Download Domain Bacteria

Chapter 23
Bacteria
Section 1 Vocabulary Pretest
Prokaryote
Peptidoglycan
Methanogen
Halophile
Thermoacidophile
Bacillus
Coccus
Spirillum
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria
Prokaryotes
 Most _________________________________on Earth
 Found ________________________________
 Fossils date back _____________ (first forms of life)
 Single cells with _________________________
 Major __________________________________ for many organisms
 Important ____________________ in the environment
 Divided into ____________________:
 __________________________
 __________________________
Domain Archaea
 Archaea = __________________ (_____________)
 Differ from other prokaryotes in the following ways:
 Cell walls ___________________________________________
 Have ________________ (portions of DNA that do not code for proteins)
 Live in _________________________________
 Different ____________ in cell membranes
 rRNA resembles ______________________________
 Genes resemble ______________________________
 Archaeal Groups
 __________________________:
 Convert hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into _____________________.
 ______________________
 Live in ______________________________________________________
 __________________________:
 “_____________________” archaea
 Live in very high salt concentrations (_______________________________)
 __________________________:
 Live in ___________________________ (pH <2) with very _____________
______________________ (>230 degrees F).
 Ex: Hot _______________________ of Yellowstone National Park; deep
water thermal vents (__________________________)
Domain Bacteria
 Unlike archaea, members of the domain bacteria:
 Have cell walls with ___________________________
 Have ____________________
 Live in a _______________________________________
 Have ___________________________
 rRNA is _________________ rRNA of eukaryotes
 Genes are __________________ eukaryotes genes
 Bacteria come in a few basic shapes:
 ____________________ (rod-shaped): streptobacilli (chains)
 ________________ (sphere-shaped):streptococci (chains): staphylococci (clusters)
 ________________ (spiral-shaped)
 _________________ (corkscrew)
 _________________ (comma-shaped)
Gram Stain
 A staining technique called the _______________________ illustrates a fundamental
difference between two categories of bacteria: the ____________________________
and the _________________________ bacteria.
 Gram negative have complex cells walls with _____________________________.
They stain a ______________________.
 Gram positive have simpler cell walls with ________________________________.
They stain a __________________________.
Bacterial Groups
 Classifying bacteria based on ____________________________________ has been
difficult because bacteria can pick or genes from their environment through
___________________________.
 Most scientists recognize the following groups:
 _____________________________:
 Very ________________ and _________________ group
 Include: ________________________________ that live in nodules inside
the roots of legumes (peas, beans, alfalfa, and clover). These bacteria
convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, which plants can use.
 Also includes some ________________________________ such as
________________ bacteria (causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) and
___________________________ (causes stomach ulcers)
 Also includes _______________________ (symbiotic bacteria that live in
intestinal tracts of humans and animals)Ex: ______________ lives in our
intestines and secretes vitamin K as well as assisting in the digestive
breakdown of foods.
 Other strands of _____________ and _____________________ cause
_____________________________
 Gram-Positive Bacteria
 _________________________: will stain purple when gram stain is applied.
 Examples include:
 ______________________: causes strep throat
 _________________________: causes botulism also used in botox
injections
 ______________________: sours milk; used in yogurt
 ______________________: causes anthrax
 ____________________: soil bacteria used to make many antibiotics
 Cyanobacteria
 ____________________________: photosynthetic bacteria
 Earth’s _______________________________________ and are believed to
be responsible for transforming Earth’s early atmosphere
 Some grow in long ______________________
 Some form specialized cells called _______________________ which can
__________________________
 Spirochetes
 _________________________ are gram-negative spiral-shaped bacteria.
 Move with a ____________________________
 Can be ________________________________________
 Ex: __________________________________: causes syphilis
__________________________________: causes Lyme disease
 Chlamydia
 Chlamydia are gram-negative bacteria that live only inside animal cells.
 There cell walls lack peptidoglycan
 Ex: __________________________________: causes chlamydia (sexually
transmitted disease) and trachoma eye disease, a leading cause of
blindness.
Section 2 Vocabulary Pretest
Plasmid
Capsule
Glycocalyx
Pilus
Endospore
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Phototroph
Chemotroph
Obligate anaerobe
Facultative anaerobe
Obligate aerobe
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction
Structure and Function
 General prokaryotic structure includes:
 _____________________________
 _____________________________
 _____________________________
 _____________________________
 _____________________________
 _____________________________
 _____________________________
 ______________________________
 Cell wall
 Provides ____________________________________
 Made of _________________________ and _____________________________
(only on gram negative)
 Many _____________________ are designed to kill bacteria by breaking down the
peptidoglycans of their cell walls. They are most effective on _________________
______________________.
 Cell Membrane
 Also called the ___________________________, the cell membrane controls
what gets in or out of the bacteria cell.
 Consists of a ____________________________________
 Contains _______________________________ for respiration and photosynthesis
 DNA
 DNA of prokaryotes consists of a ________________________________________
 Located in a central area called the _____________________________
 Most bacteria also have small rings of DNA called ____________________
 _________________________
 Not necessary for ______________________
 Often carry genes that allow bacteria to ________________________
 Often carry genes that provide bacteria to become ____________________
___________________________
 Capsules
 Many bacteria have an outer covering of _______________________ called a
_______________________
 Their function:
 ______________________ from drying out
 Protection from ____________________________________________
 Fuzzy _______________________________ allow bacteria to connect to
host cells and tissues (often appears as a “____________” around stained
bacteria cells
 Pili
 ___________ are short, hairlike projections that help bacteria ______________
__________________ and to host cells and other surfaces.
 Can _________________________ to pass genetic material
 Endospores
 _____________________ form in ___________________________________
when environmental conditions become ________________.
 They can resist ______________________________________________________.
 Cell copies its DNA and then forms a thick, protective covering around this copy.
Most of the water is removed and the endospore becomes __________________
_____________________________. The rest of the cell will die, but the
endospore, with its DNA cargo can remain viable for centuries.
 It will ____________________ when environmental conditions become favorable.
 Can only be killed if heated to very _____________________________________.
Prokaryotic Movement
 Some move by _________________
 Movement _______________________ from a stimulus is called ___________
 __________________ =response to chemical stimuli such as food or toxins.
 __________________ =response to light
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p9e0oolbmE
Nutrition and Metabolism
 Two basic needs exist for prokaryotes:
 Source of _____________________
 Source of ____________________
 Two ways to obtain the carbon source:
 _____________________: obtain carbon from ______________________
 _____________________: obtain carbon from _________
 Two ways to obtain the energy source:
 ___________________: obtain energy from ________________
 ___________________: obtain energy from _________________
 Major Bacterial Nutritional Modes
 These needs can be used to divide prokaryotes into four nutritional groups:
Nutritional Mode
Energy and Carbon Source
Heterotroph
Uses light energy but gets its carbon from other organisms
Obtains both energy and carbon from other organisms
Autotroph
Uses light energy and gets carbon from CO
2
Extracts energy from inorganic compounds and uses CO as a carbon source
2
Prokaryotic Habitats
 Habitats occupied are based on biochemical abilities of different types of bacteria.
 Oxygen requirements:
 __________________________________ cannot live in the presence of oxygen.
Ex: _____________________________
 ____________________________ can live with or without oxygen. Ex: ________
 ___________________________ require oxygen to live.
Ex: ______________________________
 Temperature requirements:
o
 ______________________________: “cold-loving” grow well in 32-68 F. Can
survive Antarctic temps by growing under the surface of rocks.
 ______________________________: grow well in moderate temperatures
o
between 68-104 F.
 ______________________________: grow well in very hot temperatures
o
between 113-230 F.
 pH requirements:
 Most bacteria thrive in pHs between __________________________
 __________________________ are bacteria that thrive in low pHs (below 6)
Reproduction
 Usually reproduce by _________________________
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
 DNA molecules move to ____________
 _______________________
 Two _____________________________ are formed
Recombination
 Recombination occurs when prokaryotes exchange pieces of DNA without reproduction.
 Three ways recombination can occur:
 _________________________ —a prokaryote takes DNA from its outside
environment.
 _________________________ —two prokaryotes bind together and one cell
transfers DNA to the other through a sex pilus.
 _________________________ —viruses transfer pieces of one prokaryotes DNA
to another
 Transformation often involves _________________ and __________________________
 Conjugation involves something called the __________________to be present in the
donor cell.
 Transduction involves ________________________________ that carry _____________
______________________________________.
Section 3 Vocabulary Pretest
Pathology
Exotoxin
Endotoxin
Antibiotic resistance
Zoonosis
Bioremediation
Bacteria and Humans
 Roles of bacteria:
 ______________________________
 ______________________________
 ______________________________
 ______________________________
 ______________________________
Bacteria and Health
 _______________________ —study of diseases
 ___________________: disease causing agents
 Some bacteria cause disease by ______________________________________.
Ex: ______________________
 Some bacteria cause disease by secreting _________________:
 __________________ —toxins secreted by bacteria into their environment.
Ex: Clostridium tetani secretes toxins that cause ________________
 ___________________ —toxins released after the bacteria cell dies. They
can cause fever, body aches, diarrhea, hemorrhage and weakness. Ex: E.
coli
 Antibiotics
 __________________ are substances used to __________________________.
 Made naturally by some ______________________________
 __________________________________ or fungi that compete for resources
 Some (________________) interfere with the formation of
__________________ by breaking down __________________________
 Some (_________________) interfere with _________________________
 Antibiotic Resistance
 ______________________________ is the evolution of populations of pathogenic
bacteria that antibiotics are _________________________.
 Because of over-prescription of antibiotics, many resistant genes are now on
____________________ which can easily pass from one bacteria to the next by
____________________________.
 This leads to multiple resistances to many antibiotics… __________________!
Emerging and Infectious Bacterial diseases
 Most emerging diseases develop when infectious agents, such as bacteria, pass
from wild animals to humans
 _________________ —a disease that can pass from animal to human
 Zoonotic disease are on the rise due to:
 _____________________________________
 _____________________________________
Food and Hygiene and Bacteria
 Foodborne illnesses result from the __________________________________________
___________________________.
 To avoid:
 Wash all _______________________________________
 Wash hands and all utensils during ________________________
 Refrigerate ______________________ (eggs and lunchmeats)
 ________________________ thoroughly
 Refrigerate leftovers ___________________
Methods of food preparation
 Several methods can be used to prevent food spoilage by bacteria:
 Foods can be ___________________________: Sausages and hams
 _______________________: Milk and eggs
 Adding ______________________________________: Jellies and jams
 _________________ adds acids which slow bacterial growth: Pickles and relishes
 Cooking at _____________________: Meat products
 ____________________________: canned foods
 Adding _______________________: bread, juice and fruits
Bacteria and Industry
 Used in _____________________________:
 Buttermilk, sour cream, yogurt, cheeses, sauerkraut, pickles, coffee, and soy sauce
 Used in _____________________________:
 Acetone, acetic acid, enzymes, antibiotics and insulin
 Used to help break down ________________ and added to laundry detergent to
__________________________
 Used in some _____________________
 Used in ____________________________ to breakdown pollutants
 Used in _______________________________________