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Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Reconstruction Plans
Section 2: Radicals in Control
Section 3: The South During Reconstruction
Section 4: Change in the South
Visual Summary
Reconstruction Plans
Essential Question How did plans to unify the
nation differ after the Civil War?
Radicals in Control
Essential Question What were the results of
Radical Reconstruction?
The South During Reconstruction
Essential Question In what ways did
government in the Southern states change
during Reconstruction?
Change in the South
Essential Question How did the South
change politically, economically, and socially
when Reconstruction ended?
How did plans to unify the nation
differ after the Civil War?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• Reconstruction
• amnesty
Academic Vocabulary
• radical
• adjust
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Ten Percent Plan
• Radical Republicans
• Thaddeus Stevens
• Wade-Davis Bill
• Freedmen’s Bureau
• John Wilkes Booth
• Andrew Johnson
If you were President Lincoln, how would you have
treated the South after it lost the Civil War?
A. I would have punished the South severely.
B. I would have forgiven the states and
allowed them to rejoin the Union
immediately.
A. A
B. B
0%
0%
0%
0%
C. C
I would have allowed the states to rejoin the
Union but not given them representation in D.
government
for
D
a certain amount of time.
D
C
B
D.
A
C. I would have allowed the southern states
to rejoin the Union as soon as they
denounced slavery.
Reconstruction Debate
Government leaders disagreed
about how Southern states could
rejoin the Union.
Reconstruction Debate (cont.)
• Americans disagreed on how to go about
rebuilding the Southern economy and
society and how to readmit the Confederate
states to the Union.
• The period of rebuilding is called
Reconstruction.
Reconstruction Debate (cont.)
• Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan allowed
Southern states to rejoin the Union after 10
percent of their voters took an oath of loyalty
and adopted a new constitution that banned
slavery.
– Three states—Louisiana, Arkansas, and
Tennessee—set up governments under
the plan in 1864.
Viewing Lincoln’s Funeral Train
Reconstruction Debate (cont.)
• Lincoln offered amnesty to all white
Southerners who would swear loyalty to the
Union, except Confederate leaders.
• Thaddeus Stevens and others—known as
the Radical Republicans—considered
Lincoln’s plan too forgiving and favored a
more radical approach.
Viewing Lincoln’s Funeral Train
Reconstruction Debate (cont.)
• The Wade-Davis Bill, passed by Congress
in 1864, had tougher requirements for
readmission to the Union.
– Lincoln refused to sign the bill.
• Lincoln and Congress set up the
Freedmen’s Bureau to help African
Americans adjust to freedom.
Which of the following was a provision of the
Wade-Thomas Bill?
A. African American males in a state
had to swear loyalty to the Union.
B. Former Confederates could
not hold public office.
had to be formerly enslaved people.
0%
D
C
B
A
A. A
C. Confederate states could be
B. 0%B 0%
0%
admitted to the Union even if
they kept slavery.
C. C
D. Half of all delegates to a constitutional convention
D. D
Johnson’s Plan
After Lincoln was assassinated,
Andrew Johnson became president
and announced his plan of
“Restoration.”
Johnson’s Plan (cont.)
• Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by
Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes
Booth on April 14, 1865.
• Vice President Andrew Johnson became
president and set up a plan for
Reconstruction, called “Restoration.”
• By the end of 1865, all former Confederate
states, except Texas, had new governments,
ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, and were
ready to rejoin the Union.
What did the Thirteenth Amendment
accomplish?
A. It welcomed former Confederate
states back into the Union.
0%
D
0%
C
D. It abolished slavery throughout
the Union.
A
B
0%
C
D
B
C. It pardoned Confederate
leaders.
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
A
B. It made secession illegal.
What were the results of Radical
Reconstruction?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• black codes
• impeach
• override
Academic Vocabulary
• convince
• suspend
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Civil Rights Act of 1866
• First Reconstruction Act
• Second Reconstruction Act
• Tenure of Office Act
• Edwin Stanton
• Ulysses S. Grant
Rate your agreement with the following
statement: The system of checks and
balances prevents any branch of
government from having too much power.
0%
D
D. Strongly disagree
0%
C
C. Somewhat disagree
A
B
C
0%
D
B
B. Somewhat agree
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
A
A. Strongly agree
African Americans’ Rights
When Northerners realized that
African Americans in the South were
still being mistreated, they worked
to find a way to help them.
African Americans’ Rights (cont.)
• Violence against African Americans in
Memphis convinced Radical Republicans
that Johnson’s Reconstruction plan was not
strong.
• Many Southern states passed black codes
to control the African American population.
African Americans’ Rights (cont.)
• Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of
1866 which granted full citizenship to African
Americans and gave the federal government
the power to intervene in state affairs to
protect their rights.
– President Johnson vetoed the bill, but
Republicans in Congress had enough votes
to override the veto.
• The Fourteenth Amendment granted full
citizenship to anyone born in the United
States.
What was Andrew Johnson’s reaction to the Civil
Rights Act of 1866?
A. He supported the law even
though he believed it did not
protect African Americans.
0%
0%
D
A
0%
B
C
D
C
A
A.
0%
B.
C.
C. He persuaded Congress to pass the bill.
D.
B
B. He said it was unconstitutional
because it was passed by a
Congress that did not include
representatives of all states.
D. He vetoed it because it gave states too much power.
Radical Reconstruction
Radical Republicans were able to
put their version of Reconstruction
into action.
Radical Reconstruction (cont.)
• Congress passed a series of laws during
Radical Reconstruction.
– The First Reconstruction Act set up
military commanders to govern 10 Southern
states until new state governments were
created.
– The Second Reconstruction Act required
the military commanders to register voters
and prepare for state
constitutional conventions.
Military Reconstruction Districts, 1867
Radical Reconstruction (cont.)
– The Tenure of Office Act prohibited the
president from removing government
officials without the Senate’s approval.
• In 1867, President Johnson suspended and
then removed from office Secretary of War
Edwin Stanton without the Senate’s approval.
• The House of Representatives voted to
impeach Johnson, but the Senate failed to
achieve the two-thirds majority required for
conviction.
Radical Reconstruction (cont.)
• The election of Ulysses S. Grant as
president in 1868 showed that voters
supported the Republican approach to
Reconstruction.
• The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870,
prohibited the state and federal governments
from denying the right to vote to any male
citizen because of “race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.”
Which Amendment gave African
American men the right to vote?
A. The Thirteenth Amendment
B. The Fourteenth Amendment
0%
D
C
B
D. The Sixteenth Amendment
A
C. The Fifteenth Amendment
A. A
B. B
C.0%C 0%
0%
D. D
In what ways did government in the
Southern states change during
Reconstruction?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• scalawag
• integrate
• carpetbagger
• sharecropping
• corruption
Academic Vocabulary
• credit
• academy
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Hiram Revels
• Blanche K. Bruce
In your opinion, should President
Johnson have been removed from
office?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Reconstruction Politics
As African Americans began to take
part in civic life in the South, they
faced resistance, including violence,
from whites.
Reconstruction Politics (cont.)
• Though they did not control any state
government, African Americans were elected
to public office and played an important role
in Reconstruction politics.
– Hiram Revels was elected to the U.S.
Senate in 1870.
– Blanche K. Bruce, a former escaped
slave, was elected to the U.S. Senate in
1874.
Reconstruction Politics (cont.)
– Between 1869 and 1880, 16 African
Americans served in the House of
Representatives.
• Southerners who supported the Republicans
were called scalawags by former
Confederates.
• Northerners who moved South after the war
were known as carpetbaggers.
• Many Southerners accused Reconstruction
governments of corruption.
Southern whites who supported
Republicans were called
A. scalawags
B. sharecroppers
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. freedmen
B
C. carpetbaggers
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Education and Farming
Education improved for both races
in the South, but the sharecropping
system limited economic
opportunities for African Americans.
Education and Farming (cont.)
• Reconstruction governments created public
schools and academies for both races.
– A few states required that schools be
integrated, but the laws were not
enforced.
Education and Farming (cont.)
• Sharecropping became a common form of
work for African Americans, but for many,
sharecropping was little better than slavery.
What was the relationship between
sharecroppers and landowners?
A. Landowners owned
sharecroppers.
B. Landowners sold small
parcels of land to sharecroppers.
small annual salary.
D
C
B
A
A. A
B. 0%B 0% 0%
C. Sharecroppers rented a parcel
0%
of land from a landowner.
C. C
D. Sharecroppers worked the landowner’s
D.land
D for a
How did the South change politically,
economically, and socially when
Reconstruction ended?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• cash crop
• grandfather clause
• poll tax
• segregation
• literacy test
• lynching
Academic Vocabulary
• outcome
• commission
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Amnesty Act
• Rutherford B. Hayes
• Compromise of 1877
• Jim Crow laws
• Plessy v. Ferguson
Which of the following is most important to
gaining freedom and equality?
A. Education
B. Money
0%
D
C
0%
A
D. The right to run for
government office
A. A
B. B
C.
0% C0%
D. D
B
C. The right to vote
The End of Reconstruction
Democrats steadily regained control
of Southern governments as
support for Radical Reconstruction
policies decreased.
The End of Reconstruction (cont.)
• During the Grant administration, Northerners
began losing interest in Reconstruction.
• President Grant was reelected in 1872
despite a split over corruption in the
Republican Party that resulted in the
creation of the Liberal Republican Party.
Politics in Mississippi
The End of Reconstruction (cont.)
• Supported by Liberal Republicans, the
Amnesty Act of 1872 pardoned most former
Confederates and helped Democrats regain
control of Southern state governments.
Politics in Mississippi
The End of Reconstruction (cont.)
• Republican Rutherford B. Hayes faced
Democrat Samuel Tilden in the 1876
presidential race.
– Disputed returns kept the outcome of the
election in doubt, and a special
commission was set up by Congress to
review the election results.
Struggle of Reconstruction
The End of Reconstruction (cont.)
– The Compromise of 1877 granted favors
to the South in return for not fighting the
commission’s decision to elect Hayes.
• Under Hayes, the federal government would
no longer attempt to reshape Southern
society. Reconstruction had come to an end.
Struggle of Reconstruction
Which of the following happened during the
Grant administration?
A. Radical Republicans became
more powerful.
B. Corruption charges weakened
Democrats.
D.
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
0%
A
C.
A. A
Many Northerners began to
B. B
think the South should solve
its own problems.
C. C
Most white Southerners supported Republicans.
D. D
Change in the South
After Reconstruction, the South
experienced a political shift and
industrial growth.
Change in the South (cont.)
• When Reconstruction ended, power in the
South shifted to the Democrats.
• Some Southerners wanted to build a “New
South” with industries based on the region’s
abundant coal, iron, tobacco, cotton, and
lumber.
Sharecropping
Change in the South (cont.)
• While agriculture remained the South’s main
economic activity, industry made dramatic
gains in the 1880s.
• To help repay debt, Southern farmers grew
cash crops; however, sharecropping and
the reliance on one cash crop kept Southern
agriculture from advancing.
Sharecropping
To what did the term “New South”
refer?
A. A new era of cotton plantations
B. A second civil war
0%
0%
D
0%
C
A
0%
A
B
C
D
B
A.
B.
D. A new era of Southern industry
C.
D.
C. A new era of racial harmony
A Divided Society
As Reconstruction ended, true
freedom for African Americans
became a distant dream.
A Divided Society (cont.)
• Southern leaders found ways to prevent
African Americans from exercising their right
to vote.
– Many Southern states required a poll tax
that kept many poor African Americans
and poor whites from voting.
– Some states required voters to pass a
literacy test before they could vote, which
excluded many uneducated African
Americans.
A Divided Society (cont.)
– Grandfather clauses allowed white
voters who could not read to vote if their
fathers or grandfathers had voted before
Reconstruction.
• Segregation, enforced by Jim Crow laws,
continued to separate African Americans
from whites in society.
A Divided Society (cont.)
• In 1896 the Supreme Court upheld
segregation laws in the case of Plessy v.
Ferguson, which ruled that “separate but
equal” facilities were constitutional.
• Acts of violence—including lynching—
against African Americans increased.
What enabled illiterate whites to vote while
excluding illiterate African Americans?
A. Grandfather clauses
B. Jim Crow laws
0%
D
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
A
D. Poll taxes
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. The case of
Plessy v. Ferguson
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Reconstruction
the reorganization and rebuilding of
the former Confederate states after
the Civil War
amnesty
the granting of pardon to a large
number of persons; protection from
prosecution for an illegal act
radical
extreme
adjust
adapt
black codes
laws passed in the South just after
the Civil War aimed at controlling
freedmen and enabling plantation
owners to exploit African American
workers
override
to overturn or defeat, as a bill
proposed in Congress
impeach
to formally charge a public official
with misconduct in office
convince
to persuade (someone) that
something is true
suspend
to prevent or bar from carrying out
official duties
scalawags
name given by former Confederates
to Southern whites who supported
Republican Reconstruction of the
South
carpetbagger
northerner who moved to the South
after the Civil War
corruption
dishonest or illegal actions
integrate
to end separation of different races
and bring into equal membership in
society
sharecropping
system of farming in which a farmer
works land for an owner who provides
equipment and seeds and receives a
share of the crop
credit
a form of loan; ability to buy goods
based on future payment
academy
a private high school; school that
provides specialized training
cash crop
farm crop raised to be sold for money
poll tax
a tax of a fixed amount per person
that had to be paid before the person
could vote
literacy test
a method used to prevent African
Americans from voting by requiring
prospective voters to read and write
at a specified level
grandfather clause
a clause that allowed individuals who
did not pass the literacy test to vote if
their fathers or grandfathers had
voted before Reconstruction began;
an exception to a law based on
preexisting circumstances
segregation
the separation or isolation of a race,
class, or group
lynching
putting to death a person by the
illegal action of a mob
outcome
result
commission
a group of persons directed to
perform some duty
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