Download IPC Spring Final Exam Review Key MOTION

IPC Spring Final Exam Review Key
MOTION
SPEED:
Speed is defined as distance traveled over a period of time. The equation for speed is s = _d__ /_t__. An
example of a unit for speed is __m/s____. The speed you read on a speedometer is referred to as
__instantaneous speed_.
Show all of your work and box your final answer. You must round answers to the nearest tenths.
1. A runner runs 200 m in 25 minutes. What is his average speed?
GIVEN:
FORMULA:
d= 200m
t = 25 mins
s = d/t
SOLUTION:
200m / 25 mins
= 8 m/mins
2. A baseball pitcher throws at pitch at 56 m/s. If the batter is 9 meters from the pitcher, approximately
how much time does it take the ball to reach the batter?
GIVEN:
FORMULA:
s= 56 m/s
d= 9m
s = d/t
t = d/s
SOLUTION:
9m/ (56m/s)
= 0.2 s
VELOCITY:
1. Velocity is defined as _distance over time in a given direction__. The equation for velocity is ῡ = _d__
/_t__. An example of the units for velocity is __m/s____.
VELOCITY CALCULATIONS
Show all of your work and box your final answer. You must round answers to the nearest whole number.
What is the velocity in km/hr of a car that traveled a total of 75 km north in 1.5 hours?
GIVEN:
FORMULA:
SOLUTION:
d = 75 km
t = 1.5 hrs
v = d/t
v = 50 km/hr
What is the velocity of a plane that traveled 3200 km from New York to California in 5.0 hours?
GIVEN:
FORMULA:
SOLUTION:
d = 3200 km
t = 5 hrs
v = d/t
v = 640 km/hr, southwest
Use the graph on the left to match each line with the
descriptions found in numbers 7 - 10.
A The object is moving in a positive direction but losing speed
(decelerating)
D The object is moving in a positive direction and gaining
speed (accelerating) at a slow rate
C The object is traveling at a steady rate in a positive direction
B The object is moving in a positive direction and gaining speed (accelerating) at a rapid rate
ACCELERATION:
Acceleration is defined as the change in velocity over a change in time. The equation for acceleration is a = vf
- vi / ∆t. An example of the units for acceleration is m/s2. Acceleration due to gravity on Earth is about 9.8
m/s2.
Show all of your work and box your final answer. You must round answers to the nearest whole number.
A flowerpot falls off a second story windowsill. The flower pot starts from rest and hits the sidewalk 1.5 s later
with a velocity of 14.7 m/s. Find the average acceleration of the flowerpot.
GIVEN:
FORMULA:
SOLUTION:
a = 9.8 m/s2
Iron Man got into a fight with Colonel Rhodes, who was wearing the silver Iron Man suit. At the peak of their
argument, both men shot lasers at one another. What was each man’s acceleration if they both flew at 5m/s
in 1.5 seconds?
GIVEN:
FORMULA:
SOLUTION:
a = 3.33 m/s2
MOMENTUM:
Momentum is defined as the quantity of motion of a moving body. The equation for momentum is p = m x v
The most common units for momentum are kg •m/s.
Show all of your work and box your final answer. You must round answers to the nearest whole number.
On the race track in Monaco, three identical cars collided with one another to avoid hitting Iron Man, who was
walking on the track. If the mass of the vehicles are 716 kg, calculate each car’s momentum when traveling at
33.3 m/s.
GIVEN:
FORMULA:
SOLUTION:
m = 716 kg
p=mxv
v = 33.3 m/s
p = 23843 kg●m/s
Calculate the momentum of Iron Man if his total mass is 700 g and he is flying west at a velocity of 4.6 m/s.
[Hint: convert mass to kg]
GIVEN:
m = .7 kg
v = 4.6 m/s
FORMULA:
p=mxv
SOLUTION:
p = 3.2 kg●m/s
Which of the following objects would have the greatest momentum if they were all moving with the same
velocity? (circle your answer)
FORCE
The equation for force is F = ma. Weight is an example of a force Earth’s gravity pulls down on the mass of an
object, resulting in the weight of the object. The equation for the force of weight is FW = mg. The unit for force
is Newtons, N.
On the objects provided, use vectors to draw balanced forces and unbalanced forces acting on the
corresponding object. Then answer the questions that follow.
BALANCED FORCES
UNBALANCED FORCES
If two equal forces are acting on an object in opposite directions, the net force will be zero.
If two unequal forces are acting on an object in opposite directions, the net force will be due to the greater
force.
Vectors show both magnitude and direction.
Given the image on the left, in which direction will the object
move? Right
What is the net force on the object? 10 Newtons
1st - LAW OF INERTIA:
Newton’s 1st law is also referred to as the law of inertia. According to this law, an object at rest will remain at
rest and an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Mass is related to
inertia. The more of it an object has, the more inertia it has.
In the image to the right, a teacher demonstrates one of Newton’s
Laws of Motion by quickly pulling a tablecloth from under several
plates and a glass placed on a desk top. Using the law of inertia,
explain why the plates and glass remain on the desk top after the
cloth is removed.
The force from the tablecloth is not applied to the plates and glass,
therefore the objects resist a change in motion.
2nd - LAW OF ACCELERATION:
Newton’s 2nd law is referred to the law of acceleration. The
equation associated with this law is F = ma.
With what force will a car hit a tree if the car has a mass of 2,000 kg and it accelerating at a rate of 2m/s 2?
GIVEN:
FORMULA:
SOLUTION:
F = 4000 N
What is the mass of a falling rock if it hits the ground with a force of 147N?
GIVEN:
FORMULA:
SOLUTION:
m = 15 kg
What is the acceleration of a softball if it has a mass of 0.50kg and hits the catcher’s glove with a force of 25N?
GIVEN:
FORMULA:
SOLUTION:
a = 50 m/s2
3rd - LAW OF EQUAL AND OPPOSITE FORCES
Newton’s 3rd law is referred to as the law of equal and opposite forces. This law states that for every action
there is an equal and opposite reaction. Forces always come in pairs One is called the action and the other is
called the reaction.
When Joe ran out of his canoe, identify an action and the reaction in this scenario?
ACTION
REACTION
Joe running forward out of the canoe.
The canoe moving backwards.
ENERGY
Energy is defined as the ability to do work. The SI unit for energy is Joules, J. According to the law of
conservation of matter, energy is neither created nor destroyed.
Match the following types of energy with the correct definition.
TERM
DEFINITION
2.
__d__ Radiant
a. Energy of the atom being split or fused
3.
__f__ Chemical
b. Energy of moving electrons
4.
__b__ Electrical
c. Heat energy. Can also be caused by friction
5.
__e__ Mechanical
d. Electromagnetic radiation. Light energy.
6.
__c__ Thermal
e. Energy (kinetic/potential) stored in an object to do work
7.
__a__ Nuclear
f. Energy of molecular bonds
POTENTIAL ENERGY, PE:
The Equation for potential energy is: PE = mgh. The unit is Joules, J.
Fill in what each variable represents followed by the units used to measure them.
Variable:
PE: Potential energy
m: mass
g: acceleration due to
h: height
gravity
Units:
Joules
m/s2
kilogram
meters
If you increase the height of an object, the gravitational potential energy increases. Decreasing the mass of an
object decreases the gravitational potential energy.
KINETIC ENERGY, KE:
The Equation for kinetic energy is KE = (m x v2) / 2
Fill in what each variable represents followed by the units used to measure them.
Variable:
Units:
KE: kinetic energy
m: mass
Joules
kg
If you increase the velocity of an object, the kinetic energy increases.
Decreasing the mass of an object decreases the kinetic energy.
MECHANICAL ENERGY:
Use the image at the right to answer the following questions.
v: velocity
m/s
What happens to the PE as the object falls? PE decreases.
Calculate the mechanical energy of the ball in the image above. (ME = PE + KE)
ME = 10 J
At what point does the ball have a PE and KE that is equal? The halfway point.
What can you say about the height when the following statement is true: PE = KE.
PE is equal to KE when the object reaches the halfway point.
For the following problem, find the missing values. Round your answers to the nearest whole number. Then
place your final answer in the space provided.
HEAT TRANSFER:
Match the following process of heat transfer with the correct definition.
TERM
DEFINITION
a Conduction
a. The movement of thermal energy through direct contact
c Convection
b. When warm matter emits electromagnetic radiation
b Radiation
c. The movement of thermal energy though liquids and gases
Heat naturally flows from the warmer object to cooler objects.
Read each question carefully. Decide on the best answer for each question and circle your answer choice.
Which of the following materials would be the best insulator?
Aluminum
Air
Copper
Silver
In a pot of boiling water, the water transfers energy by conduction. What other process of thermal energy
transfer occurs?
Radiation
Convection
Collisional
Only conduction
How is thermal energy transferred through a metal spoon in a pot of heated soup?
Convection
Conduction
Collisional
Radiation
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS:
Provide the term that is best described by the given definitions. Then provide two examples.
Conductors: an object in which heat is conducted easily.
Two examples are: Copper and Silver
Insulators: an object in which heat is conducted not easily.
Two examples are: Air and Wood
Joe Schmoe is cooking pancakes for his family. In the image to the left, Joe is
clearly holding a frying pan without being burned.
What can you infer about the material the pan is made out of? It must be made
from a conductor.
What can you infer about the material the handle of the pan is made out of? It
must be made from an insulator.
WAVES AND SOUND
Match the following terms with the corresponding definition.
Term
Definition
e 1. Amplitude
a. A disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space
f 2. Crest
b. A substance or region through which a wave is transmitted
d 3. Longitudinal Wave
c. Waves in which the motion of the medium is at right angles to the
b 4. Medium
direction of the wave
d. Waves that consist of a series of compressions and rarefactions
g 5. Trough
e. The maximum distance the molecules are displaced from their
normal rest position to the crest or trough of the wave
c 6. Transverse Wave
f. The top (peak) of a wave
a 7. Wave
g. The bottom of a wave
SPEED OF A WAVE:
8. The equation for the velocity of a wave ____v_____ = ____f_____ x
b. What are the units for each variable?
____m/s_____
_____λ____
____Hz_____
____m_____
For questions 9 - 10 , calculate the velocity for each of the following waves. Be sure to show your work. Place
answers in the box provided. Round all answers to the nearest whole number.
9.
Solve:
10.
Solve:
v = 2 m/s
v = 16 m/s
Answer:
Answer:
TYPES OF WAVES:
12. Label the following transverse wave. Be sure to clearly identify each part using an arrow. Use the word
bank to assist you.
Word Bank:
___Amplitude
___Crest
___Resting Position
___Trough
___Wavelength
13. Use the following image to answer the questions on the right.
i. Which wave has the lowest frequency?
A.
B
C
D.
ii. Which wave has the smallest amplitude?
A.
B.
C.
D.
iii. Which wave represents the lowest pitch?
A.
B.
C.
D.
iv. Which wave represents the loudest
sound?
A.
B.
C.
D.
14. Label the longitudinal wave on the right.
Another name for a longitudinal wave is
Compressional.
The image on the right is another way to view
longitudinal waves.
15. Compression are a space in a medium in which
molecules are crowded together. In the image point
__X__ represents the compression.
16. Rarefaction is a space in the medium where the
molecules are spread apart. In the image points _W, Y,
and Z_ represent rarefaction.
INTERFERENCE:
17. Match the corresponding type of interference with the image provided.
Interference:
Example:
Destructive Interference
Constructive Interference
i. Interference is a process that produces a new wave when two or more waves arrive at the same point at the
same time. The two waves can combine in 2 different ways.
ii. Constructive interference occurs when the crests of one wave meet the crests of another. The two waves
form together in a single wave with an amplitude that is the sum of the original waves.
iii. Destructive interference occurs when crests of one wave meet troughs of another. The amplitude is the
difference between the amplitudes of the original waves.
REFLECTION, REFRACTION, AND DIFFRACTION:
18. Match the letters for each part of the image below to the terms found on the right.
i.
__c__ Normal
ii.
__d___ Angle of reflection
iii.
__e__ Reflected beam
iv.
__a___ Incident beam
v.
__b___ Angle of incidence
According the law of refraction, when a wave hits a reflective surface, the angle of _________________
always equals the angle of _________________.
19. Use the image to the left. Diffraction is the bending of waves around the edge of a
barrier or opening. It is a result of new series of waves being formed when the original
waves strike the barrier of opening.
The arrow in the image represents the incident wave.
LIGHT WAVES:
Using the chart above, radio waves are [ longer / shorter ] than gamma rays. In the visible light spectrum, red
is the first color (reading from left to right), meaning its wavelength is [ longer / shorter ] than violet.
In the visible light spectrum shown below, identify each of the colors shown, beginning with the largest
wavelength starting at the top.
Use the image to the left to fill in the missing words.
The light we typically use is referred to as visible light. White light is composed of
various colors, which can be divided into their individual frequencies using a prism.
In the image to the left, the strawberry will appear red since it is viewed in white
light.
SEISMIC WAVES:
A seismograph is used to detect and measure earthquake
waves. The seismograph records the ground movements
caused by seismic waves as they move through the Earth.
Tsunami is a seismic wave of devastating water wave generated by an undersea earthquake.
Seismic waves produced by earthquakes are made up of two types of waves: longitudinal and transverse.
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
DEFINITIONS:
Fill in the missing terms for the definitions and examples provided below.
1.
Term
Definition
Circuit
breaker
An automatic device for stopping
the flow of current in an electric
circuit as a safety measure
Example
2.
Conductor
3.
Dry cell
4.
Fuse
Any material that allows the
movement of charged particles
An electric cell in which the
electrolyte is absorbed in a solid
to form a paste, preventing
spillage
A current protection device
5.
Insulator
6.
Wet Cell
Any material that resists the
movement of charged particles
Rubber, Plastic, Wood
An electric cell in which the
chemicals producing the current
are in the form of a liquid
CIRCUITS:
Match the following symbols with the correct term.
Term
Schematic Symbol
Resistor
Battery or Cell
Light bulb
Switch
Classify each of the following as either a series (SC), short (S), or parallel (PC) circuit.
11. S
12. P
13. P
14. S
15. P
16. S
Using schematics complete the following:
Draw a series circuit with the following: wire, 2 light bulbs, 2 resistors, 1 switch open, and 1 battery.
Draw a parallel circuit with the following: wire, 2 light bulbs, 2 resistors, 1 switch open, and 1 battery.
MAGNETISM:
In the image on the left, A represents the north pole of the bar magnet, and B
represents the south pole of the magnet.
Explain what happens to the orientation of a magnet when the magnet is broken.
When a magnet is broken, each individual fragment maintains the orientation of having a north pole and a
south pole.