic aorta BLOOD Eosinophil Red, large granules, uniformly dense Bilobed nucleus Function: parasites, limit immune response, clean up Ag-Ab complexes Basophil All dark navy Large “shards of rock” granules obscuring nucleus o Granules are NOT uniform Neutrophil Multi-lobed nucleus (up to 5, will not always see all 5) Most abundant Granular, small granules Lymphocyte Large, acentric nucleus Mostly navy blue nucleus, thin layer of cytoplasm Slightly larger than RBC (comes in 3 sizes: S, M, L) Found in blood smear Monocyte To differentiate from band cell o MUCH LARGER THAN A BAND CELL, 13 um (almost 2x RBC size) o FAT, bean-shaped, bi-lobed nucleus Lobes overlap, has nucleolus in each (but hard to see) Clear, smooth cytoplasm (no granules) In blood, transport form of macrophage o In tissue, termed a macrophage Function: phagocytosis Band cell Granular, precursor to Neutrophil Nucleus indentation goes in far Very horse-shoe shape o More cytoplasm between the 2 lobes o Thinner bridge connecting 2 lobes Smaller than monocyte, only 9 um Platelets – Megakaryocyte is precursor Not a cell, cell fragment Has a microtubular system Megakaryocyte Biggest cell in blood system Multi-lobed nucleus, very dense Always near sinusoids where they extrude platelets to circulation Red bone marrow – identify organ, be specific Hematopoietic – filled with stem cells Discontinuous capillary/sinusoid o Found in bone marrow, liver, spleen RBC production - Erythroblast Islands Will see small islands of RBC production/development in bone marrow Located around monocytes called nurse cells, near vasculature Can see extruded nucleus Starts blue (due to rough ER) bec need to make lots of protein Turns purple to pink (due to hemoglobin production) erythroblast ≠ erythrocyte No such thing as polychromatophilic erythrocyte 1 – Proerythroblast Larger than basophilic erythroblast Not as blue bec rough ER machinery not well-developed 3 nucleoli 2 - Basophilic erythroblast More navy blue cytoplasm Slightly smaller than proerythroblast Stimulated by erythropoietin 1 nucleoli 3 – Polychromatophilic erythroblast Chromatin pattern – not as condensed, nucleus has gaps between chromatin Cytoplasm is mix of blue and red: purpley Nucleus is centered 4 – Orthochromatophilic erythroblast / Normoblast Nucleus condensed/small, very dark Pink cytoplasm, less densely stained Nucleus off to one side 5 - Reticulocyte Special stain shows blue particles (rough ER) within cell No nucleus Normally only 1% of blood smear 6 - RBC – 7 um Promyelocyte Large, central nucleus, many nucleoli Prominent granules in cytoplasm (azurophilic) - HUGE Larger cell than proerythroblast Clearer cytoplasm * Prof. Howard mentioned she would not put any of these on the test Neutrophilic metamyelocyte Stage right before band cell Not as large as monocyte, though nucleus are similar (fat, U-shape) o Nucleus not as indented as band cell Lots of these when there’s an infection Look at neighbor cells – will be surrounded by other WBC development stages like band cell Eosinophilic metamyelocyte Big red granules LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Primary lymphatic organs – bone marrow, thymus Where B and T lymphocytes grow and mature Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues – lymph nodes, spleen, lymph nodules Where most immune responses occur Mononuclear phagocytic system Macrophage in liver – von Kuppfer cell Phagocytosed special blue dye, has blue spots Extends into sinusoids to act as watchguard Also near space of Disse (space separating hepatocytes from endothelium of BV) Diffuse lymphoid tissue – no CT capsule Solitary nodule – found in respiratory, GI, urinary and reproductive tracts Found in all canals open to the external environment Usually in lamina propria immediately deep to the epithelium Tightly packed, forms a smear Primary nodule – absence of germinal center, dark staining, dense, mostly B cells Secondary nodule – presence of germinal center due to activation, lighter staining Trachea Identify in photo the lymphoid tissue – the darker areas Mammary gland IgA secreted by plasma cells to give newborns immunity Plasma cells come from B cells o Acentric nucleus – spokes on a wheel o Found in connective tissue between duct glands o Cytosol is aqua/carribean blue (cannot tell this color) MALT – mucosa associated lymphoid tissue Functions: antigen presentation, phagocytosis Peyer’s patches (ileum), appendix, tonsils, adenoids Aggregated nodules together, still no CT capsule T cell cap – darker, at edge of nodule, T cell predominant o Always oriented toward lumen of crypt/gut where antigens are recognized Germinal center – B cell proliferation (not plasma cells), B cell predominant o Where blast transformation is occurring M cells o Antigen-presenting cells, found next to lumen Peyer’s patches in ileum – likely to be on written test rather than practical (Dr. Howard) In lamina propria of GI tract Nodules aggregated only one one side, no capsule Aggregation of lymphoid nodules in the ileum, usually on side opposite the site of mesenteric attachment HEV (high endothelial venule) o lined with simple, low, cuboidal epithelium o where lymphocytes in circulating blood leave the vessel through extravasation o postcapillary venule o associated with lymph tissues, conduit to move cells into lymph structures Appendix Aggregated nodules go all the way around circumference of lumen in lamina propria Partially encapsulated lymph tissues Partial CT capsule on one side, epithelial lumen on other Has crypts, aggregated nodules, and diffuse lymphatic tissue Crypts lined with epithelium – type of epithelium designates type of tonsil Waldeyer’s ring – ring of tonsils Like a gateway, first line of defense against anything external entering body Tonsils – based on type of epithelium lining crypt Palatine tonsil – stratified squamous mucosal epithelium Pharyngeal tonsil/adenoids – respiratory epithelium (PCCE, goblet cells) o Back wall of nasal cavity Lingual tonsil – on tongue, no photos of these Encapsulated lymph tissues Lymph node Cortex + Medulla, bean-shaped organ Filters lymph Cortex – lymph nodules with diffuse lymph tissue in between Medulla – lighter staining o lymph cords - dark staining squiggles, B cell predominant o lymph sinus - light staining squiggles Efferent lymph vessels – Exit lymph node o Has valves o Endothelial cells with some connective tissue outside, NO smooth muscle Paracortex – between cortex and medulla o Where HEV (simple low cuboidal cell) are T cells exit here from circulation o Principal cell type – T cell predominant Medulla – B cell predominant Route of lymph vessels – all one vessel, has different names for different parts o Afferent lymph vessels all around outer surface, brings in lymph o CT capsule o Subcapsular sinus o Trabecular sinus Through paracortex o Medullary sinus o Efferent lymph vessel Exit at hilus o On to next lymph node in series or thoracic/right lymph duct if last node Entering lymph encounter: T » B » T » B cells, 99% efficient Spleen White pulp & Red pulp Two functions: filter blood + immune system White pulp – dense, blue stain, has central artery o Immune region, has many lymphocytes o PALS (periarterial lymphoid sheath) - around central artery in white pulp T cell domain in white pulp Red pulp– red color, everything else surrounding white pulp o Blood region, has sinuses o Contain cords of Billroth – lacy structure between sinuses that filter blood o Penicillar artery – comes off central artery in red pulp region Opens directly to sinusoid (closed) or to red pulp (open circulation) Marginal zone sinus – forms border around white pulp, separate white from red pulp o Where antigens are presented o Lined by macrophages Sinusoids/discontinuous capillaries filter blood like a sieve o Where antigens are presented o Lined with endothelial cells, NOT simple cuboidal (HEV) Thymus ONLY LOBULATED LYMPH ORGAN ONLY ONE WITH NO LYMPH NODULES, has lobules instead ONLY ONE WITH HASSALL’S CORPUSCLES – no known function CT in between lobules and lobes Each lobule has cortex + medulla Function: T cell maturation and proliferation (in cortex) Epithelial reticular cells – at edge of lobule, produce hormones for maturation T cells migrate from cortex to medulla – 90% killed off o Leave through postcapillary venules to lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, etc