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Chapter Introduction Section 1: Reconstruction Plans Section 2: Radicals in Control Section 3: The South During Reconstruction Section 4: Change in the South Visual Summary Reconstruction Plans Essential Question How did plans to unify the nation differ after the Civil War? Radicals in Control Essential Question What were the results of Radical Reconstruction? The South During Reconstruction Essential Question In what ways did government in the Southern states change during Reconstruction? Change in the South Essential Question How did the South change politically, economically, and socially when Reconstruction ended? How did plans to unify the nation differ after the Civil War? Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • Reconstruction • amnesty Academic Vocabulary • radical • adjust Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Ten Percent Plan • Radical Republicans • Thaddeus Stevens • Wade-Davis Bill • Freedmen’s Bureau • John Wilkes Booth • Andrew Johnson If you were President Lincoln, how would you have treated the South after it lost the Civil War? A. I would have punished the South severely. B. I would have forgiven the states and allowed them to rejoin the Union immediately. A. A B. B 0% 0% 0% 0% C. C I would have allowed the states to rejoin the Union but not given them representation in D. government for D a certain amount of time. D C B D. A C. I would have allowed the southern states to rejoin the Union as soon as they denounced slavery. Reconstruction Debate Government leaders disagreed about how Southern states could rejoin the Union. Reconstruction Debate (cont.) • Americans disagreed on how to go about rebuilding the Southern economy and society and how to readmit the Confederate states to the Union. • The period of rebuilding is called Reconstruction. Reconstruction Debate (cont.) • Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan allowed Southern states to rejoin the Union after 10 percent of their voters took an oath of loyalty and adopted a new constitution that banned slavery. – Three states—Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee—set up governments under the plan in 1864. Viewing Lincoln’s Funeral Train Reconstruction Debate (cont.) • Lincoln offered amnesty to all white Southerners who would swear loyalty to the Union, except Confederate leaders. • Thaddeus Stevens and others—known as the Radical Republicans—considered Lincoln’s plan too forgiving and favored a more radical approach. Viewing Lincoln’s Funeral Train Reconstruction Debate (cont.) • The Wade-Davis Bill, passed by Congress in 1864, had tougher requirements for readmission to the Union. – Lincoln refused to sign the bill. • Lincoln and Congress set up the Freedmen’s Bureau to help African Americans adjust to freedom. Which of the following was a provision of the Wade-Thomas Bill? A. African American males in a state had to swear loyalty to the Union. B. Former Confederates could not hold public office. had to be formerly enslaved people. 0% D C B A A. A C. Confederate states could be B. 0%B 0% 0% admitted to the Union even if they kept slavery. C. C D. Half of all delegates to a constitutional convention D. D Johnson’s Plan After Lincoln was assassinated, Andrew Johnson became president and announced his plan of “Restoration.” Johnson’s Plan (cont.) • Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865. • Vice President Andrew Johnson became president and set up a plan for Reconstruction, called “Restoration.” • By the end of 1865, all former Confederate states, except Texas, had new governments, ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, and were ready to rejoin the Union. What did the Thirteenth Amendment accomplish? A. It welcomed former Confederate states back into the Union. 0% D 0% C D. It abolished slavery throughout the Union. A B 0% C D B C. It pardoned Confederate leaders. A. B. 0% C. D. A B. It made secession illegal. What were the results of Radical Reconstruction? Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • black codes • impeach • override Academic Vocabulary • convince • suspend Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Civil Rights Act of 1866 • First Reconstruction Act • Second Reconstruction Act • Tenure of Office Act • Edwin Stanton • Ulysses S. Grant Rate your agreement with the following statement: The system of checks and balances prevents any branch of government from having too much power. 0% D D. Strongly disagree 0% C C. Somewhat disagree A B C 0% D B B. Somewhat agree A. B. C. 0% D. A A. Strongly agree African Americans’ Rights When Northerners realized that African Americans in the South were still being mistreated, they worked to find a way to help them. African Americans’ Rights (cont.) • Violence against African Americans in Memphis convinced Radical Republicans that Johnson’s Reconstruction plan was not strong. • Many Southern states passed black codes to control the African American population. African Americans’ Rights (cont.) • Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 which granted full citizenship to African Americans and gave the federal government the power to intervene in state affairs to protect their rights. – President Johnson vetoed the bill, but Republicans in Congress had enough votes to override the veto. • The Fourteenth Amendment granted full citizenship to anyone born in the United States. What was Andrew Johnson’s reaction to the Civil Rights Act of 1866? A. He supported the law even though he believed it did not protect African Americans. 0% 0% D A 0% B C D C A A. 0% B. C. C. He persuaded Congress to pass the bill. D. B B. He said it was unconstitutional because it was passed by a Congress that did not include representatives of all states. D. He vetoed it because it gave states too much power. Radical Reconstruction Radical Republicans were able to put their version of Reconstruction into action. Radical Reconstruction (cont.) • Congress passed a series of laws during Radical Reconstruction. – The First Reconstruction Act set up military commanders to govern 10 Southern states until new state governments were created. – The Second Reconstruction Act required the military commanders to register voters and prepare for state constitutional conventions. Military Reconstruction Districts, 1867 Radical Reconstruction (cont.) – The Tenure of Office Act prohibited the president from removing government officials without the Senate’s approval. • In 1867, President Johnson suspended and then removed from office Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without the Senate’s approval. • The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson, but the Senate failed to achieve the two-thirds majority required for conviction. Radical Reconstruction (cont.) • The election of Ulysses S. Grant as president in 1868 showed that voters supported the Republican approach to Reconstruction. • The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, prohibited the state and federal governments from denying the right to vote to any male citizen because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” Which Amendment gave African American men the right to vote? A. The Thirteenth Amendment B. The Fourteenth Amendment 0% D C B D. The Sixteenth Amendment A C. The Fifteenth Amendment A. A B. B C.0%C 0% 0% D. D In what ways did government in the Southern states change during Reconstruction? Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • scalawag • integrate • carpetbagger • sharecropping • corruption Academic Vocabulary • credit • academy Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Hiram Revels • Blanche K. Bruce In your opinion, should President Johnson have been removed from office? A. Yes B. No A. A B. B 0% B A 0% Reconstruction Politics As African Americans began to take part in civic life in the South, they faced resistance, including violence, from whites. Reconstruction Politics (cont.) • Though they did not control any state government, African Americans were elected to public office and played an important role in Reconstruction politics. – Hiram Revels was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1870. – Blanche K. Bruce, a former escaped slave, was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1874. Reconstruction Politics (cont.) – Between 1869 and 1880, 16 African Americans served in the House of Representatives. • Southerners who supported the Republicans were called scalawags by former Confederates. • Northerners who moved South after the war were known as carpetbaggers. • Many Southerners accused Reconstruction governments of corruption. Southern whites who supported Republicans were called A. scalawags B. sharecroppers 0% D A 0% A B C 0% D C D. freedmen B C. carpetbaggers A. B. C. 0% D. Education and Farming Education improved for both races in the South, but the sharecropping system limited economic opportunities for African Americans. Education and Farming (cont.) • Reconstruction governments created public schools and academies for both races. – A few states required that schools be integrated, but the laws were not enforced. Education and Farming (cont.) • Sharecropping became a common form of work for African Americans, but for many, sharecropping was little better than slavery. What was the relationship between sharecroppers and landowners? A. Landowners owned sharecroppers. B. Landowners sold small parcels of land to sharecroppers. small annual salary. D C B A A. A B. 0%B 0% 0% C. Sharecroppers rented a parcel 0% of land from a landowner. C. C D. Sharecroppers worked the landowner’s D.land D for a How did the South change politically, economically, and socially when Reconstruction ended? Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • cash crop • grandfather clause • poll tax • segregation • literacy test • lynching Academic Vocabulary • outcome • commission Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Amnesty Act • Rutherford B. Hayes • Compromise of 1877 • Jim Crow laws • Plessy v. Ferguson Which of the following is most important to gaining freedom and equality? A. Education B. Money 0% D C 0% A D. The right to run for government office A. A B. B C. 0% C0% D. D B C. The right to vote The End of Reconstruction Democrats steadily regained control of Southern governments as support for Radical Reconstruction policies decreased. The End of Reconstruction (cont.) • During the Grant administration, Northerners began losing interest in Reconstruction. • President Grant was reelected in 1872 despite a split over corruption in the Republican Party that resulted in the creation of the Liberal Republican Party. Politics in Mississippi The End of Reconstruction (cont.) • Supported by Liberal Republicans, the Amnesty Act of 1872 pardoned most former Confederates and helped Democrats regain control of Southern state governments. Politics in Mississippi The End of Reconstruction (cont.) • Republican Rutherford B. Hayes faced Democrat Samuel Tilden in the 1876 presidential race. – Disputed returns kept the outcome of the election in doubt, and a special commission was set up by Congress to review the election results. Struggle of Reconstruction The End of Reconstruction (cont.) – The Compromise of 1877 granted favors to the South in return for not fighting the commission’s decision to elect Hayes. • Under Hayes, the federal government would no longer attempt to reshape Southern society. Reconstruction had come to an end. Struggle of Reconstruction Which of the following happened during the Grant administration? A. Radical Republicans became more powerful. B. Corruption charges weakened Democrats. D. 0% D 0% C 0% B 0% A C. A. A Many Northerners began to B. B think the South should solve its own problems. C. C Most white Southerners supported Republicans. D. D Change in the South After Reconstruction, the South experienced a political shift and industrial growth. Change in the South (cont.) • When Reconstruction ended, power in the South shifted to the Democrats. • Some Southerners wanted to build a “New South” with industries based on the region’s abundant coal, iron, tobacco, cotton, and lumber. Sharecropping Change in the South (cont.) • While agriculture remained the South’s main economic activity, industry made dramatic gains in the 1880s. • To help repay debt, Southern farmers grew cash crops; however, sharecropping and the reliance on one cash crop kept Southern agriculture from advancing. Sharecropping To what did the term “New South” refer? A. A new era of cotton plantations B. A second civil war 0% 0% D 0% C A 0% A B C D B A. B. D. A new era of Southern industry C. D. C. A new era of racial harmony A Divided Society As Reconstruction ended, true freedom for African Americans became a distant dream. A Divided Society (cont.) • Southern leaders found ways to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote. – Many Southern states required a poll tax that kept many poor African Americans and poor whites from voting. – Some states required voters to pass a literacy test before they could vote, which excluded many uneducated African Americans. A Divided Society (cont.) – Grandfather clauses allowed white voters who could not read to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction. • Segregation, enforced by Jim Crow laws, continued to separate African Americans from whites in society. A Divided Society (cont.) • In 1896 the Supreme Court upheld segregation laws in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, which ruled that “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional. • Acts of violence—including lynching— against African Americans increased. What enabled illiterate whites to vote while excluding illiterate African Americans? A. Grandfather clauses B. Jim Crow laws 0% D A B C 0% D C 0% A D. Poll taxes A. B. C. 0% D. B C. The case of Plessy v. Ferguson Section Transparencies Menu Daily Test Practice Transparency 17–1 Lesson Transparency 17A Lesson Transparency 17B Select a transparency to view. Section Transparencies Menu Daily Test Practice Transparency 17–2 Select a transparency to view. Section Transparencies Menu Daily Test Practice Transparency 17–3 Select a transparency to view. Section Transparencies Menu Daily Test Practice Transparency 17–4 Lesson Transparency 17C Select a transparency to view. Reconstruction the reorganization and rebuilding of the former Confederate states after the Civil War amnesty the granting of pardon to a large number of persons; protection from prosecution for an illegal act radical extreme adjust adapt black codes laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers override to overturn or defeat, as a bill proposed in Congress impeach to formally charge a public official with misconduct in office convince to persuade (someone) that something is true suspend to prevent or bar from carrying out official duties scalawags name given by former Confederates to Southern whites who supported Republican Reconstruction of the South carpetbagger northerner who moved to the South after the Civil War corruption dishonest or illegal actions integrate to end separation of different races and bring into equal membership in society sharecropping system of farming in which a farmer works land for an owner who provides equipment and seeds and receives a share of the crop credit a form of loan; ability to buy goods based on future payment academy a private high school; school that provides specialized training cash crop farm crop raised to be sold for money poll tax a tax of a fixed amount per person that had to be paid before the person could vote literacy test a method used to prevent African Americans from voting by requiring prospective voters to read and write at a specified level grandfather clause a clause that allowed individuals who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction began; an exception to a law based on preexisting circumstances segregation the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group lynching putting to death a person by the illegal action of a mob outcome result commission a group of persons directed to perform some duty To use this Presentation Plus! product: Click the Forward button to go to the next slide. 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