* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download ROMAN INVASION J. Caesar wanted fame, so in 55 BC
Alpine regiments of the Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Roman architecture wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
History of the Roman Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Roman funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Slovakia in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Switzerland in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Romanization of Hispania wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Wales in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
ROMAN INVASION J. Caesar wanted fame, so in 55 BC warships appeared on the Kent coast Britons were waiting for them on the beach In mid-September J. Caesar & his ships went away: He had come & seen but not conquered By 54 BC came with a great force & they took battle at the territory of Catuvellauni = pay tribute to the Romans J. Caesar achieved enough & moved back his forces He won public recognition in Rome Claudius wanted to fulfill all his political aims with the conquest of Britain. He was anxious for military honour In 43 AD they invaded the Kent coast under the command of Plautius His objective was Camulodunum (Colchester), the Catuvellanian capital Treaties between Rome & British leaders were successful and Rome established trading links with parts of Britain Claudius waited in Rome until he received the message to complete the campaign Colchester fell and the outstanding British warrior, Caractacus, fled for his life When Claudius received the submission of the tribes he came back to Rome to claim his triumph Plautius completed his task & occupied the land behind the frontier that Claudius laid down: a line from Lincoln to the south of Devon coast The new defenses served by the 190 mile Fosse Way, Britain 1st military frontier road Beyond this land there were the wild unconquered tribesmen Within the new frontiers the process of ruling & civilizing the islanders began CONQUEST OF THE MIDLANDS & THE NORTH Treaty with Cartimandua made possible the conquest of Midlands & Wales: Caractacus, after his defeat, appealed Queen Cartimandua of the Brigantes for refuge (50 AD) She rejected this request because of her treaty with Rome, but her decision led to disagreements among the Brigantes Caractacus was captured & taken to Rome, where he was pardoned The removal of Caractacus allowed the fortification of Wales & the northwest Midlands Romans began to intervene in the North in the 50-60s Rebellion among the Iceni & Trinovantes, led by Boudica Causes: Boudica’s own treatment at Roman hands after her husband’s death Trinovantes’s resentment for the construction of a colonia at Colchester These events exacerbated pro- & anti-Roman sympathies among the brigantes Vespasian tried to bring the entire mainland to the Roman province. There were some territorial gains under: Cerialis established a legionary fortress at York and advanced into Scotland Agricola’s governorship was held by 3 different men: Vespasian favoured total conquest Titus removed legionary troops from Britain in 80 Domitian permitted a renewal of the colonial advance, but reducing the fighting with the Caledonians In 83, Agricola committed genocide on the Caledonians at the battle of Mons Grapius. Then, he was recalled to Rome By 87 the building of new fortress was abandoned & legions went back to the Continent, indicating that frontier problems in Europe were increasing. The period of conquest was complete NORTHERN FRONTIER: THE 2 WALLS Hadrian Wall Antonine Wall In 138 Antoninus planned to build a new wall & to reoccupy territories In 122 Emperor Hadrian arrived. He built a wall to separate the barbarians from the Romans The stone wall extended from Newcastle to Willowford The Antonine Wall was the northern frontier of the Roman Empire and probably it was intended to resemble Hadrian’s Wall It was built of turf & a design with forts of varying size at much shorter intervals The construction took 7 years and it consisted of the wall itself with forts, milecastle & watchtowers along it. When the wall was finished a great ditch was dug on the south side Hadrian’s fortification served its purpose for 250 years.. But in the 4th century the forces were no longer available. Roman generals fighting for the Imperial throne removed troops. In 407 407, the last effective Roman forces left Britain for the Continent Its main objective may have been closer supervision of the northern tribes Marcus Aurelius decided by 163 to abandon Antonine’s Wall and reoccupy Hadrian’s one THE ROADS Romans needed a network of roads to connect its new towns & army posts and to speed the flow of trade The most vital priority was the movement of troops & supplies from the ports to the military centres in London, Colchester & the front-line forts The Fosse Way was the 1st great Roman road in Britain from Exeter to Lincoln After these “front-line” roads had been established, the Romans turned their attention to expand the network of minor roads within their new possession, to aid the flow of trade By the 1st century, there were already busy sea routes linking the various territories of the Roman Empire. On the coast of Britain the Romans built harbours which were linked to the roads they had already built in the island. The minor roads, called ‘economic roads’, were built to link economic centres with administrative capitals & coastal ports There was a 3rd level of roads at the local level, connecting villas, temples, farms & villages to larger roads & market towns Every Roman road in Britain was linked with the routes to London, and from there a direct route pointed to Dover where regular ferries linked Britain with the main highway to the capital city of the Empire “All roads lead to Rome” The mastery of communications was the secret of Roman power. THE ROMANISATION OF THE BRITISH ISLES Romans established a system of law & order and opened communications so trade flourished Under Rome, Britain enjoyed 3 centuries of peace & prosperity Roman civilization was based on racial toleration & class society There were citizens & slaves. They could gain Roman citizenship by merit, influence or service to Rome In the 3rd century, Christianity flourished under the Romans Trade flourished within the Island and between Britain & the rest of Europe (flourishing of local enterprises) British benefit from Economic & social opportunities Civilization was based on towns (often developed from forts) & connected by a network of engineered roads The towns were the centres of Roman influence & administration When barbarians advanced, the Christians fled to the hills where they kept alive their faith Towns were ordered streets where shops, temples & a central forum sprang quickly SOCIETY, ECONOMY & ART To the towns came lawyers & tax collectors The language of the law was Latin. Villas incorporated large warm baths and reception rooms with under-floor central heating. Larger villas were self-sufficient, surrounded by well-cultivated fields, source of most of the products which were offered for sale in the market towns. Every important town in Britain had its public baths that became community centres of Roman civilization. Romans also brought a deeper culture to Britain. In the schools tutors gave lessons in elegant salons where the descendents of the old tribal chiefs studied Latin, Literature & Art The Romans brought with them the mosaic. Only the richest people could afford this elegant luxury British craftsmen learnt the art from their Roman masters. Some of their mosaics portray animals & flowers, as well as gods’ representation “Bread & circuses”: Generations of Roman emperors believed that the best way to preserve the loyalty of their subjects was to provide them with ‘panem et circenses’. Even in Britain there was a constant succession of popular entertainments. Most Roman cities had amphitheatres outside the walls, used for plays. In the arenas inside the cities, sporting events & real tragedies were played. Many pots show gladiators fighting, and depict tales of their acts. URBAN & RURAL CENTRES Towns were places to work: industrial raw material & agricultural produce was taken into towns to be processed into saleable items Ties between urban & rural life were very strong: civitas administrators made their money from industry, which was dependent on raw material from the countryside or agriculture The main source of all income was agriculture Roman Britain divided into 2 social & economical zones In the fertile lowlands of the south & east a prosperous agricultural economy based on villas developed. Culturally, this area became the most Romanized & urbanized area of the province In the high country of the north & west, they were valued as much for their mineral resources as their agriculture. In the north, economic opportunities were no less significant than those of their richer counterparts in the south & east. Some civitates in the north grew considerably under Roman rule, especially the Brigantes and the Carvetii LONDINIUM: ROMAN LONDON The Romans established a political unity in the South and the Thames was an important commercial route for communications with other parts of the Roman Empire. The earliest activity associated with Londinium was probably military. In the 1st century, it was built a ‘palace’ (praetorium) for the governor and there were other structures for the judicial officer (legatus iuridicus) and the procurator, some official buildings to house the governor’s guard (speculatores), and an amphitheatre. There were some bath-houses and a forum & basilica. These buildings were the heart of administrative & commercial life in all major Romanized British towns. The entire Roman London occupied roughly the area of the Modern City of London. In the 2nd & early centuries they built an extensive timber waterfront and a complete wall-enclosure on the town side, with gatehouses in addition to the fort. However, much of the city’s space was taken up with small houses of craftsmen of different kinds, in busy streets. Londinium’s relevance in the 4th century was undeniable, confirmed by the title of Augusta, and its role as the seat of the vicarious of the 4 British provinces. The building of a riverside wall & the equipping of the existing walls with bastions of artillery also suggest that the city was important enough to try to Barbarian invasions of 367 marked a turning point. The barbarian assailed it from north (Picts), east (Saxons) & west (Irish) From 367 British province sank towards the chaos of Dark Ages. 40 years later Britain ceased to be part of the Roman world. Theodosius, a Spaniard sent by emperor Valentian, landed with fresh troops in 368 & liberated London, proclaimed amnesty for soldiers & spent the winter pulling the army together. In 2 years he restored peace. But his peace was very fragile and the decline of the empire was now a fact THE END OF ROMAN BRITAIN After nearly 350 years of peace & civilization, Rome Britain had finally come to an end In the death agony of Roman Britain, the towns wrote to Emperor Honorious asking for help, only to be told that from now on they must look after their own defences. Britain was on its own The Britons seized the opportunity to break away from Rome, establishing their own administration as best they could. Villas were abandoned & people fled to the safety of the walled cities. But trade on which city life depended declined quickly with the decline in agriculture. Barbarian attacks were increasingly strong & more frequent Stilicho reorganized British defences. But in 401, he and his army left Britain to defend Italy THE GREAT MIGRATIONS & INVASIONS The invasions consequences were felt most strongly in southern & eastern Britain, where Roman culture had been most consolidated. In this period of mass migrations across the North & Irish seas initiated the creation of new political order, social unrest & warfare. This long period of conflicts & ethnic tensions redefined a New Britain. It lasted from 600 to 1066. There was a new political landscape, consisting on little kingdoms different to the Roman provincial structure. There were great religious & linguistic differences. By the end of Roman Britain, Christianity had a significant number of believers in Britain, while the Saxon remained pagan until the 7th century. Britain was divided between: o the English speaking Anglo-Saxon east o and the Celtic north & west where the British & Pictish languages persisted In Ireland and in some parts of western Britain a different Celtic language, Gaelic, was spoken SAXONS, ANGLOS & JUTES British history opened a new era with the AngloSaxon invasion of the 5th century. Invasions lasted for 6 centuries and ended at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 During this time, the Anglos, Saxons & Jutes (West Germanic ancestry) created the pattern of villages which endured to modern times Native British (more Celtic than Roman) put resistance: ancient hill-forts as bases of British war leaders against the invaders. For a time they stopped settlement & conquest In the late 6th century Anglo-Saxons won victory at the Battle of Dyrham in 577 Under Celtic & Roman churchmen, Church was powerful. Saxons in Britain were organized into several small kingdoms In the 10th century many monasteries were founded, having effects on religious & social life The most complicated formation of thes these kingdoms were Mercia & Wessex th In the course of the 7 century, all these kingdoms were converted to Christianity Generation by generation the divided kingdom of Saxon England moved towards unity Anglo-Saxons were primarily farming people, but during 8th century they manifested their vitality in urban life = London flourished Scholarship also flourished: monks produced woks in Latin, but authors also wrote in Anglo-Saxon, the beginning of the English language Under Edward the Confessor (last AngloSaxon’s King) art flourished: creation of Westminster Abbey Many works were translated from Latin to be more accessible to the English .Beowulf was composed in the 8th century When Edward died in 1066, the throne passed to Harold, Earl of Wessex. England was wealthy & powerful THE VIKINGS Viking period started with the killing of a royal oficial in Wessex aroun 789 Viking’s targets were the rich & defenceless monasteries near the coast In 793 Vikings sacked a wealthy monastery. Many monks were killed and others took as slaves. Monks didn’t Heard of Vikings before, but the following year, when Vikings came again to sack, they were ready for them = many Vikings were killed and their leader was captured and killed. 40 years passed before Vikings came again to English coasts, but when they returned they came in strength & to stay Because of the decentralized power structure of Ireland that made difficult coordinate defence, it was who suffer most severely during Viking attacks In 836, Vikings built fortified bases. A few became permanent settlements. In the 10th century developed into Ireland’s 1st true towns: the most successful was Dublin, founded in 841 The ‘Great Danish Army’ invaded Northumbria in 867. Three years later, King Edmund of East Anglia was martyred when Danes took his kingdom Vikings inspired their enemies to unite against them: Picts of eastern Scotland & the Scots of Dalriada united under Kenneth MacAlpin (birth of the kingdom of Scotland) Scotland Viking invasions reached their peak in 870-1. In 878, Alfred of Wessex, Wessex confined the Danes to eastern England ‘the Danelaw’, Danelaw where they imposed their legal customs & survived even after the Norman Conquest. They shared the land in peace Victory of Wessex’s King, Alfred, over the Danes was decisive: Danes swore they would leave Alfred’s kingdom and that their king, Guthrum, Guthrum would be baptized Mercia was invaded too, and the 3 kingdoms were forced to make peace on Danish terms Alfred’s great-grandson Edgar (959-75) was defeated by the Danes under Canute, quickly converted to Christianity. Administration, monastery support & coinage continued along Saxon lines. Under Danish kings, the country was given peace