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Transcript
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE An ecosystem could survive without which organisms? An ecosystem could survive without consumers. Consumers are not vital to the existence of an ecosystem. A poison that accumulated in the tissues of organisms affect which organisms the most? Consumers. If poison accumulates in the flesh of animals, their predators would be most affected. A poison that accumulated in soil affect which organisms the most? Producers. If poison accumulates in the soil, producers that use the organic matter in soil would be affected most. Energy flows through an ecosystem in the form of chemical bonds between carbon molecules. 90% of this energy is lost how? To conduct biological process like homeostasis and cell division, and lost as heat. A missing species has the largest effect on an ecosystem if it is what type? A producer (as these organisms introduce energy into the environments) -Or- a Keystone species—vital to the functionality of an ecosystem. Removing this one species results in detrimental effects. Ex. Sea otter 10% versus 90% rule in energy flow in ecosystems As energy flows up in a food chain/web, 10% of it is actually transferred up to the next trophic level, while the other 90% is lost as heat. The role of producers in an ecosystem. Why are they important? Producers introduce energy into an ecosystem. Without producers, there would not be an Ecosystem because there would be no way for energy to be introduced into the ecosystem. Introducing a nonnative/invasive exotic species has the ability to harm an ecosystem in what way? Exotic species are a threat because native species cannot defend themselves. Native species have not acquired the adaptations to compete so exotic species usually thrive initially. If a population continues to increase exponentially over years, how can this be explained? The birth rate of that population exceeds the death rate. Biome definition and examples. A biome is a group of ecosystems that have climate, vegetation, and animals in common. Ex: deciduous forest, temperate grasslands, desert. Predator, Prey – definitions and examples of each Predator-hunts other organisms (snake) Prey—is hunted by another organism (mouse) Carnivore, herbivore, detritivores, decomposer –definitions and examples Carnivore: eats meat/other consumers Herbivore—eats producers/autotrophs Detritivore—feed on decomposing plant and animal parts Decomposer—an organism that decomposes organic material Commensalism, competition, mutualism, parasitism and examples of each Commensalism—one organism is benefitted, the other is neither affected nor harmed. Competition—both organisms harmed ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE Parasitism—one organism benefitted, the other harmed (host) Mutualism—both organisms benefitted Abiotic vs biotic factors Abiotic—nonliving factors in an ecosystem Biotic—living factors in an ecosystem Ecosystem, population, community, organism (definitions and examples) Ecosystem—a community and the abiotic factors Population—a group of the same species living in the same place at the same time Community-- a group of various species living in the same place at the same time Organism—a living being (species) Temperate grasslands and characteristics ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE What is an estuary? Estuaries and their surrounding wetlands are bodies of water usually found where rivers meet the sea. Estuaries are home to unique plant and animal communities that have adapted to brackish water—a mixture of fresh water draining from the land and salty seawater. Deciduous forest characteristics and plant adaptations ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE Desert characteristics and animal adaptations ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE Taiga characteristics and plant adaptations Tropical rain forest characteristics. Where do most animals live? Most animals live in the trees where there is more to eat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE Coniferous forests plant adaptations ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE Tundra characteristics and plant and animal adaptations Chaparral characteristics and plant life ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE Savanna characteristics and animal adaptations ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE Primary succession and pioneer species Development or growth in an area where there has never been any life. Soil must be created. Lichens and Fungi are pioneer species. Secondary succession and pioneer species Development or growth in an area after a disturbance. Grasses and weeds usually first pioneer species. What is climate and what are determining factors? Climate is determine by latitude and altitude. The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period Climax community Growth of all species in a community that has reached a steady state. Climax communities are theoretical and does not usually occur. Effects of Deforestation Deforestation is detrimental to species because it eliminates habitats. Which factor is a major cause of global warming/climate change? CO2 emissions are a major cause of global warming and climate change. What is a pheromone? a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal, especially a mammal or an insect, affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species How does water vapor enter the air? Heat from the Sun causes water to evaporate from the surface of lakes and oceans. This turns the liquid water into water vapor in the atmosphere. Plants, too, help water get into the atmosphere through a process called transpiration! Different types of pollution and examples. Biological, thermal, chemical, solid, radiation (please review notes for examples)